Teplitz, Bohemia, July 27, 1849

A German writer of sentimental novels. Ahlefeldt (ä'le-felt), Counte Eliza Davidia Margaretha von. Born in Lan gel and, Denmark, Nov. 17, 1790: died at Berlin, March 20, 1855. A German woman, wife of Major von Lützow (1810), from whom she was separated (1824), living then, for a time, with the author Immer mann. She was noted for her patriotism (she accom panied her husband to the field and cared for the wounded, 1813-14) and her love of literature. Ahlheide (äl'hi-de). A sterile plain in the central part of Jutland, Denmark. Ahlquist (äl'kvist), August Engelbert. Born at Kuopio, Finland, Aug. 7, 1826: died Nov. 20, 1889. A Finnish philologist, poet, and traveler in Ru ia and Siberia, appointed in 1862 profe or of the Finnish language and literature at Helsingfors. Ahlwardt (äl'värt), Christian Wilhelm. Born at Greifswald, Pru ia, Nov. 23, 1760: died there, April 12, 1830. A German philologist, rector succe ively of several public schools, and later profe or of ancient literature at the University of Greifswald. His work was chiefly fe or of oriental languages, and librarian (18611865) at the University of Greifswald. He has published "Über Poesie und Poetik der Araber" (1856), editions of various Arabic works, etc. Ahmed. See Achmet. Ahmedabad (ä-med-ä-bäd'), or Ahmadabad (ä-mad-ä-bäd'). A district in Bombay, British India, intersected by lat. 23° N., long. 72° E. Its area is 3,949 square miles. Population (1891), 921,712. Ahmedabad. The capital of the district of Ahmedabad, situated on the Sabarmati in lat. 23° N., long. 72° 32′ E., formerly one of the largest and most important cities of India. It was captured by the British in 1780, and was ceded to them in 1818. The Jumma Musjid of Ahmedabad, built by Ahmed Shah in the early 15th century, one the most beautiful of mosques. The gro dimensions are 382 by 258 feet, three sides of the court being surrounded by a colonnaded gallery, and the sanctuary, 95 feet deep, occupying one end. The sanctuary contains 260 columns, which support three rows each of five domes, the central one of which is the largest and highest, and is flanked by two which are higher than the other twelve. The front toward the court is formed by a fine screen, with three noble pointed arches, flanked on each side by a lower arcade. Population, including cantonment (1891), 148,412. in Ahmednuggur (ä-med-nug'ger). A district Bombay, British India, about lat. 19o N. Ahmednuggur. The capital of the district of Ahmednuggur, about lat. 19° 8' N., long. 74° E., formerly an important city of Auran gabad. It surrendered to the British under Wellington in 1803. Population (1891), 41,689. Ahmedpur (ä-med-pör'). A town in the state of Bahawalpur, India. Population (estimated), 30,000. Also Ahmedpoor . Ahmes. See Aahmes . Ahn (än), Johann Franz. Born at Aix-laChapelle, Pru ia, Dec. 15, 1796: died at Neu , Pru ia, Aug. 21, 1865. A German teacher (at Aix-la-Chapelle and later (1843-63) at Neu ) Aidin Ahuizotl, or Ahuitzotl (ä-hö'i-tsotl). The chief or king of Tenochtitlan (Mexico) from 1486 until his death in 1502. He made war on the Zapotecas, subdued rebels in Tlacopan, and sacrificed an immense number of captives to celebrate his completion of the great Aztec temple. He also built an aqueduct from Chapultepec to the lake of Tezcuco, with the object of raising the waters, but the result was a disastrous flood, He was succeeded by Monte zum a II. Ahumada (ä-ö-та'тна), Duke of (Pedro Giron, Marqués de las Am a rill as). Born at San Sebastian, 1788: died at Madrid, May 17, 1842. A Spanish politician and general, chief of the general staff of the Spanish army in the war of independence, minister of war for a short time in 1820, member of the regency during the minority of Isabella, and again minister of war in 1835. Ahumada y Villalon (ä-ö-mä'тнä ē vēl-yälōn'), Agustin de, Marqués de las Am a rill as. Born about 1700: died in Mexico City, Feb. 6, 1760. A Spanish general and administrator. He distinguished himself in the Italian and Peninsular wars, and from Nov. 10, 1755, was viceroy of Mexico. Ahura Mazda (ä-höʻrä mäz'dä). ['The Wise Lord': the modern Persian Ormazd .] The Good Spirit in the dual system of Zoroaster. also called Druj, deceit, is in eternal conflict with him. Both have existed from the beginning of the world her Ahwaste (a-was'te). A tribe of North American Indians formerly dwelling on San Fran Angra Mainyu, 'the Spiritual Enemy' (Persian Ahriman ), kingdom, vohukhshathra, be established. and good cisco bay, California. See Cost a no an . Ahwaz (äh-wäz'). A village in the province of Khuzistan, Persia, situated on the Karun about dence of the Persian kings, and a flourishing lat. 31° 12′ N., long. 48° 45′ E., an ancient resit own under the Arabs in the early middle ages. Ai (ā'ī). [Heb., 'ruin.'] In biblical geography, a city of the Can a a nites, in the territory German, Dutch, and Italian grammars. series of historical romances by Gustav Frey tag, illustrating German history (published 1870-80). It comprises "Ingo und In grab an," "Das Nest der Zaunkönige," "Die Brüder vom deutschen Hause," "Markus König," "Die Geschwister," and "Aus einer kleinen Stadt." Ahnfeld (än'felt), Arvid Wolfgang Nathanael. Born Aug. 16, 1845: died Feb. 17, 1890. A Swedish journalist, author of a "History of the Literature of the World" (1874-76), and other encyclopedic works. Aholibamah (a-hol-i-bā'mä). [Heb., 'tent of the high place.] 