East Indies

The ordinary meaning, however, is British India, or the Indian Empire, officially called India. This includes Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Sind, Aden, A am, Berars, Ajmere, Central Provinces, Coorg, Northwest Provinces, Oudh, Panjab, Lower Burma, Upper Burma, And a mans, and Quetta and the Bolan, having an area of 964.992 square miles, and a population (1891) of 221,172,952. In addition there are the feudatory native states, including Hyderabad, Mysore, Kashmir, Baroda, states in Rajputana, and states in connection with the Central Provinces, Central IMG:content-0538.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-0539.png:[ocr errors] exports of wheat, rice, cotton, opium, oilseeds, jute, hides, tea, and indigo. The capital is Calcutta. Government is vested in a secretary of state for India (in London), with a council of about 10 (also in London). In India the government is administered by a governor-general appointed by the crown, a council with a centralized system of governors, etc., for provinces, and commi ioners and deputy commi ioners for divisions and districts. About three fourths of the inhabitants are Hindus in religion; Mohammedans come next (over 50,000,000). "To them [the Greeks] for a long time the word India was for practical purposes what it was etymologically, the valley of the Indus. Meanwhile in India not seem so nat ural as it seems to us to give one name to the whole region. For there is a very marked difference between the northern and southern parts of it. The great Aryan community which spoke Sanscrit and invented Brahminism in 1831. Indiana. A character in Steele's "Conscious Lovers." Mrs. Cibber made a great hit in this part. Indianapolis (ind i-a-nap'ō-lis). The capital of Indiana and of Marion County, situated on the West Fork of White River, in lat. 39° 48′ N., long. 86° 6' W., nearly at the geographical center of the State. It is the chief city in the State, and an important railway center, and has a large trade in grain. Among its chief industries are pork-packing and milling. It was laid out in 1821, and was chartered as a city in 1847. Population (1890), 105,436. self chiefly from the Punjab along the great valley of the Ganges, but not at first far southward. Accordingly the India . "(J. ... It appears then that India is not a political name, but only a geographical expre ion like Europe or Africa." R. Seeley , Expansion of England, p. 222.) India, mentioned in Esther i. 1, viii. 9, as the limit of the territories of Ahasuerus on the east, denotes probably the country surrounding the Indus, the Panjab. The name Indu (Hindu) also occurs in the cuneiform inscription of Nakhsh-i-Rustem. Whether and how India was known to the Phenic i ans, Hebrews, and A yro-Babylonians before the Persian kings is uncertain. The view that Ophir, whither the mercantile fleet of Solomon and Hiram went, was in India, has been generally given up. The knowledge of the ancients concerning India, before the expeditions of Alexander the Great and Seleucus I., was in general very limited. West India (India intra Gangem) was to the Greeks and Romans the land east of the Iranian highland and south of the Imaus. Alexander the Great penetrated India as far as the Hyp has is in the east and the mouth of the Indus in the south. The island of Ceylon was known by the name of Taprobane, or Salike, the inhabitants being called Salæ. Still le comprehensive and accurate was their knowledge of East India ( India extra Gangem). Alongside of a land of gold, silver, and copper is mentioned a golden peninsula, by which probably Malacca was meant. As names of the islands of the Indian Archipelago occur "the island of the Good God” (ἀγαθοῦ δαίμονος), perhaps meaning Sumatra, and Jabadin, doubtle Java. The chief authenticated facts of Indian history are the following: the pa age by Aryan tribes of the northern and northwestern mountain pa es, and their settlement in the plains, at an unknown period; founding of Buddhism, 6th century B. C.; conquest of the Panjab by Alexander the Great, 327-325 B. C.; a GrecoBactrian kingdom in India down to about the 2d century B. C., the so-called Scythian invasions following or accompanying this; Buddhism displaced by Brahmanism, about the 6th century of our era; invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni (the first Mohammedan invasion), 1001; invasion of Timur, 1398; expedition of Vasco da Gama, 1498; permanent settlement of the