Pasha, Dec

20, 1832. Population, estimated, 25,000. König (ke'nig), Fried rich. Born at Eisleben, Pru ia, April 17, 1774: died Jan. 17, 1833. A German printer, inventor of the steam-pre . patented a cylinder-pre in 1811. The first machine was patented in England in 1810. He König (ke'nic), He in rich Josef. Born at Fulda, Pru ia, March 19, 1790: died at Wiesbaden, Pru ia, Sept. 23, 1869. A German novelist. Among his historical novels are "Die hohe Braut" (1833) and "Die Klubisten in Mainz" (1847). Königgrätz (kè'nig-grāts). [Bohem. Hradec Králove .] A cathedral city in Bohemia, situated at the junction of the Adler with the Elbe, 62 miles east of Prague. The decisive battle of the Seven Weeks' War (often called the battle of Sadowa) was fought near Königgrätz, July 3, 1866. The Pru ians (220,984) under William I., Crown Prince Frederick William, Prince Frederick Charles, and Herwarth von Bittenfeld defeated the Austrian army (about 205,000) under Benedek. The lo of the Austrians was about 40,000, that of the Pru ians about 10,000. A history of the battle by Jahns appeared in 1876. Population (1890), 7,816. Königinhof (ke'nig-in-hof). [Bohem. Dvur Králove .] A town in Bohemia, situated on the Elbe 64 miles east-northeast of Prague. Here, June 29, 1866, the Pru ians defeated the Austrians. Population (1890), commune, 8,635. Königinhof Manuscript. A manuscript containing old Bohemian poems (date about 1300), discovered by Hanka at Königinhof in 1817. König Rother (kè'nig rõ'ter). [G., 'King Rother.] A Middle High German epic poem, written, near the middle of the 12th century, by an unknown author in Bavaria. It receives its name from the legendary hero Rother, a king of the Roman Empire, who wins the daughter of King Const an tine of Constantinople. Rother's historical prototype was Rothari, a king of the Longobardi in the 7th century. Königsberg (ke'nigs-berg), Pol. Krolewiec (kro-lā'vyets). A seaport and fortre and the capital of the province of East Pru ia, Pru ia, situated on the Pregel, near the Frisches Haff, Kopitar in lat. 54° 43′ N., long. 20° 30′ E. It consists of the Altstadt, Kneiphof, Löbenicht, and other quarters, and has important commerce in grain, timber, hemp, flax, etc. Pillau is its outer port. The palace and cathedral, the statues of Kant, Frederick I., and Frederick William III., and the city museum are noteworthy. The university, founded by Albert I., duke of Pru ia, in 1544, has an important observatory, and a library of 220,000 volumes. Königsberg was founded by the Teutonic Order in 1255. It was the residence of the grand masters of the Teutonic Order 1457-1525, and of the dukes of Pru ia 1525-1618. Frederick I. took the title of king here in 1701. It is a ociated with the life of Kant. Population (1890), commune, 161,666. Königsberg-in-der-Neumark(kė'nigs-berg-inder-noi'märk). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, 52 miles northeast of Berlin. Population (1890), commune, 5,864. Königshütte (kè'nigs-hüt-te). A town in the province of Silesia, Pru ia, situated in lat. 50° 18′ N., long. 18° 58′ E. It was founded in 1797, and is noted for its iron, steel, and zinc works. Population (1890), commune, 36,502. Königslutter (kė'nigs-löt-ter). A town in Brunswick, Germany, 13 miles east of Brunswick. It is the ancient seat of a Benedictine abbey, and is a ociated with Lothaire II. Königsmark (kėʼnigs-märk), Counte Maria Aurora von. Born at Worms, Esthonia, Ru ia, 1669: died at Quedlinburg, Pru ia, Feb. 16, 1728. The mistre of August us II. of Poland, and mother of Marshal Saxe. Königsmark, Count Philipp Chris toph von. Born 1662: a a inated at Hannover, July 1, 1694. A Swedish officer, brother of the Counte von Königsmark. König ee (kė'nigs-zā), or Bartholomäu ee (bär-tol-ō-ma'ös-sā). A lake in the southeastern extremity of Upper Bavaria, 15 miles south of Salzburg, noted for its beautiful