1. One of the wives of Esau; also, the name of an Edomite tribe.-2. A character in Byron's "Heaven and Earth," the proud, ambitious granddaughter of Cain. Ahome (ä-ho'mā). An Indian tribe of the Piman stock in Sinaloa. They have been almost completely Mexican i zed, but the language still is occasionally heard. Ahowsaht. See Ahausaht. Ahr (är). A river in the Rhine Province, Pru ia, about 55 miles long, which joins the Rhine duced the noted Ahr wines. at Sinzig (above Bonn). On its banks are proAhrens (ä'rens), He in rich. Born at Kniestedt, near Salzgitter, Pru ia, 1808: died at Salzgitter, Aug. 2, 1874. A German philosophical writer and jurist, profe or at Bru els 1834-50, at Gratz 1850-59, and at Leipsic 1859. He wrote "Cours de psycho logie" (1837-38), "Cours de droit naturel" (1858), "Die Rechtsphilosophie" (1851), "Die organ is che Staatslehre" (1850), "Naturrecht" (1870 1871), "Jurist is che Encyklopädie" (1855-57), etc. Ahrens, He in rich Ludolph. Born at Helmstedt, June 6, 1809: died at Hanover, Sept. 24, 1881. A German philologist, noted as a student of the Greek dialects. Ahriman (ä'ri-man). See Angra Mainyu . Ahrweiler (är'vi-ler). A small town in the Rhine Province, Pru ia, situated on the Ahr 20 miles south by east of Cologne. Its chief industry is the making of wine. Aht (ät). A division of the Wakashan stock of North American Indians, comprising 22 tribes, dwelling chiefly on the west coast of Vancou- ver Island, British Columbia, one tribe being near Cape Flattery, Washington. The principal tribes of this division are Nitinaht, Tlaasaht or Makah, Tlaokwiaht or Clahoquaht, Ahausaht, Moatcaht or Nootka proper, and Ehatishaht. They number 3,617. See Wa kashan . Ahtena (ä'te-nä), or Atna (ät'nä). A tribe of upon the Greek poets (edited Pindar, 1820). the northern division of the At hap as can stock Ahlwardt, The odor Wilhelm. Born at Greifsof North American Indians, sometimes called wald, Pru ia, July 4, 1828. A German orien- Copper Indians, from their habitat on the Atna talist, son of Christian Wilhelm Ahlwardt, pro or Copper River, Alaska. See At hap as can . at Was ser burg, Bavaria, Feb. 23, 1779: died at Munich, May 6, 1867. A German composer, the founder, Gregorio Trentino, of a musical conservatory (Odeon) in Venice, and kapellmeister (1826) to the king of Bavaria. His works comprise ma es, requiems, etc., and an opera "Rodrigo e Ximene." Aícard (a-kär), Jean: Born at Toulon, Feb. 4, 1848. A French poet and prose-writer. Among his works are "Les jeunes croyances" (1867), "Les rebellions et les apaisements" (1871), "Poèmes de Provence" (1874), "La chanson de l'enfant" (1876), "Miette et Noré" (1880), "Emilio," a prose drama (1884), "Le Père Lebonnard," a drama in verse (1889), etc. Aichach (ich'äch). A small town in Upper Bavaria, on the Paar about 13 miles northeast of Augsburg. A French victory was gained here over the Austrians, 1805. Aida (ä-ē'da). An opera by Verdi, first given at Cairo, Egypt, Dec. 27, 1871. Aidan (i'dan), or Ædhan. Died 606. A king of Scottish Dalriada, son of Gabran, a former king of Dalriada, and succe or, according to the law of tanistry, to his relative Conall. He was crowned by St. Columba in the island of Iona in 574. In 575, at the council at Drumceat, he declared the independence of his kingdom, which had been formed in the 5th century by emigrants from Irish Dalriada, and which had hitherto been treated as an Irish dependency. In 603 he led a force of Britons and Scots against Æthelfrith, king of Bernicia, but was defeated. Aidan, Saint. Died Aug. 31, 651. First bishop of Lindisfarne, and founder of the Northumbrian Church. He was sent by the monks of Hii or Iona, in answer to the request of King Oswald, to convert his heathen subjects. On the defeat of Oswald by Penda 642, Aidan joined Oswiu, king of the Deirans. Aïdé (ä-e-dā), Hamilton. Born in Paris, France, in 1829. A novelist and poet, son of an Armenian and an English lady, educated at the University of Bonn, and for a time an officer in the British army. Among his works are "Eleanore and Other Poems" (1856), "Rita: an Autobiography" (1859), "Carr of Carlyon" (1862), "The Romance of the Scarlet Leaf, and other Poems" (1865), "Songs Without Music" (1882), "Pa ages in the Life of a Lady" (1887), etc. Aidenn (a'den). [Ar. Adn , Eden.] Paradise: an "Anglicized" form of the Arabic for Eden, used, for the rime's sake, by Edgar Allan Poe in "The Raven." Aidin (i-den'). A city in Asiatic