Potteries (pot'er-iz), The

A district in Stafand southeastern Montana which joins the Yel of Berlin. It is an imperial residence, and contains many palaces. It was an old Slavic town, and was greatly developed under Frederick William I., Frederick the Great, and their succe ors. The royal palace, begun in 1660, but much altered in 1750, is chiefly notable for its souvenirs of Frederick the Great, whose apartments have been kept as French paintings, and retain the king's personal furniture. Other apartments are of interest from their Louis XVI. decoration, and others for their good pictures. The new palace begun by Frederick the Great in 1763 is the summer residence of the present emperor. The façade is 375 feet long, flanked by two projecting wings, with engaged pi ford shire, England, famous for the manufacture upon-Trent, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Etruria, etc., and is very densely peopled. Potter's Field. An old burial-place for strangers at Jerusalem. It overlooks the valley of Ilin nom. A burial-place for paupers and strangers has received this name in many modern cities. Pottinger Pottinge (pot'in-jer), Sir Henry. Born in County Down, Ireland, 1789: died at Valetta, Malta, March 18, 1854. A British diplomatist and colonial governor. In 1804 he was a cadet in India. When the opium war began he was amba ador to China, and signed the treaty of Nangking, which opened the ports of China, Aug. 29, 1842. In 1844 he low stone about lat. 46° 45′ N., long. 105° 30′ W. Length, about 350 miles. Powell (pou'el), Baden. Born at Stamford Hill, near London, Aug. 22, 1796: died at London, June 11, 1860. An English scientific writer. He graduated at Oxford (Oriel College) in 1817, and was profe or of geometry at Oxford from 1827 until his death. He published "The Connection of Natural and Divine Truth" (1838), and "On the Study of the Evidences of Christianity" (1859), and contributed to "E ays and Reviews" (1860). Powell, Charles Stuart. Born in England, 1749: died April 26, 1811. An English actor. He was manager of the Hay market, and appeared in the first dramatic representation in Boston (Aug. 13, 1792). In 1794 he was manager of the New Boston Theater. IMG:content-0812.png:[blocks in formation] Powell, John Wesley. Born at Mount Morris, Powys, or Powis (pou'is). An ancient Celtic N. Y., March 24, 1834. An American geologist principality in the eastern part of Wales. the parliament which pa ed" Poynings's Law." Praed (prad), Mrs. (Rose Murray Prior). Born Poynings's Law. Two acts of the Irish Parliain Queensland, March 27, 1852. An Australian ment in 1494, named from Sir Edward Poynings (see above). They had a serious and lasting effect upon Irish affairs. Their most important provisions were that all English laws "lately made" (which was construed to include all prior English laws) should be in force in Ire. land, and that thereafter no parliament should sit in Ire- land without the license of the king and his council, and that no act pa ed by such parliament should be effective unle affirmed by them. These acts are sometimes called the Statute of Drogheda, from the parliament where they were adopted. They were repealed in 1782. Poynter (pointer), Sir Edward John. Born at Paris, March 20, 1836. An English historical painter. From 1853 to 1854 he lived in Rome; in 1856 he went to Paris, and in 1860 to London. In 1868 he became a ociate of the Royal Academy, in 1876 royal academician, and in 1871 and 1873 Slade profe or at University College, London. He was director for art and principal of the train- ing-school at South Kensington 1876-81; was appointed director of the National Gallery in 1894; and was elected president of the Royal Academy in 1896. He was knighted in 1896. He painted "Israel in Egypt" (1867), "The Cata pult" (1868), "The Ibis Girl" (1871), "A talant a's Race" (1876), "Zenobia" (1876), "Diadumene" (1884), "On the Ter- race" (1889), etc. He has also designed the mosaic of St. George in Westminster Palace, the decorations for the grill- room at South Kensington, etc. Poyser (poi'zėr), Mrs. A