scenery. Length, 6 miles. König tuhl (kė'nigs-stöl). A stone structure on the left bank of the Rhine, 6 miles south of Coblenz. It was the meeting-place of the Rhenish electors in the 14th and 15th centuries. Königstein (ke'nig-stin). A town in the king dom of Saxony, situated on the Elbe 18 miles southeast of Dresden. Its fortre (800 feet above the Elbe) is considered impregnable. Königswinter (kè'nigs-vin-ter). A town in the Rhine Province, Pru ia, on the Rhine 7 miles southeast of Bonn. It has stone-quarries, and is a center for excursions to the Siebengebirge, especially to the Drachenfels, Konitz (ko'nits). A town in the province of West Pru ia, Pru ia, 64 miles southwest of Dantzic. Population (1890), commune, 10,107. Konjara (kon-jä'rä). An African tribe of Darfur, connected ethnically with the Nubas. Linguists are not agreed as to the cla ification of the language. See Nuba - Fulah . Konkan (kon'kan) Coast. A region on the western coast of India, between the Ghats and the sea. Konotop (kō-nō-top'). Atown in the government of Tchernigoff, Ru ia, about lat. 51° 15′ N., long. 33° 15′ E. Population (1885-89), 18,420. Konrad (kon'räd), surnamed "The Priest." The date and place of his birth and death unknown. A Middle High German epic poet. He wrote at the court of the Guelph duke Henry the Proud, about 1130, the "Rolandslied" (Middle High German "Ruolantes liet," "The Song of Roland"), a free version of the French "Chanson de Roland," whose motive is Charlemagne's expedition against the Moors in Spain. It was published by Wilhelm Grimm (Göttingen, 1838), and later by Karl Bartsch (Leipsic, 1874). Konrad von Würzburg (kon'räd fon vürts'börg). Born at Würzburg: died at Basel in 1287. A Middle High German poet. He was of the burgher cla . He lived alternately on the Upper Rhine, at Strasburg, and at Basel where he died. He was a prolific writer. His works are "Der Welt Lohn" ("The Reward of the World"), written about 1250; the legendary poems "Otto mit dem Bart" ("Otto with the Beard"), "Schwanritter" ("The Swan-Knight"), "Engelhard"; the legends "Alexius," "Silvester," "Pantaleon"; an encomium on the Virgin Mary, called "Goldene Schmiede" ("The Golden Smithy"); the French legend "Herzmäre"; the romance "Par to no pier und Meliur"; a long poem left uncompleted and continued by a later poet, "Trojanerkrieg" ("The Trojan War'"); and an allegory called "Klage der Kunst" ("The Complaint of Art "). Konza. See Kansa . Köpenick, or Cöpenick (kė'pe-nik), or Köpnick (kép'nik). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, situated on an island at the junction of the Dahme and Spree, 8 miles southeast of Berlin. Population (1890), commune, 14,619. Kopernick. See Copernicus . Köping (chè'ping). A small town in Sweden, near the western extremity of Lake Mälar. Kopitar (ko'pē-tär), Bartholomäus. Born at Repnje, Carniola, Austria-Hungary, Aug. 23, The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Kopitar 1780: died at Vienna, Aug. 11, 1844. A noted Slavic philologist, custodian of the Imperial Library: editor of "Glagolita Clozianus" 1836. Kopp (kop), Joseph Eutych. Born at Beromünster, canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, 1793: died Oct. 25, 1866. A Swi historian, author of "Geschichte der eidgenö ischen Bünde" (18451862), etc. Kopparberg (kop'pär-berg). Alaen in central Sweden, northwest of Stockholm: also called Falun. It is rich in minerals. Area. 11,421 square miles. Population (1891), 199,595. Köppen (kép'pen), Peter von. Born at Kharkoff, Ru ia, Feb. 19, 1793: died at Karabagh, Crimea, June 4, 1864. A Ru ian archæologist, statistician, and scholar. He published an "Ethnographical Map of European Ru ia" (1851), and other works on Ru ia. Koppenberg (kop'en-berg). In the legend of the Pied Piper of Hameln (which see), the mountain into which the sorcerer and the children disappeared. Kopreinitz (kō'pri-nits). A royal free town in Croatia, Hungary, 49 miles northeast of Agram. Population (1890), 6,512. Koreish (kō-rish). The most celebrated and influential of the Arab tribes. Its position is due partly to the fact that its chiefs acquired as early as the 5th century the guardianship over the Kaaba in Mecca, and partly to their kinship with Mohammed. Korkyra. See Corcyra . Körner (ker'ner), Karl The odor. Born at Dres- den, Sept. 23, 1791: died on the battle-field at Gadebusch, near Schwerin, in Mecklenburg, Aug. 26, 1813. A German lyric poet. In his eigh- teenth year he went to the mining school at Freiberg, and subsequently studied at Leipsic and Berlin. In 1811 in Vienna he devoted himself to literature, and in 1812 was made poet to the court theater. A number of dramas are from this period, among them the comedies "Der Nachtwächter" ("The Watchman"), "Der grüne Domino" ("The Green Domino"), "Der Vetter aus Bremen" ("The Cousin from Bremen "), and the two tragedies "Rosamunde" and "Zriny." In 1813 came the call to arms by the Pru ian king, and he left Vienna for Breslau, where he entered the Lützow Volunteer Corps, and was afterward lieutenant and then adjutant. At Kitzen, near Leipsic, he was severely wounded, but recovered and returned to his corps, only to be killed shortly after at Gadebusch. Many of his poems were written in the field. His lyrics were published in 1814 under the title "Leier und Schwert" ("Lyre and Sword "). His complete works were published in 1834. Körös (kè'rèsh). A river in Hungary, formed by the union of the Swift, Black, and White Körös, and flowing into the Thei near Csongrád. Total length, over 300 miles. Köprili (kė-prēʻle). A town in the vilayet of Prisrend, Turkey, situated on the Vardar in lat. 41° 43′ N., long. 21° 55′ E. Population, about Körös, Nagy-. See Nagy -Körös. 15,000. Also Kuprili , Kiuprili , Kyöprülü , etc. Korotcha (ko'rō-chä). A town in the govern- Korah (ko'rä). [Heb., 'ice.'] In Old Testament of Kursk, Ru ia, 77 miles southeast of ment history, a leader in a rebellion against Kursk. Population, 9,726. Moses and Aaron. The "sons" or descendants Korsör (kör'sér). A town on the western coast "of Korah"-the Korahites-were a gild of Temple musicians. Koran (kõʻran or kō-rän'). [Also rarely Coran , Quran , formerly also Core ; with the Ar. article, Alkoran, Alcoran ; = Turk. Pers. qurán , from Ar. quran, qoran, book, reading, from qárá , read.] The sacred book of the Mohammedans. It is the most important foundation on which the Mohammedan religion rests, and it is held in highest tion by all sects in the Mohammedan Church. When being read it must be kept on a stand elevated above the floor. No one may read it or touch it without first making a legal ablution. It is written in the Arabic language, and its style is considered a model. The substance of the Koran is held to be uncreated and eternal. Mohammed was merely the person to whom the work was revealed. At first the Koran was not written, but entirely committed to memory. But when a great many of the best Koran reciters had been killed in battle, Omar suggested to AbuBekr (the succe or of Mohammed) that it should be written down. Abu-Bekr accordingly commanded Zeid, an amanuensis of the prophet, to commit it to writing. This was the authorized text until 23 years after the death of the prophet. A number of variant readings had, however, crept into use. By order of the calif Osman in the year 30 of the Hejira, Zeid and three a istants made a careful revision which was adopted as the standard, and all the other copies were ordered to be burned. The Koran consists of 114 suras or divisions. These are not numbered, but each one has a separate name. They are not arranged in historical order. These suras purport to be the addre es delivered by Mohammed during his career at Mecca and Medina. As a general rule the shorter