Turkey, situated near the Mendere, about 55 miles southeast of Smyrna, near the ruins of ancient Tralles. It has trade in figs, cotton, etc. Population, about 35,000. Adelaar Adelaar (ä'de-lar) (Cort Sivertsen). Born at Brevig, Norway, Dec. 16, 1622: died at Copenhagen, Nov. 5, 1675. A naval commander, in the service of the Netherlands (1637), of Venice (1642), and of Denmark (1663). He defeated the Turks at the Dardanelles, May 13, 1654. Adelaide (ad'e-lad). The capital of South Australia, founded in 1836 on the Torrens 7 miles southeast of Port Adelaide. The University of Adelaide was founded in 1872. Population (1891), including suburbs, 133,252. Adelaide (Amelia Adelaide Louise The res a Caroline). Born Aug. 13, 1792: died Dec. 2, 1849. A prince of Saxe-Coburg-Me in in gen, and queen of England, wife of the Duke of Clarence (later William IV.), whom she married July 18, 1818. Adélaïde (ä-da-lä-ēd'), Eugène Louisa. Born at Paris, Aug. 25, 1777: died Dec. 31, 1847. A prince of Orleans, sister of Louis Philippe, king of the French. Returning in 1792 from a jour ney to England, she found herself inscribed among the émigrés, but succeeded in making her escape, and remained in exile till 1814. She is said to have persuaded her brother to accept the crown in 1830. Adelaide (ad'e-lad), or Adelheid, Saint. Born about 931: died at Selz in Alsace, Dec. 16, 999. A daughter of Rudolf II. of Burgundy, and wife of Lothar of Italy and afterward of Otho I. She founded a Benedictine cloister in Selz, Alsace. Adelaide, Port. See Port Adelaide . Adelard (ad'e-lärd), or Æthelhard (ath'elhärd), of Bath. An English philosophical writer who flourished in the early part of the 12th century. He studied at Tours and Laon, also teaching at the latter place, and traveled in Greece, Asia Minor, and Arabia, returning to England in the reign of Henry I. Ho wrote "De eodem et diver so" (before 1116), an allegory, in which philosophy and love of worldly enjoyment (Philocosmia) are represented as contending for his affections; "Perdifficiles Quæstiones Natura les" (printed toward the end of the 15th century); a translation of Euclid (printed 1482) which long remained a text-book; etc. Adelheid (ä'del-hid). 1. See Adelaide , Saint. 2. A character in Goethe's "Goetz von Berlichingen" (which see). Adeliza (ad-e-li'zä), Queen. Died March 23, 1151 (?). The second queen of Henry I. of England, daughter of Godfrey (Barbatus) of Louvain, duke of Brabant or Lower Lot haring i a, and a descendant in the male line from Charlemagne. She was married to Henry I., Jan. 24, 1120-21, and after his death married William de Albini. Adelnau (ä'del-nou). A small town in the province of Posen, Pru ia, about 44 miles northeast of Breslau: the scene of a battle between the Pru ians and Polish insurgents, Adelon (ad-lon'), Nicolas Philibert. Born at Dijon, Aug. 20, 1782: died July 19, 1862. A April 22, 1848. French medical writer. Adelphi. See Adelpha . Adelphi (a-del'fi), The. A region of London comprising several streets on the south side of the Strand and the Adelphi Terrace, facing the river. The name was given from the Greek ἀδελφοί ('brothers') from the fact that the terrace was built about 1768 by four brothers named Adam, whose names were given to the streets John street, Robert street, James street, and William street. Dickens's Dictionary. Adelphi Theater. A theater on the Strand, London, first built in 1806, and rebuilt and enlarged in 1858. "The old Adelphi was the home of melodrama and screaming farce, and these traditions are to a degree kept up in the plays at the modern house." Dickens's Dictionary . Adelphians (a-del'fi-anz). A branch of the Euchites, named from a certain A delph i us, a Galatian. See Euchites . Adelphe (a-del'fē), or Adelphi (a-del'fi), [Gr. ἀδελφοί , brothers.] A comedy by Terence, adapted from Menander's Greek Ἀδελφοί , with the addition of a scene from a play of Diphilos. It suggested Molière's "École des Maris" and Baron's "L'École des Pères." Adelsberg (ä'dels-berg). A town in Carniola, Austria-Hungary, about 22 miles east-northeast of Trieste. The Adelsberg grotto, over er five miles long, is one of the most noted stalactite caverns in the world. Population (1890), 3,597. Adelung (ä'de-löng), Fried rich von. Born at Stettin, Pru ia, Feb. 25, 1768: died at St. Petersburg, Jan. 30, 1843. A German philologist, nephew of J. C. Adelung. He wrote "Rapport entre la langue sanscrite et la langue ru e" (1811), "Versuche einer Literatur der Sanskritsprache" (1830), "Übersicht der Reisenden in Ru land bis 1700," etc. Adelung, Johann Chris toph. Born at Spantekow, Pru ia, Aug. 8, 1732: died at Dresden, Sept. 10, 1806. A German philologist, librarian at Dresden (1787-1806). He wrote "Grammatisch IMG:content-0034.png:[blocks in formation] kritisches Wörterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart" flows past Rovigo into the Adriatic north of (1774-86), "Umständliches Lehrgebäude der deutschen the