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After the Peruvians had been repeatedly defeated in the south, President Prado left the government in the hands of Vice-President La Puerta, and on Dec. 17, 1879, sailed for Europe, ostensibly to raise a loan and buy ironclads. Soon after the presidency was seized by Pierola. Praed (prad), Mrs. (Rose Murray Prior). Born in Queensland, March 27, 1852. An Australian novelist, wife of Campbell Mack worth Praed, a nephew of W. M. Praed. Among her books are "An Australian Heroine" (1880), "Nadine" (1882), "The Head Station" (1885), "The Romance of a Station" (1890); with Justin M'Carthy, "The Right Honourable" (1886) and "The Ladies' Gallery" (1889); etc. Praed, Winthrop Mack worth. Born at London, July 26, 1802: died at London, July 15, 1839. An English poet, a writer of society verse (vers de soc iété). He was educated at Eton and Trinity, Cambridge; was third in the cla ical tripos of 1825; and in 1822 was a a principal contributor to "Knight's Quarthe Middle Temple; was Tory member of Parliament for terly Magazine." In May, 1829, he was called to the bar in St. Germans 1830-32; was afterward member for Great Yarmouth, and still later for Aylesbury until his death. His collected poems were published in 1864, his prose e ays in 1887, and his political poems in 1888. Præneste (prē-nes'tē). In ancient geography, a city in Latium, Italy, 22 miles east of Rome: the modern Pal estrin a. It was built probably as early as the 8th century B. C.; was often opposed to Rome, especially in 380 B. c., and in the Latin War 340-338; was in alliance with Rome until the time of the Social War 90-88, when it received the Roman franchise; was taken by the partizans of Sulla from the Marians under the younger Marius in 82; was a favorite summer resort of the Roman nobility (the residence of August us, Horace, Tiberius, and Hadrian); and was celebrated for the temple and oracle of the godde Fortune. There are few ruins remaining. Præsepe (prē-sē pē). A loose cluster of stars, appearing as a nebula to the naked eye, in the breast of the Crab: ɛ Cancri. Præstigiar. The dog that is the constant attendant of Faust in the early forms of the legend. He is supposed to be the devil. Praga (prä'gä). A suburb of Warsaw, situated on the opposite side of the Vistula. It was stormed by the Ru ians under Suvaroff, Nov. 4, 1794. Pragel (prägel). An Alpine pa in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, 25-30 miles east by south of Lucerne. It was the scene of severe fighting between the Ru ians under Suvaroff and the French in Sept., 1799. Pragmatic Sanction. A term first applied to certain decrees of the Byzantine emperors, regulating the interests of their subject provinces and towns; then to a system of limitations set to the spiritual power of the Pope in France in 1438, which laid the foundations of the so-called Gallican Church. Lastly, it became the name for an arrangement or family compact, made by different potentates, regarding succe ion to sovereignty-the most noted being the instrument by which the emperor Charles VI., being without male i ue, endeavored to secure the succe ion through his female descendants. The Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. provided (1) that the lands belonging to the house of Austria should be indivisible; (2) that in the absence of male heirs these lands should devolve upon Charles's daughters (the eldest of whom was Maria The res a), according to the law of primogeniture; and (3) that in case of the extinction of this line the inheritance should pa to the daughters of Joseph I. and their descendants. Prague (prāg). [G. Prag , Bohem. Praha .] The capital of Bohemia, situated on both sides of the Moldau, in lat. 50°5′ N., long. 14° 26′ E. It is the third city of the Austrian empire, an important Prague, Peace of railway center, and the commercial and manufacturing of Bohemia. Among the manufactures are beer, chemicals, machinery, iron, and cotton. The principal quarters are the Altstadt, Neustadt, Kleinseite, and Hradschin. The cathedral has a large and fine choir of 1385, and a modern nave built in a corresponding style. The choir contains a splendid monument of marble and alabaster to the kings of Bohemia, executed in the 16th century by a Flemish sculptor. The vaulting is 118 feet high. Other objects of interest are the Teynkirche, Rathaus, Karlsbrücke over the Moldau, picture-gallery, Rathaus of the Neustadt, citadel, several museums, imperial palace, abbey of Strahow, and Belvedere. The university, founded in 1348, was very flourishing at the epoch of Hu (the beginning of the 15th century). It contains 2 departments, German and Czech (the former with 115 instructors and 1,384 students in 1896-97, and the latter with 120 