suras, which contain the theology of Islam, belong to the Meccan period; while the longer ones, relating to social duties and relationships, to Medina. The Koran is largely drawn from Jewish and Christian sources, the former prevailing. Moses and Jesus are reckoned among the prophets. The biblical narratives are interwoven with rabbinical legends. The customs of the Jews are made to conform to those of the Arabians. Mohammedan theology consists in the study of the Koran and its commentaries. A very fine collection of Korans, including one in Cufic (the old Arabic character), is to be found in the Khedival Library at Cairo, Egypt. Korana (kō-rä'nä). See Khoikhoin . Korat (kō-rät'). 1. A small state, tributary to Siam, about lat. 15° N., long. 102° E. Population, estimated, 60,000.-2. The chief town of Korat. Population, about 6,000. Kordofan (kor-do-fän'). A country in Sudan, Africa, about lat. 11° 30′-15° 20′ N., long. 29°32° E. Capital, El-Obeid. The surface is a steppe. It was conquered by Egypt in 1821, and pa ed into the po e ion of the Mahdi in 1883. Gordon estimated the area at 100,000 square miles, and the population at 300,000. Korea, or Corea (kō-rē'ä), native Cho-sen and Kao-li, surnamed "The Hermit Nation." A kingdom of Asia, bounded by Manchuria on the north, Asiatic Ru ia on the northeast, the Sea of Japan on the east, Korea Strait on the southeast, and the Yellow Sea and China on the west. Capital, Seoul. It is mainly a peninsula, and the surface is mountainous. It exports cowhides and beans. The government is an absolute monarchy. It became inde pendent of China in 1895. (See China .) It has been noted for its exclusivene , but since 1876 has concluded treaties with different foreign nations. The religions are Buddhism and Con fuci an ism. Area, estimated, 82,000 square miles. Population, about 7,500,000. Korea (kō-rē'ä). A small native state in India, under British control, intersected by lat. 23° 30′ N., long. 82° 30′ E. Korea Bay. An arm of the Yellow Sea, west of Korea. of Zealand, Denmark. Kortetz (kor'tets), or Cortitz (kor'tēts). An island in the Dnieper, in the government of Yekaterinoslaff, Ru ia, about 40 miles south of Yekaterinoslaff. Kortüm (kor'tüm), Johann Fried rich Chris toph. Born at Eichhorst, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany, Feb. 24, 1788: died at Heidelberg, Baden, June 4, 1858. A German historian, appointed profe or of history at Bern in 1833, and at Heidelberg in 1840. He wrote "Geschichte des Mit tel alters" (1836-37), "Ge schichte Griechenlands" (1854), etc. Kortum (kor'töm), Karl Arnold. Born at Mühlheim-on-the-Ruhr, Pru ia, July 5, 1745: died at Bochum, Pru ia, Aug. 16, 1824. A German poet. His best-known work is the burlesque epic "Jobsiade” (1784). Korvei. See Corvei . Kos. See Cos . Kosciuszko (kos-i-us'kō; Pol. pron. kos-chösh'kō), Tadeusz. Born at Mereczowszczyzna, Lithuania, Ru ia, Feb. 12, 1746: died at Solothurn, Switzerland, Oct. 15, 1817. A famous Polish patriot and general. He served with the Americans in the Revolution; fought against the Ru ians at Dubienka in 1792; was commander-in-chief and dicta tor in the Polish insurrection of 1794; was finally defeated and taken prisoner at Maciejowice Oct. 10, 1794; was released in 1796; and resided in France, Switzerland, and elsewhere. Kosciuszko, Mount. The highest mountain of Australia, situated in the Australian Alps, New South Wales, about lat. 36° 27′ 26" S., long. 148° 20′ Ε. Height, 7,336 feet. Kosegarten (kō'ze-gär-ten), Johann Gottfried Ludwig. Born at Altenkirchen, Rügen, Pru ia, Sept. 10, 1792: died at Greifswald, Pru ia, Aug. 18, 1860. A German Orientalist, son of L. T. Kosegarten: especially noted for works on the Arabic language and literature. Kosegarten, Ludwig Theobul. Born at Grevismühlen, Mecklenburg, Feb. 1, 1758: died at Greifswald, Pru ia, Oct. 26, 1818. A German poet and novelist. Kosel, or Cosel (kō'zel). A town in the province of Silesia, Pru ia, situated on the Oder 74 miles southeast of Breslau. Population (1890), Kotzebue on the Lesnoi-Voronezh, 44 miles west of Tamboff. It has important trade. Population (1890), 35,053.