conspicuous character in George Eliot's novel "Adam Bede." She is a vigorous, hard-working countrywoman, keen, clever, and inclined to shrewishne , living with her husband on one of Squire Donnithorne's farms. But though Mrs. Poyser be humble, she is far from or- dinary. "Some folks' tongues," she says, "are like the clocks as run on strikin', not to tell you the time of the day, but because there's summat wrong i' their own in- side.' Tucker man , Hist. of Eng. Prose Fict., p. 200. Pozsony (pō'zhōny). The Hungarian name of Presburg. Pozzo di Borgo (pot'sō de bor'gō), Count Carlo Andrea. Born near Ajaccio, Corsica, March 8, 1764: died at Paris, Feb. 15, 1842. A Ru ian diplomatist, early in life a Corsican patriot. He entered the Ru ian diplomatic service in 1803, and was noted for his hostility to Napoleon. He signed the peace of Paris in 1815. Pozzuoli (pot-so-ō'le). A seaport in the prov- ince of Naples, Italy, situated on the Bay of Pozzuoli 7 miles west of Naples: the ancient Puteoli. It is noted for its ruins, especially for the Ro- man amphitheater, formed of 3 superposed arcades, the lowest of stone, the others of reticulated masonry in brick. The chief entrances, at the extremities of the long axis, were ornamented with arcaded porticos in marble. There are a complicated system of subterranean dens and pas- sages, and appliances for flooding the arena for the nau- machy. The axes of the greater ellipse are 482 and 384 feet; of the arena, 236 and 138 feet. Puteoli, an ancient Greek city, became one of the chief commercial cities of the Roman Empire and a special port of Rome. Its harbor Powers (pou'erz), Hiram. Born at Wood stock, Vt., July 29, 1805: died at Florence, June 27, 1873. A noted American sculptor. He modeled and repaired wax figures in a museum at Cincinnati for 7 years; went to Washington in 1835 with a view to model- ing busts of celebrated men; and established himself at Florence in 1837. Among his chief works are "The Greek Slave" (1843), "Il Penseroso," "The Fisher Boy," "Amer- ica," "Eve," "California," "The Indian Girl," and nu- merous portrait and ideal busts. Powhatan (pou-ha-tan'). [True name Wahun- sonacook.] Born about 1550: died in April, 1618. An Indian chief, head of the confederacy of Powhatan. Compare Pocahontas , and Smith , of the Roman nobility. Pozzuoli, Bay of. The northwestern arm of the Bay of Naples. P. P., Clerk of this Parish, Memoirs of. A work by Arbuthnot, a satire on Burnet's "His- tory of his own Time." Prabodhachandrodaya (pra-bō'd-ha-chan- dro'da-ya). [Skt., 'the rise of the moon of (true) intelligence. An allegorical and philo- sophical play in Sanskrit, by Krishna Mishra, who is supposed to have lived in the 12th cen- tury A. D. Its dram at is personæ are Faith, Volition, Opinion, Imagination, Contemplation, Devotion, Quietude, Friendship, etc., on one side, and on the other Error, Self- conceit, Hypocrisy, Love, Pa ion, Anger, and Avarice. The former become victorious over the latter, the Buddhists and other heretical sects being represented as adherents Pradier (prä-dyā'), James. Born at Geneva, May 23, 1792: died near Paris, June 14, 1852. A Swi sculptor. Most of his works are in Pa- ris (including "Phryne," "Psyche," "Venus and Cupid," etc.). Prado (prä'тно). The chief fashionable prom- enade of Madrid. Prado (prä'THō), Juan de. Born in Leon, 1716: died there about 1771. A Spanish general. Made governor of Cuba Feb. 7, 1761, he surrendered the island to the English under Lord Albemarle Aug. 13, 1762. For this he was tried and condemned to death, but the Prado, Mariano Ignacio. Born at Huánuco, 1826. A Peruvian soldier and politician. In Feb., 1865, he declared against Pezet, whose temporizing pol- icy with the Spaniards had made him very unpopular. Pezet resigned, and Prado was named supreme chief in Dec. He at once formed a close offensive and defensive alliance with Chile, and declared war with Spain. On May 2, 1866, the attack of the Spanish fleet on Callao was repulsed. Prado, whose position was unconstitutional, was forced to leave the country in Jan., 1868. He returned some years after, and was regularly elected president, as- suming office Aug. 2, 1876. In 1879 war broke out with Prague, Peace of Prague, Peace of. 1. A treaty concluded between the emperor Ferdinand II. and the Elector of Saxony in 1635, by which the latter received Lusatia.