Portuguese at Goa, 1510; foundation of the Mogul empire by Baber, 1526; reign of Akbar, 1556-1605; formation of the English East India Company, 1600, and of the Dutch East India Company, 1602; rise of the Mahratta power under Sivaji, 1657; death of Aurung-Zeb and beginning of the Mogul decay, 1707; rivalry of French and English in India at its height in the time of Dupleix, about 1748; Clive's victory at Pla ey, 1757, followed by the acquisition of Bengal and Behar; acquisitions made under the administrations of Warren Hastings (1772-85), Wellesley, Cornwall is, Minto, Marquis of Hastings, Amherst, Dalhousie; Carnatic annexed, 1801; British (Lower) Burma annexed, 1826 and 1852; first Afghan war, 1838-42; annexation of Sind, 1843; annexation of the Panjab, 1849; Sepoy Mutiny, 1857 (suppre ed, 1858); transference of the administration from the East India Company to the crown, 1858; Queen Victoria proclaimed Empre of India, 1877; second Afghan war, 1878-80; annexation of Upper Burma, 1886. Recent events have been the building of the Sind-Quetta Railway toward the Afghan frontier, the acquisition of certain territories in Balu chi stan, the suppre ion of the Hunza-Nagar insurrection in 1891, the Manipur revolt in 1891, etc. India, British. Same as India , in the present official sense; or, more strictly, that part which is under direct British administration, excluding the native states. See India . India, Further, or Indo-China (in'dō-chi'nä), or India beyond ndia beyond the Ganges. The south Indian Archipelago. See Malay Archipelago . Indian Council. See Council of the Indies. Indian Emperor, The, or the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards. A play by Dryden, a sequel to "The Indian Queen," produced in 1665. Indian Empire. Same as British India. See Indian Mutiny, or Sepoy Mutiny. The revolt against British authority in India 1857-58. Its immediate cause was the introduction into the Sepoy army of a new rifle whose use required the touching of grease (on the cartridge): this offended the religious prejudices of the soldiers. The mutiny began at Meerut May 10. The centers of activity were Delhi, Cawnpore (where in July a ma acre of the Europe ans was ordered by Nana Sahib), and Lucknow. Lucknow's garrison was relieved by Havelock in September, and again by Campbell in November; Delhi was besieged and taken in 1857; Lucknow was finally conquered in March, 1858; and the last resistance was suppre ed in 1858. The last Mogul (titular emperor) was banished. Indian Ocean. The part of the ocean lying between Asia on the north, Africa on the west, the Malay Archipelago and Australia on the east, and an arbitrary line (about lat. 38° S.) connecting the southern extremities of Australia and Africa on the south. Its chief arms are the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea (with the Persian Gulf and Red Sea). It contains Madagascar, Mascarene Islands, Socotra, Ceylon, And a man Islands, Nicobar Islands, Lakkadive Islands, and Maldive Islands. It receives the drainage of the Zambesi, Euphrates and Tigris, Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Irawadi, and the rivers of the Deccan. Length from the Cape of Good Hope to Tasmania, about 6,000 miles. Average depth, about 14,000 feet. Indian Queen, The. A tragedy in heroic verse by Sir Robert Howard and John Dryden, pro duced in 1664. Indian Territory. A territory of the United States. It is bounded by Kansas on the north, Mi ouri and Arkansas on the east, Texas on the south, and Oklahoma on the west. Its surface is generally level and rolling. Herding is the chief industry. It is unorganized. The Indian tribes Cherokees, Choctaws, Chick a saws, Creeks, and Semi noles conduct their own affairs. Tahlequah in the Cherokee land is the chief town. The region was acquired in 1803 and 1845. In 1834 it was set apart for the Indians who were removed during this period from their original homes. The portion north of lat. 37° was ceded afterward by the Indians to the United States. In the Civil War the Indians sided with the Confederates. (For the setting apart of Oklahoma, see Oklahoma ). Area (1890), 31,400 square miles. Population (1890), 186,490. Indians (in'di-anz) (of North America). The aboriginal inhabitants of North America. They were so named on the supposition that the lands discovered by the early navigators were parts of India: the erroneous name has continued in use, notwithstanding attempts at its correction. Schoolcraft