-2. See Eupatoria . Kosovo (kōsō-vō). ['Plain of the blackbirds.'] A plain in the vicinity of Prishtina, European Turkey, near the Servian frontier. Here, June 15, 1389, the Turks under Amurath I. completely defeated the Servians and their allies under King Lazarus. Here also, Oct. 18-19, 1448, the Hungarians under John Hunyady were defeated by the Turks. Also Ka ovo, Kosova, Co ova, etc. Ko uth (kosh'öt), Lajos (Eng. Louis). Born at Monok, Zemplin, Hungary, April 27, 1802: died at Turin, Italy, March 20, 1894. A celebrated Hungarian patriot and orator, leader of the Hungarian insurrection of 1848-49. He was a member (as a proxy) of the Hungarian Diet 1832-36; was imprisoned by the Austrian government for political reasons 1837-40; was editor of the "Pest Journal" 1841-44; and was elected deputy to the Diet in 1847. In 1848 the emperor Ferdinand was forced to grant an independent Hungarian ministry, of which Ko uth, as minister of finance, was the virtual head. In the same year the dealings of the Austrian court drove the Hungarians to insurrection. On April 14, 1849, the Diet declared the independence of Hungary, and appointed Ko uth governor. On August 11, 1849, he resigned his powers into the hands of General Görgey (see Hungarian Insurrection). He lived in exile in Turkey 1849-51; visited the United States 1851-52; and resided later in London and Turin. He published his memoirs in 1881-82, under the name "Schriften aus der Emigration." His letters to Bem in 1849 were published by Makray at Pest in 1872. Kostendil (kos-ten-dēl'), Kiöstendil (kyės-tendel'), Ghiustendil (gyös-ten-del'), etc. Atown in Bulgaria, situated on the Struma 42 miles southwest of Sofia. Population (1888), 10,689. Koster. See Coster . Köstlin (kėst'lin), Julius. Born at Stuttgart, Würtemberg, May 17, 1826. A German Protestant theologian, profe or succe ively at Göttingen (1855), Breslau (1860), and Halle (1870). His works include "Luthers Theologie" (1863), a biography of Luther (2 vols. 1875), etc. Kos to mar off (kos-to-mä'rof), Nicholas Ivanovich. Born in 1817: died at St. Petersburg, April 19, 1885. A Ru ian historian. He was made a istant profe or at Kieff in 1846, imprisoned for his democratic sympathies at St. Petersburg for a year, and then banished to Saratoff, and forbidden to publish or teach. He was liberated from surveillance in 1854, and published 40 volumes of historical writings. From 1858 he was profe or of history at the University of St. Petersburg. He wrote valuable monographs on "Bogdan Khmielnitsky," "The False Demetrius," and "The Revolt of Stenka Razine,' and "Studies of the Nationalities of Northern Ru ia," etc. A di ertation on the Uniat schism was suppre ed in 1842. Kostroma (kos-trō-mä'). 1. A government in Ru ia, surrounded by the governments of Vologda, Viatka, Nijni-Novgorod, Vladimir, and Yaroslaff. Area, 32,702 square miles. Population, 1,381,700.-2. The capital of the government of Kostroma, situated at the confluence of the rivers Kostroma and Volga, about lat. 57° 45′ N., long. 40° 55′ E. It has a cathedral. Population (1889), 31,981. Koswig (kos'vig). A small town in Anhalt, Germany, situated on the Elbe 39 miles north of Leipsic. Kotah (kō'tä). 1. A native state in Rajputana, India, under British control, intersected by lat. 25° N., long. 76° E. Area, 3,803 square miles. Population (1891), 526,267. – 2. The capital of the state of Kotah, on the Chambal, about lat. 25° 9′ N., long. 75° 49′ E. Population, about 40,000. Köthen (ké'ten). A city in Anhalt, Germany, 35 miles northwest of Leipsic. It was formerly the capital of the duchy of Anhalt-Köthen (definitely united to Anhalt-De au in 1863), has a castle, and manufactures beet-root sugar. Population (1890), 18,215. Kotri (ko-tre'). A town in Karachi district, Sind, British India, situated on the Indus 8 miles west of Hyderabad. Population, about 8,000. Kottbus, or Cottbus (kot'bös). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, on the Spree 68 miles southeast of Berlin. It is a railway cen commune, 5,761. Kösfeld, or Koesfeld (kes'feld). A town in the province of Westphalia, Pru ia, situated on the ter, and has cloth manufactures. Population Berkel 20 miles west of Münster. Population (1890), 5,614. Kosheish (kō-shash'). See the extract. Very rarely are they built of hewn stone, like that great dike of Kosheish which was constructed by Mena in primæ- val times, in order to divert the course of the Nile from the spot on which he founded Memphis. (The remains of this gigantic work may yet be seen about two hours' dis- tance to the southward of Meydoom. See Hero dot us, book ii., chap. 99. Translator's note.) (1890), 34,910. Kotzebue (kot'se-bö), Alexander von. Born at Königsberg, Pru ia, May 28, 1815. A Ru ian painter of historical and battle scenes, son of A. F. F. von Kotzebue. He won the great gold medal in 1844, lived in Paris till 1848, and finally settled in Munich. Kotzebue, August Fried rich Ferdinand von. Born at Weimar, Germany, May 3, 1761: a a inated at Mannheim, Baden, March 23, 1819. A German dramatist. He filled several offices in the Ru ian public service, and besides his plays wrote many tales, sketches, historical works, etc. Among his plays are "Die deutschen Kleinstädter," "Pagenstreiche, beiden Klingsberg," "Menschen ha und Reue" (known in English as "The Stranger"), "Der arme Poet," "Die Kreuzfahrer," etc. He wrote in all more than 200 plays. "Die Kotzebue Kotzebue, Moritz von. Born May 11, 1789: died at Warsaw, Feb. 6, 1861. A Ru ian military officer, and traveler in Persia, son of A. F. F. von Kotzebue. He was captured by the French in the campaign of 1812, and described his experiences in "Der ru e is che Kriegsgefangene unter den Franzosen" (1815). Kotzebue, Otto von. Born at Reval, Ru ia, Dec. 30, 1787: died at Reval, Feb. 15, 1846. A Ru ian navigator, son of A. F. F. von Kotzebue. He commanded exploring expeditions in the Pacific Ocean 1815-18 and 1823-26, and wrote narratives of both voyages (published 1821 and 1830). He discovered numerous islands, and the sound near Bering Strait named from him. Kotzebue, Count Paul von. Born at Berlin, Aug. 10, 1801: died at Reval, Ru ia, May 2, 1884. A Ru ian general, son of A. F. F. von Kotzebue. Kotzebue Sound. An inlet of Bering Strait, in the west of Alaska. Kovalevsky (kō"val-ef's ki), Sonya (Krukovsky). Born at Moscow in 1850: died at Stockholm, Sweden, Feb. 10, 1891. A Ru ian mathematician. She was profe or of mathematics at the University of Stockholm. Kovno (kov'nō). 1. A government of Ru ia, bounded by Pru ia and the governments of Courland, Wilna, and Suwalki. Area, 15,692 square miles. Population (1887), 1,587,200.2. The capital of the government of Kovno, about lat. 54° 54′ N., long. 23° 53′ E., at the junction of the Vilia with the Niemen. It has a flourishing trade. Napoleon's army cro ed the Niemen here June 23-25, 1812. The Poles were defeated here by the Ru ians June 26, 1831. Population (1890), 58,758. Kovroff (kov-rof'). A town in the government of Vladimir, Ru ia, situated on the Kliazma 36 miles northeast of Vladimir. Population (1885-89), 6,547. Koweyt (kō-wat'). A seaport in Arabia, situated on the Persian Gulf in lat. 29° 23′ N., long. 48° E. Also Kuweit , Grane , etc. Koyukukhotana (kō-yökük-chō-tänä). A tribe of the northern division of the At hap as can stock of North American Indians, living in villages along the Koyukuk River and its tributaries in the interior of Alaska. See Athapas can . IMG:content-0581.png:[blocks in formation]