instructors and 2,399 students), and has a library of 220,000 volumes. Founded apparently about the 8th century, Prague was developed in the 13th and 14th centuries. The Hu ite war broke out there in 1419, and the Thirty Years' War in 1618. It was taken by the Imperialists in 1620, the Saxons in 1631, and by Wal lens tein in 1632, and the Swedes entered the Kleinseite in 1648. The French and Bavarians took it in 1741, the Imperialists in 1743, and Frederick the Great in 1744. Near it, May 6, 1757, the Pru ians (about 68,000) under Frederick the Great defeated the Austrians (75,00080,000) under Charles of Lorraine. Lo of the Pru ians, 18,000; of the Austrians, about 20,000. It was consolidated into one city in 1784. A Panslavic Congre was held there in 1848, during which a Czech outbreak occurred, which led to the bombardment of the city by Windischgrätz. It was taken by the Pru ians in 1866. Population (1900), 204,478, Prague, Compact at a of. A settlement of the Bohemian controversy by the Council of Basel in 1433, by which the Hu ites were granted the use of the cup in the eucharist. Prague Peace of. 1. A treaty concluded between the emperor Ferdinand II. and the Elector of Saxony in 1635, by which the latter received Lusatia.-2. A treaty between Pru ia and Austria, concluded Aug. 23, 1866, by which the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom was annexed to Italy, the Germanic Confederation di olved, and a new arrangement of Germany provided for, excluding Austria. Austria ceded her rights in Schleswig-Holstein to Pru ia, and paid Pru ia a war indemnity of $15,000,000. Praguerie (präg-rē'). [F., from Prague , referring to the Hu ite insurrection there.) An unsucce ful insurrection in France, 1440, in opposition to the establishment of a standing army. Prairial (prā'ri-al; F.pron. prā-rē-äl'). [F., from prairie , a meadow.] The name adopted in 1793 by the National Convention of the first French republic for the ninth month of the year. It consisted of 30 days, beginning in the years 1 to 7 with May 20, and in 8 to 13 21. Prairial Insurrection. An unsucce ful insur rection of the populace in Paris against the Convention, on the 1st Prairial, year 3 (May 20, 1795). Prairie (prā rē), The. The last in chronological order of Cooper's "Leather stocking" novels, published in 1827. 'dog's Prairie du Chien (pra rễ dù shēn). [F., 'dog's Wisconsin, situated on the Mi i ippi 89 miles prairie.'] A city, capital of Crawford County, west of Madison. Population (1895), 3,286. Prairie State, The. Illinois. Praise god Barbon or Barebones. See Barbon . Praise of Folly (L. Encomium Moriæ). A satirical work by Erasmus, published in 1511, directed against the clergy and others. Praise of Women. A poem erroneously attributed to Chaucer. It was included in Thynne's list. Prajapati (pra-jä'pa-ti). [Skt.: prajā , creature, and pat i , pat i , lord: 'lord of creatures.'] In the Rigveda, an epithet applied to Savitar, to Soma, and to Indra and Agni; 1 Agni; also, a special genius presiding over procreation, who is in addition a protector of the living. Once in the Rigveda, and often in the Atharvaveda and Vajasaneyisanhita and Brahman as, Prajapati is a supreme god over the other gods of the Vedic period. This Prajapati becomes the Brahma of later philosophical speculation. The name is also given to Manu Svayambhuva, as the son of Brahma and the secondary creator of the ten Rishis from whom mankind has descended. Prajna Paramita (praj'nä päʼram-i'tä). [Skt.: prajñā , knowledge; ita , gone; pāram , to the other shore.] Transcendental wisdom: the title of the principal Sutra of the Mahayana school of the Buddhists, or Great Vehicle. It begins with a eulogy of Buddha and the Bodhisattvas, and contains incidentally wonderful phenomena connected with the apparitions of Buddhist saints, but is e entially metaphysical. Its doctrine is the entire negation of the subject as well as the object. Prakrit (prä'krit). [Skt. prākrta , natural, unchanged, common; from prakrti , original, natural form. Prakrit is the 'natural, unchanged' idiom, as distinguished from the Sanskrit ('adorned, elaborated, perfected' as subjected to artificial regulation); the common, popular language, in distinction from the Sanskrit as the sacred and cla ic. But the grammarians use the word in the sense of 'derived, thereby denoting the connection of the Prakrit with the original Sanskrit, much of the Prakrit of books being formed in accordance with rules from the Sanskrit.] The general name under which are comprised the various dialects which appear to have arisen in India out of the corruption of the Sanskrit during the centuries immediately preceding our era. They form the connecting-link between Sanskrit and the modern Aryan languages of India. The sacred