-2. A treaty between Pru ia and Austria, concluded Aug. 23, 1866, by which the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom was annexed to Italy, the Germanic Confederation di olved, and a new arrangement of Germany provided for, excluding Austria. Austria ceded her rights in Schleswig-Holstein to Pru ia, and paid Pru ia a war indemnity of $15,000,000. Praguerie (präg-re'). [F., from Prague , referring to the Hu ite insurrection there.] An unsucce ful insurrection in France, 1440, in opposition to the establishment of a standing army. Prairial (prā'ri-al; F.pron. prā-rê-äl'). [F., from prairie , a meadow.] The name adopted in 1793 by the National Convention of the first French republic for the ninth month of the year. It consisted of 30 days, beginning in the years 1 to 7 with May 20, and in 8 to 13 with May 21. Prairial Insurrection. An unsucce ful insurrection of the populace in Paris against the Convention, on the 1st Prairial, year 3 (May 20, 1795). Prairie (prā rē), The. The last in chronological order of Cooper's "Leather stocking" novels, published in 1827. Norway, Sept. 4, 1756: died on the island of St. Thomas, Nov. 25, 1821. A Danish poet. His chief work is the epic "Stärkodder" (1785). Prantl (prän'tl), Karl von. Born at Lands berg, Bavaria, Jan. 28, 1820: died at Oberstdorf, Sept. 14, 1888. A German philosophical writer, profe or at Munich from 1847. His chief work is "Geschichte der Logik im A bend lande" (1855-70). Prater (prä'ter). [From L. pratum , a meadow.] A noted public park in Vienna. It is on an island formed by the Danube and the Danube Canal, and is covered with forest trees and intersected with magnificent drives and walks. It was dedicated "to the human race" by the emperor Joseph II. Prätigau (pra'te-gou), or Prättigau (prat'tegou). An Alpine valley in the northern part of the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, east of Coire Prenti , Benjamin May berry d'Angers. He executed "La misère," "Gilbert mourant," "La famine" (1833), "Les parias," "Mouré," "Vitelli us," and the famous bas-reliefs of "La tuerie" (in plaster), all rejected by the jury (1834). His works were system at ically rejected for the Salon till 1848, on account of their extremely marked character. Other works are the colo al statue of Charlemagne (1836), "Hecuba" (1836), "Carthage" (1833), "L'Abbé de l'Épée" for the Hôtel de Ville (1844), and "Clémence Isaure" for the Jardin du Luxembourg (1848). He made the famous medallion of Silence for the Jewish cemetery at Père Lachaise in 1848; the statue of General Marceau (1850); the Christ of the Church of Saint-Gervais; "La vierge aux épines" (1866); "Paul Huet" (1870: funeral medallion); etc. Pré aux Clercs (prā ō klar). Le. A strip of land in old Paris, which extended from the wall of Philippe Auguste to the present Champ de Mars, between the abbey of St.-Germain des Prés and the river. It must have belonged originally to the abbey, but was at an early date transferred to the university and used as a park or campus by the students. It was for many years given over to lawle ne . It is now built and bordering on Vorarlberg. Pratishakhya (prä-ti-shä'khya). [Skt.: prat i , belonging to, and shākhā , branch, Vedic text.] upon. Prairie du Chien (prā rē du shēn). [F., 'dog's prairie.'] A city, capital of Crawford County, Wisconsin, situated on the Mi i ippi 89 miles west of Madison. Population (1890), 3,131. Prairie State, The. Illinois. Praise god Barbon or Barebones. See Barbon . Praise of Folly (L. Encomium Moriæ). A satirical work by Erasmus, published in 1511, directed against the clergy and others. Praise of Women. A poem erroneously attributed to Chaucer. It was included in Thynne's list. Prajapati (pra-jä'pa-ti). [Skt.: prajā , creature, and pat i , lord: 'lord of creatures.'] In the