invented for the North Americans the names Algic , to denote the people of the eastern coast; Abanic , for those west of the Mi i ippi; and Ostic , for those who live between these limits: but no other writer has used them. The latest attempt, equally unsucce ful, calls the North American tribes Aoneo - Ma rañonians- Marañon being a name for the river Amazon, and Aoneo a word connected with a Northern myth. Serious mistakes in governmental practice as well as in the ories came from errors in the names of the ethnic divisions of North America. Each tribe called itself by a name in its own language which often was metaphorical Siam, Cambodia, Cochin-China, Annam, Tongking, Straits Settlements, etc. India, Hither or Nearer. The great central peninsula in southern Asia, with the natural boundaries as described under India . Indiana (in-di-an'ä). [NL., 'land of Indians.'] One of the Central States of the United States. Capital, Indianapolis. It is bounded by Lake Michigan and Michigan on the north, Ohio on the east, Illinois on the west, and Kentucky (separated by the Ohio) on the south. The surface is generally level and undulating. The lead ing occupation is agriculture. Indiana is one of the chief States in the production of wheat, and the sixth State in population. It has 92 counties; sends 2 senators and 13 representatives to Congre ; and has 15 electoral votes. It was settled by the French at Vincennes and elsewhere and varying; and its several neighbors called it in their languages by other names, which, according to their existing relations might be termo obloqueo friendship ted by the French, English, Spanish, and Dutch to expre the native pronunciation added to the confusion, and a large proportion of these various forms afterward appeared in self multiplied through fear or through interest) being sometimes duplicated over and over again, and thus vastly exaggerated in the best official estimates. Subsequently many of the erroneous names disappeared, and then it was inferred that the tribes so named had become ex early in the 18th century; was ceded to Great Britain in 1763, and to the United States in 1783; became part of the Northwest Territory in 1787; and was made a separate Territory in 1800. The battle of Tippecanoe occurred its limits in 1811. It was admitted the Union in 1816. Area, 36,350 square miles. Population (1890), 2,192,404. and in statistics, the population (which was it tinct. From these errors arose, mainly, the opinion, still generally entertained, that the rapid extinction of the North Americans is without a parallel in history, and that it is due to an inherent defect, styled fer a natura , through which civilization is fatal to the part of the human race found in the western hemisphere. The present number of Indians in the United States is about 300,000. The number in British America is not so accurately known, and that in Mexico, being more affected by mixture of blood, is still le determinable. Besides the actually ascertained errors in nomenclature, other considerations affect the questions concerning population, habitat, and migrations, upon which, together with language, a proper cla ification depends. Before the European invasion the North American tribes had reached a state of quasi-equilibrium, and were sedentary to the ex tent that their territories were recognized, and, though many of them held districts too large for actual oссиpancy, the limits were substantially defined. While agriculture had commenced in some parts of the present area of the United States, and was spreading, it nowhere sufficed to replace hunting, which demands enormous areas per capita for support and the population had not as to pre upon the food-supply. Contrary to the current opinion, the Indians were not nomadic until after the arrival of Europe ans, who drove many tribes from their established seats to those occupied by other tribes; and from the same Europe ans they procured the horse and firearms, both of which were nece ary to a nomadic life under the existing conditions. The wars with the invaders and those occasioned by their pre ure, in which firearms were used, were far more destructive than the former quarrels between tribes. The lo es and gains of most of the tribes during recent decades are now known with sufficient precision to allow an estimate of the effect of civilization upon them. In this connection it must be noted as important that many individuals of aboriginal blood have disappeared