Po. Sprache" (1781-82), "Über den deutschen Stil," "Mith various disconnected and hostile tribes in the Caucasus. Some are Christian and some Mohammedan. ridates," and other works, especially on German language Adighe (ä-de'ghe). A collective name for and literature. Aden (ä'den or a'den). A seaport in Arabia, the ancient Adana, Attanæ, or Arabia Felix, on the Gulf of Aden, lat. 12° 47′ N., long. 44° 59′ E., situated on a rocky peninsula connected with the mainland by a narrow isthmus. It is an important coaling-station, and a port of call of the Peninsular and Oriental steamships. It was captured by the British in 1839 and annexed. Aden and the settle miles, are administered by a political resident, subject to ments adjoining, with the island of Perim, in all 80 square the Bombay government. Population (1891), 41,910. See Adi-Granth (ä ́dē-granth). ['The fundamental book.'] The Bible of the Sikhs, compiled by the fifth succe or of Nanak, Guru Arjun (15841606). He collected in it the poetical pieces of the founder and the three following gurus, and added his own compositions as well as sentences and fragments by Ram an and a, Kabir, Namdev, and others. Additions were made by Govind (1675-1708), the tenth and last guru, who composed, besides a second Granth, "The Granth of the Tenth Reign." These books are written in an antiquated Panjabi, called Gurmukhi, 'that which comes from the mouth of the guru.' These, with biographies of the gurus and the saints, and a number of directions as to ritual and discipline, make up the sacred literature of the sect. Adin (a'din). [Heb., 'delicate.'] The head of a Hebrew family which returned from Babylon with Zerubbabel. Ezra ii. 15, Neh. vii. 20. A dir on dack Mountains (ad-i-ron'dak moun'tanz). A range of mountains in northeastern New York, the highest in the State. The main group is in Hamilton, E ex, Franklin, and Clinton counties, but the name is extended to the whole northeastern region of New York. The highest peak is Mount Marcy (5,344 feet). Other prominent summits are Mount Dix, Mount McIntyre, Mount Seward, Mount Whiteface, Haystack, etc. A dir on dack Park. A park established by act of the New York legislature in 1892 within the counties of Hamilton, E ex, Franklin, Warren, St. Lawrence, and Herkimer, for the use of the public. Further provision for the park was made by act of 1893. Cléomadès, a poem extending to 20,000 verses, and not le Adites (ad'its). Early Arabian (Cushite) rulers. him in Cirta. Adiabene (adi-a-be'ne). [Gr. Ἀδιαβηνή.] A small A yrian district on the Tigris not far from Nisibis. It was a va al of Parthia, and succumbed to Rome under Trajan. Its queen, Helen, and her sons Izates and Monabaz, embraced Judaism about the year 18 A. D. Adi-Buddha (ä'de-bud hä). [Skt., 'the primordial Buddha.'] A creation of Buddhism ascribed to the 10th century A. D. He is represented as a being infinite, self-existent, and omniscient, who evolved out of himself by the exercise of the five meditations the five Dhyanibuddhas, while each of these evolved out of himself by wisdom and contemplation the corre sponding Bodhisattvas, and each of them again evolved out nations bear a resemblance to the Eons or Emanations of the Gnostics. It is hence believed po ible that they owe their existence to the influence of Persian Christianity. immaterial e ence a material world. These ema See Dhyani - Buddha , Bodhisattva . Adicia (a-dis'i-ä). (a-d [Gr. ἀδικία , wrong, injustice.] In Spenser's "Faerie Queene," the wife of the soldan, an unrighteous woman, transformed into a raging tiger. Adige (ä'de-je), G. Etsch (ech). A river of Tyrol and northern Italy, the Roman A thesis. It rises in the Col de Resca in western Tyrol near the frontier of Grisons, traverses the Vintschgau, flows south through Tyrol into Italy, sends arms to the Po, and flows into the Adriatic north of the mouths of the latter. Its length is about 220 miles, and it is navigable for about 180 miles. On it are Trent and Verona. It has formed an important strategic line in the Italian campaigns, Near the Adige and Lago di Garda victories were gained by the Austrians over the French under Schérer in the spring of 1799. The most notable battle was that of Ma gnano, April 5. Adigetto (ä-de-jet'tō). A canal or arm of the Adige, which separates from it near Badia, and Aditi (ad'i-ti). [Skt., appar. from a- priv. and * dit i , bond (✓ dã , bind).] Used in the Vedas as an adjective to mean 'unbound,' 'free,' 'limitle ,' 'infinite,' 'exhaustle ,' and, as a noun, to mean 'freedom,' 'security, and then 'infinity, in particular that of the heaven in contrast with the finitude of the earth and its spaces. The last conception personified is the godde Aditi, the mother of the Adityas. In the post-Vedic literature Aditi is the mother of the gods, daughter of Daksha and wife of Kasyapa, mother of the thirty-three gods, mother of the Tush it as or of the twelve Adityas and the sun, and sister of