Rigveda, an epithet applied to Savitar, to Soma, and to Indra and Agni; also, a special genius presiding over procreation, who is in addition a protector of the living. Once in the Rigveda, and often in the Atharvaveda and Vajasaneyisanhita and Brahman as, Prajapati is a supreme god over the other gods of the Vedic period. This Prajapati becomes the Brahma of later philosophical speculation. The name is also given to Manu Svayambhuva, as the son of Brahma and the secondary creator of the ten Rishis from whom mankind has descended. Prajna Paramita (praj'nä pä'ram-i'tä). [Skt.: prajñā , knowledge; ita , gone; par am , to the other shore.] Transcendental wisdom: the title of the principal Sutra of the Mahayana school of the Buddhists, or Great Vehicle. It begins with a eulogy of Buddha and the Bodhisattvas, and contains incidentally wonderful phenomena connected with the apparitions of Buddhist saints, but is e entially metaphysical. Its doctrine is the entire negation of the subject as well as the object. Prakrit (prä'krit). [Skt. prākrta , natural, unchanged, common; from prakrti , original, natural form. Prakrit is the 'natural, unchanged' idiom, as distinguished from the Sanskrit ('adorned, elaborated, perfected' as subjected to artificial regulation); the common, popular language, in distinction from the Sanskrit as the sacred and cla ic. But the grammarians use the word in the sense of 'derived, thereby denoting the connection of the Prakrit with the original Sanskrit, much of the Prakrit of books being formed in accordance with rules from the Sanskrit.] The general name under which are comprised the various dialects which appear to have arisen in India out of the corruption of the Sanskrit during the centuries immediately preceding our era. They form the connecting-link between Sanskrit and the modern Aryan languages of India. The sacred languages of the Buddhists of Ceylon (Pali) and the Jainas of India (Jaina Prakrit) are only different forms of Prakrit, and Pali seems to have been chosen as the Buddhist sacred language to appeal to the sympathies of the people. In Alexander's time Prakrit seems to have been the spoken dialect of the people. The language of the rock-inscriptions of King Ashoka, which record the names of Antiochus and other Greek princes (about 250 в. с.), is also a form of Prakrit, and it is found on the bilingual coins of the Greek kings of Bactria. It plays an important part in all the ancient Hindu dramas, the higher male characters speaking Sanskrit, the women and subordinate male characters using various forms of Prakrit, the language varying according to the rank of the speaker. The oldest Prakrit grammarian, Vararuchi, distinguishes 4 dia lects (the Maharashtri, the Paishachi, the Magadhi, and the Shauraseni), while the Sahityadarpana enumerates 14. Prakrit almost always a umes the Sanskrit bases, altering and eliding certain letters in the original word. It continually affects a concurrence of vowels, which is utterly repugnant to Sanskrit. Pram (präm), Christen Henriksen. Born in Yajurveda, by Weber; and that of the Atharvaveda by Whitney. Prato (prä'tō). A town in the province of Florence, Italy, situated on the Bisenzio 11 miles northwest of Florence. It has flourishing industries, being especially noted for its straw-plaiting and the production of bread and biscuits. The cathedral is a picturesque Pointed building incrusted with alternate courses of black or green serpentine and gray limestone, arcaded on the exterior, and po e ing a handsome campanile in six stages. At the southwest exterior angle there is a beautiful circular pulpit, and in the interior another notable sculptured pulpit, by Mino da Fiesole. The choir chapels have very remarkable frescos by Filippo Lippi, and the bronze screen of the Chapel of the Sacra Cintola is hardly surpa ed in 15th-century metal-work. Prato was a famous art center in the Renai ance. It was stormed by the Spaniards in 1512. Population (1881), 16,641; commune, 42,190. Pratt (prat), Charles, first Earl Camden. Born in Devons hire, England, about 1714: died