from the numerical strength of tribes, not by extinction but by absorption. From all these considerations it is concluded that the Indian pop ulation of North America at the time of the Columbian discovery was not very greatly in exce of that now exT he Bureau Ethnology, established by Congre in 1879, has brought the cla ification and nomenclature of the Indians of North America into system and approximate accuracy. The tribes in British America, Lower California, and the United States, including those found both north and south of the Mexican border and excluding the remainder of Mexico, are divided into 57 linguistic families or stocks, fundamentally differing from each other, and often apparently as distinct as the Aryan and Scythian linguistic stocks. In all the stocks were languages, sometimes but one being now known, sometimes many, the differences between which were such that the speakers failed either entirely or in large part to understand each other. The names a igned to these stocks in this work are those given by the authority who first recognized each particular stock in a publication; and the termination an or ian is now added to each to distinguish between the stock names and tribal names, many of which without such distinction would be identical and confusing. The 57 linguistic families or stocks in the territory mentioned are as follows: Algonquian, At hap as can, Attacapan, Beothukan, Caddoan, Chimakuan, Chimar ikan, Chimmesyan, Chinook an, Chit i machan, Chumash an, Coahuiltecan, Copehan, Cost a no an, Eskimauan, E elenian, Iroquoian, Kalapooian, Karankawan, Keresan, Kiowan, Kitunahan, Koluschan, Kulan a pan, Kusan, Lutuamian, Mariposan, Moquelumnan, Muskhogean, Natches an, Palaihnihan, Piman, Pujunan, Quorate an, Salinan, Salishan, Sastean, Sahaptian, Shoshonean, Siouan, Skittagetan, Takilman, Tanoan, Timuquanan, Tonikan, Tonkawan, Uchean, Waiilatpuan, Wakashan, Washoan, We its pekan, Wishoskan, Yakonan, Yanan, Yukian, Yuman, and Zuñian. These stocks differ widely in the amount of territory occupied, in the number of component tribes, and in the number of individuals identified as belonging to them. Some claimed the combined areas of a number of the present States and Territories of the United States, while the known habitat of others was not more than a modern county or township. Some are differentiated by the language of a single tribe now known; others comprise many tribes, those of the Algonquian stock amounting to 600 separately named divisions, each one of which has been regarded by some authority to be a tribe. Some are extinct, or are represented only by a score of living persons, while others number tens of you sands. The first subdivision of the linguistic stocks, more permanent than temporary alliances or leagues for special purposes, is the "confederacy"; but it is not a constant basis of cla ification. It is noticed in certain stocks where several neighboring tribes have acted together for a considerable period in an approach to the nationality common in civilization. These confederacies do not embrace all the tribes of any stock, and are not confined to people speaking the same language; indeed, interpreters have been required in the councils of a confederacy between the delegates of the component tribes. In this connection it must be noted that tribes of the same linguistic family are often bitter hereditary enemies, so that language does not afford a political cla ification. The unit of cla ification is the tribe, which often is indistinguishable from the village. The latter often extended over a considerable area, and was normally composed of widely separated dwellings, each of them the home of a domestic family, though sometimes several families occupied the same dwelling. Another division is the clan or gens; but, as it is neither political nor ethnic, and as it interpermeates all other divisions, its titles are not mentioned in this work. Those appearing here alphabetically as the names of confederacies and tribes are selected as having been the most used in literature, and are not expre ed in the determined scientific trans liter a guistic stocks, but in the form most frequently found in publications. Indies (in'diz), also formerly Indias (in'di-az). The name given by Columbus and early geographers to the American islands and mainland, then supposed to be a part of Asia: later, when their true nature was known, they were distinguished as the West Indies, and the