Agastya. In Aditi the confused and imposing notion of a substratum of all existence seems to have found one of its earliest expre ions. Adityas (a'dit-yaz). ['Sons of Aditi.'] In the Vedic literature, seven gods of the heavenly light, at whose head stands Varuna, who is the Aditya par excellence. They are Varuna, Mitra, 'the Aryaman, bosom friend, Bhaga, 'the lib friend Dakshamane capable, Amst, the apportioner, and an uncertain seventh. Mitra and the rest are only a splitting up and reflection of Varuna, the god of the vast luminous heavens, viewed as embracing all things and as the primary source of all life and every ble ing. In the Brahman as and later the Adityas are twelve in number, with manifest reference to the number of the months. The term Aditya is also used from the earliest times as a designation for the sun. See Amesha Spent as. Adler (äd'ler), Nathan Marcus. Born at Hanover, Germany, 1803: died at Brighton, England, Jan. 21, 1890. Chief rabbi of the United con Congregations of Jews of the British Empire, and author of various theological works. Adlerberg (äd'ler-berg), Count Vladimir (Woldemar). Born at St. Petersburg, Nov. 10, 1790: died there, March 20, 1884. A Ru ian general and minister in the service of Nicholas and Alexander II. Adlerbeth (äd'ler-bet), Gudmund Göran. Born 1751: died 1818. A Swedish poet, dramatist, translator (of old Norse poetry, Vergil, Horace, Ovid, etc.), and historical writer. Adlercreutz (äd'ler-kroits), Count Karl Johan. Born near Borgå, Finland, April 27, 1757: died Aug. 21, 1815. A Swedish general, defeated in Finland by the Ru ians in 1808. He took part in deposing Gustavus IV. in March, 1809, and served in Germany in 1813, and in Norway in 1814. Adlersparre (äd'lers-pä're), Count Georg. Born in Jemtland, Sweden, March 28, 1760: died in Wermland, Sweden, Sept. 23, 1835. A Swedish author, editor, statesman, and general. He contributed to the overthrow of Gustavus IV. in 1809. Later he was appointed major general and was ennobled. Adlersparre, Karl August. Born June 7, 1810: died May 5, 1862. A Swedish poet and historian, son of Count Georg Adlersparre. Admah (ad'mä). One of the cities destroyed with Sodom. Gen. xiv. 2. Admetus (ad-mē'tus), or Admetos (-tos). [Gr. Ἄδμητος.] In Greek mythology, a The alian king, son of Pheres, king of Pheræ, delivered Admiralty Islands. An archipelago in the Pacific, northeast of Papua, about lat. 2o S., long. 147° E., discovered by the Dutch in 1616, and annexed by Germany in 1885. Admiralty Sound. An arm of the Strait of Magellan, on the western coast of King Charles's South Land, Tierra del Fuego. Admonitionists (ad-mō-nish'on-ists). A name given to the followers of Thomas Cartwright, two of whom in 1572 published "An Admoni- tion to Parliament," followed by a second one by himself, strongly strongly advocating church govern- ment by oy presbyters presbyters byters as opposed to bishops, and Adolphe (ä-dolf'). A romance("Adolphe:anec- dote trouvée dans les papiers d'un inconnu") by papiers Benjamin Constant (first published 1816), which ranks as a masterpiece rpiece of French literature. Adolphus (a-dol'fus), William August us, G. Wilhelm August Karl Fried rich Adolf. Born at Weilburg, July 24, 1817. The last duke of Na au. He succeeded to the duchy in 1839. In 1866 he sided with Austria, and Na au was annexed to Pru ia in the same year. He became grand duke of Luxemburg in Nov., 1890. Adolphus, John. Born at London, Aug. 7, 1768: died at London, July 16, 1845. An Eng- lish barrister and historian, author of a "His- tory of England from the Acce ion of George III. to the Conclusion of Peace in 1783" (1802), etc. tion attached to it, found its way into the English trans- lations of the Old Testament Scriptures. Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 74. Adonais (ad-ō-nā'is). An elegiac poem by Shelley, commemorating the death of Keats, published in 1821. Adonbec. See Salad in . Adonijah (ad-ō-ni'jä). [Heb., 'my Lord is Je- hovah'; Gr. Αδωνίας .] 1. The fourth son of David. He plotted to obtain the throne in place of Solo- mon near the close of David's reign. 2. A Levite mentioned in 2 Chron. xvii. 8. Adonis (a-do'nis). In ancient geography, a small river in Syria, the modern Nahr-Ibrahim, rising in the Lebanon, and flowing into the Mediterranean about 13 miles north of Beirut. Adonis (a-do'nis). [Gr. Ἄδωνις ; Heb, and Phen. ' adon , lord.] In Greek mythology, a youth, a model of beauty, beloved of Aphrodite. He died wound of a boar's tusk, received while hunting. Acceding to the entreaties of Aphrodite, Zeus decreed that gus, Ireland, Sept. 30, 1775: died at New Bruns- wick, New Jersey, Aug. 10, 1843. An Irish- American mathematician, a participant in the Irish rebellion of 1798. He escaped to America, taught school in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and was profe or of mathematics at Rutgers College from 1810 to 1813, at Columbia College from 1813 to 1825, and at the University of Pennsylvania from 1827 to 1834. He edited Hutton's "Mathematics," and was editor of the "Mathe- matical Diary" from 1825 to 1829. A dram me lech, or Adramelech (a-dram'e-lek). [Babylonian Adar - malik , Adar is councilor (ruler, prince).] 