at London, April 18, 1794. An English jurist, created Baron Camden in 1765 and Earl Camden in 1786. He was lord chancellor 1766-70, and president of the council 1782-83 and 1784-94. Pratt, Charles. Born at Water town, Ma ., Oct. 2, 1830: died at New York, May 4, 1891. An American philanthropist. He accumulated a large fortune, chiefly in the oil trade. He is best known as the founder of the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, which was incorporated in 1886 and opened in 1887. Pratt, Orson. Born at Hartford, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1811: died at Salt Lake City, Oct. 3, 1881. An apostle and mi ionary of the Mormon Church. He joined the Mormon Church in 1830, and became an apostle in 1835. He po e ed an extensive knowledge of the higher mathematics, and in 1854 published discovery of the law of planetary rotation, namely, that the cube roots of the densities of planets vary as the square roots of their periods of rotation. He wrote "Cubic and Biquadratic Equations" (1866), etc. Prättigau. See Prätigau . Praxiteles (praks-it'e-lez). [Gr. Πραξιτέλης .] Born at Athens about the end of the 5th century B. c. A celebrated Greek sculptor. His activity lasted until about the time of Alexander the Great, or 336 old writers. The characteristics of his work are shown in B. C. Nearly threescore of his works are mentioned in the statue of Hermes and Dionysos discovered in the Heræum at Olympia and identified by Pausanias's description. Various figures in modern museums are supposed to be copies of his work. Among them are the Satyr of the Capitol (the "Marble Faun" of Hawthorne's novel); a much more beautiful torso discovered in the Palatine, and now in the Louvre; the Silenus and Dionysus in the Louvre; the A poll i no of the tribune in Florence; and the Apollo Sauroctonus of the Vatican. His most celebrated work was the Aphrodite of Cnidus, which, next to the Zeus of Phidias, was the most admired of the statues of antiquity. Pray (pra), Isaac Clark. Born at Boston, 1813: died at New York, Nov. 28, 1869. An American journalist, theatrical manager, actor, playwright, and poet. He began to write for the pre when only fourteen. In 1846 he went on 'the stage in London, and played for some time such parts as Alexander, Hamlet, Othello, Sir Giles Overreach, etc. Among his plays are "The Old Clock, etc.," dramatized from his novel (1836), "Cæcinna," "The Broker of Florence," etc. He was par ticularly succe ful in training pupils for the stage. Préault (pra-ō'), Antoine Auguste. Born at Paris, Oct. 8, 1809: died there, Jan. 11, 1879. A French sculptor. He studied in the Collège de Charlemagne till he was sixteen, and then supported himself in an ornament-modeler's shop, devoting his leisure hours to drawing in a life cla managed by a celebrated model of the day. From this he went to the atelier of David Portland, Aug. 25, 1807. An American naval officer. He served in the Revolutionary War, and commanded the naval expedition against Morocco and Tripoli in 1803-04. Preble, George Henry. Born at Portland, Maine, Feb. 25, 1816: died at Boston, Ma ., March 1, 1885. An American admiral and naval writer, nephew of Edward Preble. He entered the a midshipman in 1835; commanded the Katahdin and the St. Louis during the Civil War; was promoted captain in 1867, commodore in 1871, and rear-admiral in 1876; and was retired in 1878. He wrote "History of the Preble Family in America" (1868), "History of the Flag of the United States of America, Naval and Yacht Club Signals, etc." (1872), etc. Precaution (prē-kâ'shon). James Feni more Cooper's first novel, published in 1821. Precauzioni (prā-kout-se-ō'nē). An opera by Petrella, first produced at Genoa in 1851. Précieuses Ridicules (prā-syėz' re-de-kül'), Les. A comedy by Molière, produced in 1659. The Marquise de Rambouillet had collected around her, early in the 17th century, a coterie of fine (not to say finical) literary ladies, who came to be known as the "Précieuses"; and the fashion had extended to the provinces when Molière wrote his play. "The stage had been