latter term was eventually retained for the islands now bearing that name. Many writers of the 16th century use the word Indies in a restricted sense for the country now included in Mexico. Indies, Council of the. See Council of the Indies . Indigirka (in-de-gir'kä). A river in eastern Siberia, flowing into the Arctic Ocean about lat. 71°40′ N., long. 150° E. Length, about 900 miles. Indo-China. See India , Further . Indo-Europe ans (in'dō-u-rō-pē'anz). The races speaking the Indo-European languages; Aryans (which see). I am compelled to opine that the absence of the a and the camel, together with the presence of the horse, in the pastoral life of the Indo-Europe ans, is in favour of our looking for the original abode of the Indo-Europe ans rather in the European than the Asiatic portion of the steppe district. Further, the locality [banks of the Volga] proposed by us for the original home of the Indo-Europe ans affords the simplest explanation of the manifold points of contact between the Finns and the Indo-Europe ans, in language and in habits, to which we have referred in various pa ages of this work. Schrader , Aryan Peoples (tr. by Jevons), p. 437. Indonesia (in-do-ne's hiä). [NL., 'Indian islands.'] A name for the Malay Archipelago. Indore (in-dor'). 1. A native state in India, under the control of the Central India Agency. It consists of various detached tracts, partly in the valley of the Nerbudda. It is also called the Holkar's Dominions, from its Mahratta ruler of the Holkar family. It was founded by an adventurer in the middle of the 18th century. The ruler became a prince feudatory to Great Britain in 1818. Area, 9,625 square miles. Population (1891), 1,094,150. 2. The capital of Indore state, situated in lat. 22° 42′ N., long. 75° 50′ E. Population (1891), 92,329. Indra (in'dra). The god who, in Vedic theology, stands at the head of the deities of the middle realm-that of the air. The especial manifestation of his power is the battle which he wages in the storm with his thunderbolt ( vajra ) against the demons Vritra ('sur rounder'), Ahi ('confiner'), Shushna ('parcher'), and others, who in the form of mighty serpents or dragons encompa the waters and shut off their path, as well as that of the light, from heaven to earth. He is originally not the supreme, but the national and favorite, god of the In do A ryan tribes, type of heroic might exerted for noble ends. He becomes more prominent as Varunais gradually obscured. In later times he is subordinated to the triad Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, but still is the head of the heaven of the gods. He is the subject of many stories in Indraprastha (in-dra-prast'ha). The capital city of the Pandu princes. The name is still known and used for a part of the city of Delhi. Indre (and'r). A river in central France, joining the Loire 17 miles west-southwest of Tours. Length, about 150 miles. Indre. A department of central France. Capital, Châteauroux. It is bounded by Loir-et-Cher on the north, Cher on the east, Creuse and Haute-Vienne on the south, Vienne on the west, and Indre-et-Loire on the northwest. The surface is level. It exports grain. It was formed from the ancient Bas-Berry and parts of Orléanais and Marche. Area, 2,624 square miles. Population (1891), 292,868. Indre-et-Loire (and'r-ā-lwär'). A department of France. Capital, Tours. It is bounded by Sarthe on the north, Loir-et-Cher on the northeast, Indre on the southeast, Vienne on the south, and Maine-et-Loire on the west, and was formed chiefly from the ancient Touraine. The surface is generally level. The department is traversed by the Loire, whose valley here is called "the garden of France." It produces grain, wine, hemp, fruit, etc. Area, 2,361 square miles. Population (1891), 337,298. Indulgence, Declarations of. In English history, royal proclamations promising greater religious freedom to nonconformists. The principal were: (a) A proclamation by Charles II. in 1671 or 1672, promising the suspension of penal laws relating to ecclesiastical matters which were directed against nonconformists. It was rejected by Parliament. (b) A proclamation by James II. in 1687, annulling penal laws against Roman Catholics and nonconformists, and abolishing religious tests for office. The refusal to read this declaration by several prelates led to their trial, and was one of the causes of the revolution of 1688. Indus (in'dus). [Skt. Sindhu .] One of the chief rivers of India. It