1. An idol worshiped, with the sacrifice of children, by the inhabitants of Sepharvaim with whom Sargon, king of As- syria, colonized Samaria. (2 Ki. xvii. 31.) See Adar .-2. A son of Sennacherib, king of As- syria. With the help of his brother Sharezer he slew his father in the so-called temple of Nisroch, on his return from his expedition against Hezekiah. (2 Ki. xix. 37, Isa. xxxvii. 38.) This event is mentioned in the Babylonian chronicle (cuneiform). 3. In angelology, one of the fallen angels. Adramyttium (ad-ra-mit'i-um). [Gr. Αδραμύτ- τειον , Αδραμύττιον.] In ancient geography, a town in Mysia, Asia Minor, on the Gulf of Adra- myttium about lat. 39° 35' N., long. 26° 55′ E. The modern town Adramyti or Edremid lies about 3 miles inland (population, 8,000). Adramyttium, Gulf of. An arm of the Ægean Sea, on the western coast of Asia Minor, north of Mytilene. lower world. Adonis is an oriental deity of nature, typi fying the withering of nature in winter, and its resuscita- Greece, then under the Ptolemies to Egypt, and, at the time of the Empire, to Rome. The yearly festival of Adonis in the spring was a special favorite with women. In the Old Testament reference is made to the weeping of the women over Tammuz, the Babylonian equivalent of Adonis (Ezek. viii. 14). In the Babylonian Nimrod epic he is mentioned as the beloved of Ishtar (Astarte, the Se- mitic godde , corresponding to Aphrodite), being repre- sented there as slain by the godde herself. See Tammuz . See Aderer . Adony (od'ony). A small town in the county of Stuhlwei enburg, Hungary, on the Danube about 28 miles south of Budapest. Adoptive Emperors, The. The Roman em- perors Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Ant on in us Pius, and Marcus Aurelius: so called because the death of Domitian, each was the adopted son of his predece or. They constitute the greatest and noblest group of Roman emperors, and the period of their reigns is the happiest in Roman history-a - according to Gibbon the happiest in the history of the world. Adoration of the Lamb. A painting by Jan and Hubert van Eyck, in the cathedral of Ghent, Belgium. It is the capital work of the Flemish school. Adoration of the Magi. Of the paintings with this subject the following are among the most notable: (1) An altarpiece (1528) by Sodoma (Bazzi), in San Agostino at Siena, Italy. It is the painter's master- piece, admirable in drawing and color. (2) A painting in tempera by Sandro Bott i cell i, in the Uffizi, Florence. The three kings are portraits of Cosimo, Giuliano, and Gio- vanni dei Medici. The Virgin occupies a hut among rocks and old ruins. (3) A painting by Tintoret, in the Scuola di San Rocco at Venice. The entire scene is lighted by the radiance emanating from the body of the Child. (4) A noted painting by Rembrandt, in Bucking ham Palace, London. The Virgin and Child are seated at the right; before them kneel the Magi. Behind are kings and old men, and in the distance a caravan of camels. (5) A pic- ture by Albert Dürer, in the Uffizi, Florence. There is a very delicate landscape background. (6) A painting by Rubens, in the Musée de Peinture at Bru els, Belgium. The Virgin stands in the middle holding the Child erect, with St. Joseph behind her; before them the kings stand and kneel, while their guards and attendants observe the scene from a staircase behind. (7) A painting by Rubens (1624), in the Museum at Antwerp, Belgium. The Virgin appears at the left, holding the Child on a pillow; behind her stands St. Joseph, and in front the kings and their train. The figures are over life-size. (8) A splendid painting by Paolo Veronese, a companion piece to the Marriage at Cana, in the Museum at Dresden. The Vir- gin is seated, with the Child on her knee; the kings, at- tended by a numerous train with camels and horses, offer their gifts. (9) The noted "Dombild" of the Cathedral of Cologne, a large triptych by Meister Stephan (died 1451), considered the finest work of the early German school intermediate between purely medieval and Renais- sance painting. The side panels bear St. Gereon and St. Ursula, and on the outside is painted an Annunciation. Adorf (ä'dorf). A small town in the district of Zwickau, Saxony, on the Elster about 30 miles southwest of Zwickau. Adour (äd-ör'). A river in southwestern France, the ancient Aturus, which rises in the Pyrenees and flows into the Bay of Biscay about 5 miles west of Bayonne. Its length is about 180 miles, and it is navigable for about 70 miles. Adowa (ä'do-wä), or Adua (ä'dö-ä). The capi- tal of Tigré, Aby in i a, about lat. 14° 8′ Ν., long. 38° 54′ E. Population, 3,000. Adrastus (a-dras'tus), or Adrastos (a-dras'- tos). [Gr. " Άδραστος .] In