employed often enough for personal satire, but it had not yet been made use of for the actual delineation and criticism of contem porary manners as manners and not as the foibles of individuals. The play was directed against the affectations and unreal language of the members of literary coteries which, with that of the Hôtel Rambouillet as the chief, had long been prominent in French society. It has but a single act, but in its way it has never been surpa ed either as a piece of social satire or a piece of brilliant dialogue ill us trating ludicrous action and character." Saints bury , French Lit. p. 308. Preciosa (prāt-sē-ō'zä). A play by Wolff, music by Weber, produced at Berlin in 1821. Predil (pra'dil). An Alpine pa on the southern border of Carinthia, Austria-Hungary, 35 miles west-southwest of Klagenfurt, connecting the valleys of the Drave and Isonzo. Pregel (pra'gel). A river in the province of East Pru ia, Pru ia. It is formed by the union of the Pi a and Rominte, and flows into the Frisches Haff 5 miles below Königsberg. Length, about 125 miles. Preller (prel'ler), Fried rich. Born at Eisenach, Germany, April 25,1804: died at Weimar, April 23, 1878. A noted German lands capo painter. Among his best works are landscapes illustrating the Ody ey, in the long corridor in the museum at Weimar. IMG:content-0813.png:[blocks in formation] Prence (prens), or Prince (prins), Thomas. Born in England, 1601: died at Plymouth Ma ., March 29, 1673. An American colonist, one of the pilgrims in the Fortune. He was governor of Plymouth Colony 1634-38 and 1657-73. Prentice (pren'tis), George Denison. Born at Preston, Conn., Dec. 18, 1802: died at Louisville, Ky., Jan. 22, 1870. An American journalist, poet, and humorist. He became editor of the Louisville "Journal" in 1831. His humorous writings were published as "Prenticcana" in 1859. Prenti (pren'tis), Benjamin May berry. Born in Virginia, Nov. 23, 1819. An American general. He served as a captain of volunteers in the Mexican war, and was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers at the beginning of the Civil War, being promoted major-general in 1862. He defeated Generals Theophilus H. Holmes and Sterling Price at Helena, Arkansas, July 4, 1863. He resigned in Oct. of the same year. Prenti , Charles Prenti , Charles. Born at Reading, Ma ., Oct. 8, 1774: died at Brim field, Ma ., Oct. 20, 1820. An American journalist and miscellaneous author. Prenti , Mrs. (Elizabeth Payson). Born at Portland, Maine, Oct. 26, 1818: died at Dorset, Vt., Aug. 13, 1878. An American novelist and writer of juveniles: wife of G. Lewis Prenti , and daughter of Edward Payson. Her best-known work is "Stepping Heavenward" (1869). She also wrote "Little Susy Series," "Flower of the Family" (1854), etc. Prenti , Seargent or Sargent Smith. Born at Portland, Maine, Sept. 30, 1808: died near Natchez, Mi ., July 1, 1850. An American orator and politician. He was elected to Congre from Mi i ippi in 1838. ndenburg, Prenzlau (prents'lou), or Prenzlow (prents'10). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, situated on the Uker and the Lower Ukersee 58 miles north-northeast of Berlin. It was the capital of the ancient Ukermark. Near it, Oct. 28, 1806, a Pru ian army under Prince von Hohenlohe sur rendered to the French under Murat. Population (1890), 18,019. Pre raphae lite Brotherhood, The. A band of artists, originally consisting of Holman Hunt, D. G. Ro etti, and J. E. Mill a is (joined later by William Michael Ro etti, Thomas Woolner, F. G. Stephens, and James Collins on), who united in 1848 with a view of adopting a closer study of nature, and as a protest against academic dogma. "The Germ" was started in 1850, but only four numbers were published. Its avowed object was to "enforce and encourage an entire adherence to the simplicity of nature." The principle was applied to the writing of poetry as well as to painting. Ruskin earnestly advocated the school, whose methods he defined as the effort "to paint things as they probably did look and happen, not as, by rules of art developed under