rises in an unexplored region among the Himalaya of about lat. 32° N., long. 82° E. It flows northwest through gorges in Tibet and Kashmir. Near the northern part of Kashmir it turns south and flows through British India (Panjab and Sind) into the Arabian Sea by a delta in about lat. 24° N. Its chief tributaries are the combined rivers of the Panjab (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej, through the Panjnad) and the Ka bul. Length, about 1,800 miles; navigable from Rori. Ine (ē'ne), or Ini (ē'nē), or Ina (ī'nä). Died 729. King of the West Saxons 688-726. He conquered Kent in 694, defeated the Cymry of Cornwall in 711, and between 690 and 693 published a series of laws, commonly called the Laws of form the earliest extant specimens of West-Saxon legislation. He abdicated in 725 or 726, and, with his wife Ethelburh, made a pil grimage to Rome, where he died. Ines de Castro. See Castro, Ines de. Inexpiable War, The. A war between Carthage and her mercenaries, 241-238 в. с. The latter were unsucce ful. Infant Phenomenon, The (otherwise Ninetta Crummles). Daughter of Vincent Crummles, the theatrical manager, and a supposed shining light in the profe ion: a character Charles Dickens's "Nicholas Nickle by." Inferno (in-fer'nō; It. pron. in-fer'nō), The. [It., 'hell.'] The first part of Dante's "Divina Com media." It is divided into 34 cantos. The poet is conducted by Vergil through the realms of hell to an exit (wwhere once was Eden." From here he visits Purgatory Inferum Mare (in'fe-rum ma'rē). [L., 'lower sea.'] See Tyrrhenian Sea . Inflexible (in-flek'si-bl). An iron-clad British twin-screw double-turreted battle-ship. She was launched in April, 1876. Her dimensions are: length, 320 feet; breadth, 75 feet; draught, 25 feet; displacement, 11,400 tons. The armored region consists of a submerged hull with an armored deck 5 or 6 feet below water-line, and a central rectangular redoubt or bulwark carrying two turrets placed diagonally at opposite corners. She carries four 80-ton guns in the turrets. Ingaños. See Mocoas . Ingauni (in-ga'nī). In ancient history, a Ligurian tribe which dwelt in northwestern Italy, on the Gulf of Genoa. Ingelheim (ing'el-him), Nieder-, and Ingelheim, Ober-. Two small towns in the province of Rhine-He e, He e, 8 miles west of Mainz: formerly noted for a palace of Charles the Great. Ingelow (in'je-lō), Jean. Born at Boston, Lincoln shire, in 1820: died at London, July 19, 1897. An English poet and novelist. Her works include poems (1863, 1865, 1867, 1876, 1879, 1885, 1886), "Studies for Stories" (1864), " "Mopsa the Fairy" (1869), "Off the Skelligs" (a novel, 1872), "Fated to be Free " (1875), "Sarah de Berenger" (1879), "Don John" (1881), "John Jerome, etc." (1886), "A Motto Changed" (1893), and a number of children's books. Ingemann (ing'e-män), Bernhard Sever in. Born at Torkildstrup, Falster, Denmark, May 28, 1789: died at Copenhagen, Feb. 24, 1862. A Danish poet and novelist. He wrote the epic "Valdemar de Store og hans Mänd" (1824), the historical novels Kaldemar eiers (126) Priends Barndom 3528), (1835). "Kong Erik" (1833), Otto af Danmark" Ingenhousz (ing'gen-hous), Johannes. Born 1730: died in England, 1779. A Dutch physician. In german land (ing'er-män-länd), or Ingria (in'gri-ä). An ancient district, now forming a large part of the government of St. Petersburg, Ru ia. It pa ed several times between Sweden and Ru ia, and was acquired by Sweden 1617. It was con quered by Peter the Great. Ingersoll (ing'ger-sol). A town in Oxford County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the Thames 54 miles west-southwest of Hamilton. Population (1891), 4,191. Ingersoll, Charles Jared. Born at Philadelphia, Oct. 3, 1782: died at Philadelphia, Jan. 4, 1862. An American politician and author, son of Jared Ingersoll. He wrote "A Historical Sketch of the Second War between the United States and Great Britain" (1845-52). Ingersoll, Joseph Reed. Born at Philadelphia, June 14, 1786: died at Philadelphia, Feb. 20, 1868. An American politician, son of Jared Ingersoll: United States minister to England 18501853. Ingersoll, Robert Green. Born at Dresden, N. Y., Aug. 11, 1833. An American lawyer, lecturer, and politician. He settled as a legal practitioner at Peoria, Illinois, in 1857, and became colonel of the 11th Illinois cavalry in 1862, and attorney-general for Illinois in 1866. He has published "The Gods, and Other Lectures" (1876), "Some Mistakes of Moses" (1879), "Great