Greek legend, a king of Argos, leader in the expedition tion of the "Seven against Thebes." He was worshiped as a hero in several places, among them Megara. Adria (a'dri-ä). In ancient geography (about the 1st century A. D.), that part of the Medi- terrane an which lies between Crete and Sicily. Adria (in ancient Picenum). See Atri . Adria (ä'dre-ä), or Adria Veneta (ä'drē-ä vā- na'tä). A town in the province of Rovigo, Italy, the ancient Adria, Atria, Hadria, or Hatria, situated near the sea about 16 miles southwest of Venice. It has a cathedral and many antiquities, and has been succe ively an Etruscan, a Greek, and a Roman town. Population, 7,000. Adrian (a'dri-an), or Hadrian (ha'dri-an), I. Pope from 772 to 795. He summoned Charles the Great to resist the encroachments of the Lombard king Desiderius, who had occupied Pentapolis and was threat- ening Rome; and Charles, after the destruction of the Lombard kingdom, granted anew to him the territories originally bestowed by Pepin, with the addition of Ancona and Ben even to. Adrian adopted the view of the Eastern Church with regard to the worship of images, anathema- tizing all who refused to worship the images of Christ, the Virgin, or the saints. He was the son of a Roman noble. Ad Pirum (ad pi'rum). [L., 'at the pear-tree.'] An ancient Roman station in the Birnbaumer Wald (northeast of Trieste), on the road acro the Alps into Italy, celebrated in connection A with Theodosius's victory of the Frigid us, 394. Adra (ä'drä). A seaport, the ancient Abdera, in the province of Almeria, Spain, on the Medi- terrane an about 50 miles southeast of Granada. There are numerous lead-mines in its vicinity. Population (1887), 9,029, Adrian VI. duke Charles, the later emperor Charles V. In 1516 he became bishop of Tortosa and grand inquisitor of Aragon; in 1517 he was created a cardinal by Leo X.; and after the death of Ferdinand he acted for a time as regent of Spain. On his acce ion to the papal chair Jan. 9, 1522, he corrected various external abuses in the church, but failed in his efforts to check the Reformation. Adrian. A lord in Shakspere's "Tempest." Adrian de Castello, or de Corneto. Born at Corneto, Tuscany, Italy, 1460 (?): died 1521 (?). An Italian ecclesiastic and scholar, nuncio of Innocent VIII. in Scotland in 1488, agent at Rome of Henry VII. of England, collector of Peter's pence in England, and papal prothonotary. He obtained in 1492 the prebend of Ealdland in St. Paul's Cathedral, and the rectory of St. Dunstan-in-the East, but returned to Rome on the death of Innocent VIII. He was made bishop of Here ford in 1502, bishop of Bath and Wells in 1504, and cardinal in 1503. In 1517 he was implicated in the conspiracy of Cardinals Petrucci, De Sauli, and Riario to poison Leo X., and was deprived of his cardinalate (1518) and of his dignities in England. He was probably a a inated. He wrote "Venatio," a poem (1505), "De Vera Philosophia" (1507), "De Sermone Latino et modo Latine Loquendi" (1513), etc. Adrian (a'dri-an). The capital of Lenawee County, Michigan, a manufacturing town situated on the river Raisin about 55 miles southwest of Detroit: sometimes called the "Maple City." Population (1890), 8,756. Adrian a (a-dri-a'nä). A character in Shakspere's "Comedy of Errors": the wife of Antipholus of Ephesus. Adrian a, Villa. See Hadrian's Villa . Adrianople (ad"ri-an-ō'pl). [Turk. Edirneh , or Edrench .] The capital of the vilayet of Adrianople, on the Maritza in lat. 41° 41′ N., long. 26° 35' E., a place of great strategic and commercial importance, founded by the emperor Hadrian about 125 A. D., on the site of the ancient Uscudama: the residence of the sultans 1361-1453. It was besieged by the Avars in 586, stormed by the Bulgarians in 922, entered by the Crusaders in 1189, taken by the Turks in 1361, taken by the Ru ians under Diebitsch in 1829, and occupied by the Rus sians Jan., 1878. The emperor Baldwin I. was taken pris. oner in Adrianople by the Bulgars in 1205. Its most notable building is the mosque of Sultan Selim II., a very impre ive building of the 16th century. It is preceded by a fine portico of monolithic columns, and flanked by four slender fluted minarets about 200 feet high. The span of the dome (106 feet) is greater than that of Santa Sophia: it rests on four colo al porphyry columns. Adrianople. A vilayet in European Turkey. Population, 836,044. Adrianople, Battle of. 1. A victory of the Goths over the emperor Valens, 378 A. D.