Raphael, they might be supposed gracefully, deliciously, or sublimely to have happened." A storm of vituperative criticism raged round the brotherhood for five years, and finally spent itself on their succe ors. By 1854 the band was practically broken up by divergence of methods. Over beck, who went to Rome in 1810, had with Schadow, Cornel i us, Philip Veit, and others (known by friends and ene. mies as the Pre raphae lites, the New-old School, etc.), built up a school based on the methods of Perugino and others preceding Raphael. Their work influenced Dyce. Maclise, Madox Brown, Hunt, and others in England, and led to the formation of the Pre raphae lite Brotherhood. Prerau (prā'rou). A town in Moravia, Austria Hungary, situated on the Beczwa 13 miles south-southeast of Olmütz. Population (1890), 12,955. Presanella (prā-ză-nel'lä). A group of the Alps, in southern Tyrol, connected with the Adamello Mountains, and separated from the Ortler group by the Tonale Pa . Height of Monte Presanella, 11,686 feet. Presburg, or Pre burg (pres'börg), Hung. Pozsony (po'zhōny). [L. Posonium .] The capital of the county of Presburg, Hungary, situated on the Danube in lat. 48° 9′ N., long. 17° 6' E. It is a seat of considerable trade by the Danube and the railway system of which it is the center, and occupies an important strategic position. The notable buildings are the cathedral, ruined castle, and Rathaus. It was the capi. the health seat of parliament until 1848. Population (1890), 52,444. Presburg, Peace of. A treaty concluded between France and Austria, Dec. 26, 1805. Austria ceded her Venetian po e ions to the kingdom of Italy, Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Pa au, etc., to Bavaria, and her Swabían po e ions to the South German states. Bavaria and Würtemberg were made kingdoms. Austria received the principality of Salzburg and some smaller po e ions. Prescot (pres'kot). A town in Lancashire, England, 8 miles east of Liverpool. Population (1891), 6,745. Pre scott (pres'kot). A town in Yavapai County, Arizona, situated in lat. 34° 30′ N., long. 112° 24' W. It is the center of a gold-and silver mining region. Population (1890), 1,759. Pre scott. A town in Grenville County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the St. Lawrence opposite Ogdensburg, New York. Population (1891), 2,919. Pre scott, Harriet. See Spofford , Mrs. Pre scott, Richard. Born in England, 1725: died in England, Oct., 1788. A British general. He served in the Seven Years' War: came to Canada in 1773; and had command of the British force in Rhode Island in 1777, when he was captured by William Barton. He became major-general in 1777, and lieutenant-general in 1782. Pre scott, Robert. Born in England, 1725: died near Battle, England, Dec. 21, 1816. A British general. He served in the Revolutionary War, and was colonial governor in Canada 1796-99. Pre scott, William. Born at Groton, Ma ., Feb. 20, 1726: died at Pepper ell, Ma ., Oct. 13, 1795. An American soldier. He served in the expedition to Nova Scotia in 1755, and commanded at the battle of Bunker Hill June 17, 1775. IMG:content-0814.png:[blocks in formation] Prestwich, Sir Joseph. Born at Clapham, London, March 12, 1812: died at Shoreham, Kent, June 23, 1896. A noted English geologist, profe or of geology at Oxford 1874-87. Pretender, The or The Old. See Stuart , James Francis Edward. Pre scott, William Hickling. Born at Salem, Ma ., May 4, 1796: died at Boston, Jan. 28, 1859. A noted American historian. While he was an undergraduate at Harvard one of his eyes was injured by a piece of bread thrown by a fellow-student, and in a short time he became nearly blind. Notwithstanding this drawback, he was able to make careful researches, principally in Spanish history, employing a reader and using a special Pretender, The Young. See Charles Edward writing-case. He obtained from Spain a large number of Louis Philip Casimir . valuable manuscripts. His principal works are "History Pretor i a (pre-toʻri-ä). The capital of the Trans of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella" (1838), "Conquest of Mexico" (1843), "Conquest of Peru" (1847), and "Hisvaal Republic, South Africa. Population, about tory of the Reign of Philip II." (unfinished, 1855-58). 