languages of the Buddhists of Ceylon (Pali) and the Jainas of India (Jaina Prakrit) are only different forms of Prakrit, and Pali seems to have been chosen as the Buddhist sacred language to appeal to the sympathies of the people. In Alexander's time Prakrit seems to have been the spoken dialect of the people. The language of the rock-inscriptions of King Ashoka, which record the names of Antiochus and other Greek princes (about 250 B. c.), is also a form of Prakrit, and it is found on the bilingual coins of the Greek kings of Bactria. It plays an imp or tant part in all the ancient Hindu dramas, the higher male characters speaking Sanskrit, the women and subordinate male characters using various forms of Prakrit, the language varying according to the rank of the speaker. The oldest Prakrit grammarian, Vararuchi, distinguishes 4 dialects (the Maharashtri, the Paishachi, the Magadhi, and the Shauraseni), while the Sahityadarpana enumerates 14. Prakrit almost always a umes the Sanskrit bases, altering and eliding certain letters in the original word. It continually affects a concurrence of vowels, which is utterly repugnant to Sanskrit. Pram (präm), Christen Henriksen. Born in Norway, Sept. 4, 1756: died on the island of St. Thomas, Nov. 25, 1821. A Danish poet. His chief work is the epic "Stärkodder" (1785). Prantl (prän'tl), Karl von. Born at Lands berg, Bavaria, Jan. 28, 1820: died at Oberstdorf, Sept. 14, 1888. A German philosophical writer, profe or at Munich from 1847. His chief work is “Geschichte der Logik im A bend lande" (1855-70). Prater (prä'ter). [From L. pratum , a meadow.] A noted public park in Vienna. It is on an island formed by the Danube and the Danube Canal, and is covered with forest trees and intersected with magnificent drives and walks. It was dedicated "to the human race" by the emperor Joseph II. Prätigau (pra'tē-gou), or Prättigau (prāt'tēgou). An Alpine valley in the northern part of the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, east of Coire and bordering on Vorarlberg. Pratishakhya (prä-ti-shäʻkhya). [Skt.: prat i , belonging to, and shākhā , branch, Vedic text.] The name of each of a cla of phonetico-grammatical treatises, each, as the name ('belonging to each several text') indicates, having for its peculiarities of form. Their real purpose is to subject one principal Vedic text and noting all show how the continuous sanhita text is to be reconstructed out of the pad a or word-text, in which the individual words are given separately in their original form, unaffected by sandhi or the influence of the words which im mediately precede and follow. Four are extant: that of the Rigveda, translated by both Müller and Regnier; that Yajurveda, by Weber; and that of the Atharvaveda, by of the Black Yajurveda, by Whitney; that of the White Whitney. Prato (prä'to). A town in the province of Flor ence, Italy, situated on the Bisenzio 11 miles northwest of Florence. It has flourishing industries, being especially noted for its straw-plaiting and the production of bread and biscuits. The cathedral is a picturesque Pointed building incrusted with alternate courses of black or green serpentine and gray limestone, arcaded on the exterior, and po e ing a handsome campanile in six stages. At the southwest exterior angle there is a beautiful circular pulpit, and in the interior another notable sculptured pulpit, by Mino da Fiesole. The choir chapels have very remarkable frescos by Filippo Lippi, bronze screen of the Chapel of the Sacra Cintola is hardly surpa ed in 15th-century metal-work. Prato was a famous art center in the Renai ance. It was stormed by the Spaniards in 1512. Population (1881), 16,641; commune, 42,190. Pratt (prat), Charles, first Earl Camden. Born in Devons hire, England, about 1714: died at London, April 18, 1794. An English jurist, created Baron Camden in 1765 and Earl Camden in 1786. He was lord chancellor 1766-70, and president of the council 1782-83 and 1784-94. Pratt, Charles. Born at Water town, Ma ., Oct. 2, 1830: died at New York, May 4, 1891. An American philanthropist. He accumulated a large fortune, chiefly in the oil trade. He is best known as the founder of the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, which was incorporated in 1886 and opened in 1887. Pratt, Orson. Born at Hartford, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1811: died at Salt Lake City, Oct. 3, 1881. An apostle and mi ionary of the Mormon Church. He joined the Mormon Church in 1830, and became an apostle in 1835. He po e ed an extensive knowledge of the higher mathematics, and in 1854 published his discovery of the law of planetary rotation, namely, that the cube roots of the densities of planets vary as the square roots of their periods of rotation. He wrote "Cubic and