-2. A victory of the Slavs over the Byzantines, 551. Adrianople, Peace or Treaty of. A treaty between Ru ia and Turkey, signed at Adrianople, Sept. 14, 1829. Turkey ceded to Ru ia important fortre es and districts on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea; granted to Ru ian subjects freedom of trade in Turkey, and freedom of navigation in the Black Sea, Danube, and Dardanelles; confirmed and extended the protectorate exercised by the czar over the Danubian principalities; gave Ru ia control of a part of the left bank of the lower Danube, and of the Sulina mouth of that river; and recognized the independence of Greece. Adrian i (a-drē-ä'nē), Giovanni Battista. Born at Florence 1513 died 1579. A Florentine statesman and historian, author of a history of his time, for the period 1536-74. Adrian us, Publius Ælius. See Hadrian . Adriatic Sea (a-dri-at'ik, or ad-ri-at'ik, sē). [Gr. ὁ Ἀδρίας, L. Mare Adriaticum , or Mare Superum , It. Mare Adriatico , F. Mer Adriatique , G. Adria tisches Meer .] That part of the Mediterranean which lies between Italy on the west and northwest, and Austria, Monte negro, and Albania on the east, and is connected with the Ionian Sea by the Strait of Otranto. Its chief arms are the Gulfs of Man fred on i a, Venice, Trieste, and Quarnero, and its largest tributaries are the Po and Adige. Its length is about 450 miles, and its average width about 100 miles. Adrienne Lecouvreur (a-dri-en' lé-kö-vrer'). A prose drama in 5 acts, by Scribe and Legouvé, first presented April 14, 1849. See Le couvreur, Adrienne. Aduatici (ad-u-at'i-sī), or Aduatuci (ad-uat'u-si). A German tribe of Belgic Gaul, descendants of the Cimbri and Teutones, living west of the Meuse, dispersed by Cæsar 57 в. с. Adula (ä-dö'lä), or Rheinwaldgebirge (rinväld-ge-ber'ge). A group of the Alps in the western part of the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, the source of the Hinter-Rhein. The highest point is the Rheinwaldhorn, 11, 150 feet. Adule, Adulis. See Zulla . Adulis Bay. See Annesley Bay . Adullam (a-dul'am). [Heb., po ibly 'retreat'; Arabic adala , turn aside.] A city and cave in the territory of Judah in the low country: originally a Can a a nite city. The cave was used by David Advance (ad-vans'), The. The ve el in which Elisha Kane Kane explored the arctic regions in Æglamour Ægeus (ē'jūs). [Gr. Αἰγεύς .] In Greek legend, the father of These us, and king of Athens. He threw himself into the Ægean Sea (whence, according to tradition, the name) through grief at the supposed lo of his son. Ægid i (a-ge'dē), Ludwig Karl. Born at Tilsit, April 10, 1825. A German jurist, publicist, and politician, profe or of jurisprudence in the University of Bonn (1868), and profe or of jurisprudence in the University of Berlin (1877). Ægidius (e-jid'i-us). 1. A Roman commander in Gaul under Major i an us (457-461). After the death of the emperor he maintained an independent sovereignty, po ibly with the title of king, at So is sons. He was voluntarily chosen king of the Franks during the temporary exile of the unpopular Child eric. 2. Bee Giles , Saint Ægidius a Column is (e-jid'i-us ā kō-lum'nis). Born at Rome about 1247: died 1316. A scholastic philosopher, general of the Augustine order, surnamed "Doctor Fund at is sim us." Ægin a (e-ji'nä), or Aigina (I'gi-nä). Aίγινα .] In Greek mythology, the daughter of Asopus, the river-god, beloved by Zeus, and carried by him to the island of Ægin a (whence, according to tradition, its name). [Gr. Ægin a, or Aigina. An island of Greece, in the Saronic Gulf of the Ægean, lat. 37° 45′ N., long. 23° 26′ E. It was colonized by Dorians, and was an important commercial state and center of art in the 6th and 5th centuries B. C. In 456 B. C. it was subjugated by Athens, and now belongs to the nomarchy of Attica and Bœotia. Its length is 9 miles. Population, about 6,000. Ægin a, or Aigina. The capital of the island of oaks, Ke Kent, Nov. 1, 1819. An English general and military litary writer: author of "Defence of Cawnpore," "Review of the Crime an War," etc. Æacides (e-as'i-dēz). A descendant of Æacus, especially Achilles. Eacus (e'a-kus). [Gr. Aἷακος .] In Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Ægin a, renowned for his justice, and made a judge in the lower world. He was the grandfather of Achilles. Edhan. See Aidan . Aëdon (a-ē'don). [Gr. Ἀηδών .] In Greek mythology, a daughter of Pand are us of Ephesus. According to Homer she was as the wife of Zethus, king of Thebes, and the mother of Itylus. Inspired by envy of Niobe, the wife of her brother Amphion, who had six sons and six daughters, she formed the design of killing Niobe's eldest son, but by mistake destroyed her own son Itylus. To relieve her grief she was changed by Zeus into a nightingale. Edui (ed'u-i). A Celtic people living in central Gaul, west of the Sequani between the Saône and the Loire. Their capital was Bibracte (Augustodunum, Autun). They were allies of the Romans, but joined in the revolt of 52 B. C. Also Hedui . The Ædui, friends and brothers, as they delighted to be called, of the Roman people, held the highest place among the nations of central Gaul. Their friendship and brotherhood was acknowledged by the Romans themselves. It was a special badge of distinction. Rome had many allies; the Ædui were her only brothers. The brothers of Rome were naturally the first among the nations of Gaul to find their way into the Roman Senate.