5,000. President. 1. An American frigate, built at New York in 1794, a sister ship to Constitution and United States. At the beginning of the War of 1812 it was flag-ship of the squadron commanded by Captain John Rodgers. On Jan. 15, 1815, it defeated the British ship Endymion, but surrendered to her consorts. 2. An American steamer which sailed from New York for Liverpool March 21, 1841. It was sighted on the 24th, but was never seen again. Pre burg. See Presburg . Pre ense (prā-son-sā'), Edmond Déhoult de. Born at Paris, Jan. 7, 1824: died April 8, 1891. A French Protestant theologian, orator, and Pretorian Camp. A camp of ancient Rome, first permanently established by Tiberius, outside of the city walls. It formed approximately a square of 1,500 feet to a side, and was inclosed by a good brick-faced wall 10 feet high, strengthened with towers at its gates. The camp was included by Aurelian in his new line of fortifications, and still forms an abrupt projection in the wall on the northeast. The fortifications of Aurelian are 3 times as high as those of Tiberius, and not so well built. The latter, embedded as they are in the newer work, can still be followed for a considerable distance. Within the camp there were monumental buildings with mosaics and marble incrustation. Const an tine abolished the Pretorian Guard, and pulled down the wall of their camp on the side toward the city. statesman. His works include "His to ire des trois pre- Pretorian Guard, The. See the extract. miers siècles de l'église chrétienne" (1858-61), "Discours religieux" (1859), “Jésus-Christ, sa vie, son temps, et son œuvre" (1866), "Concile du Vatican" (1871), "Etudes évan géliques" (1867), "Les origines" (1882), etc. Prester (pres'ter) ( i . e . 'Presbyter') John. A fabulous Christian monarch believed, in the 12th century, to have made extensive conquests from the Mu ulmans, and to have established a powerful empire somewhere in Asia "beyond Persia and Armenia," or, according to other accounts, in Africa (Aby in i a). Marvelous tales were told of his victories, riches, and power; and extraordinary letters purporting to have been written by him to the emperor Manuel Comnenus and to other potentates were circulated. Pope Alexander III. sent him a letter by a special me enger who never returned. The foundation of the legend is uncertain. Sir John Mandeville gives this account of the name: An emperor of India, who was a Christian, went into a church in Egypt on the Saturday in Whitsun week, where the bishop was ordaining priests. "And he beheld and list end the servyse fulle tentyfly." He then said that he would no longer be called emperor, but priest, and that he would have the name of the first priest of the church, which was John. And so he has ever since been called Prester John. Aug. Prestige (pres-tēzh'), Fanny. Born at London, Aug. 6, 1846. An actre . She made her first ap- pearance at Melbourne, Australia, when only 10 years old, as the Duke of York in "Richard III." Her first appear. ance in New York was in 1863. Preston (pres'ton). A town in Lancashire, England, situated on the Ribble in lat. 53° 45′ N., long. 2° 42′ W. It is one of the chief centers of cotton manufacture in England; has also manufactures of linen (dating from the end of the 18th century), iron, machinery, etc.; and has considerable coasting commerce. Here, Aug. 17-19, 1648, the Parliamentarians (about 10,000) under Cromwell totally defeated the Scottish Royalists under the Duke of Hamilton; and here in Nov., 1715, the Jacobites were defeated by the British troops and com- pelled to surrender. The town was occupied by the "Young Pretender" in Nov., 1745. It returns 2 members to Parliament. Population (1891), 107,573. Preston, Harriet Waters. Born at Danvers, Ma ., about 1843. An American writer and translator. She has lived in France and Great Britain for some time, and is particularly noted for her translation