Artichoke

a name, probably of Arabic origin, to Cynara Scolymus, a thistle-like member the order Composite, native to the Mediterranean the edible portion of which is the common ARTICHOKE (Cyucra Scolymus). and the fleshy bases of the large bracts of the inflorescence. The Jerusalem is the tuber of Helianthus tuberosus, introduced from the United States 17th century, but native to Mexico or Brazil. its name from resembling the true artichoke flavour, “‘ Jerusalem” being a corruption of “‘ girasole,” the old English “turnsole.” Articles of A ociation, regulations management of a company formed and reg is under the Companies Acts. They are such subscribers to the memorandum of a ociation expedient, provided that they do not contra such memorandum or otherwise infringe of the Act. They generally contain as to calls, transfers of shares, general votes of members, powers of directors, and are stamped asadeed. Each member to a copy on payment of one shilling. of regulations is given in Schedule the Companies Act, 1862. Articles of Religion. The term implies 7 pail propositions form one connected (Latin articulus, joint). The THIBTY-NINE of the Anglican prayer book represent forty-two articles drafted by 7 pemweat considered by Convocation and approve the Crown in 1553. (Ten articles had already similarly adopted in 1536.) These forty-two, during Mary’s reign, were revised Convocation and re-enacted in 1553. statements of the religious doctrine of the Church of England, and bear frequent with as has im. a in It the for as the i A that sys- They and 234 ( 212 Articles of the Peace. traces of the religious controversies of the period. Every clergyman is required by law to sign them at his ordination, and at his admi ion to any benefice, as also to read them publicly on the latter occasion in the church (“reading himself in”). The question whether subscription implies belief in the articles, or merely an engagement not to controvert them, has been often disputed. Dr. Johnson and many High Church clergy have held the latter. Articles of the Peace, 2 complaint made or exhibited to a court by a person who makes oath that he is in fear of death or bodily harm from xome one who has threatened or attempted to do him injury. The court may thereupon order the person complained of to find sureties for the peace. and in default may commit him to prison. Articles may be exhibited in the King’s Bench (High Court), or to any Justice of the Peace. Articles of War, a code of cules for the government of the army and navy, which are now in Great Britain embodied in the Army Act. They enumerate all punishable offences in the services, with the penalties attaching to each. ‘The Act is now known as the Army Annual Act. [ARMY.] Articles, THE SIx, statements of doctrine pa ed in 1530 by Henry VIII. They were as follows: (1) The doctrine of transubstantiation; (2) “That communion of both kinds is not nece ary ad salutem;” (3) That priests may not marry; (4) That vows of celibacy are to be observed; (5) That private ma es be admitted; (6) That auricular confe ion be allowed. The Act of the Six Articles recryet as the “ whip with six strings”), after setting orth these doctrines, enacted severe penalties on offenders against them. It was repealed in 1547. Articulata, (1) one of the four great divisions made by Cuvier of the animal kingdom; it included the ARTHROPOD A and VERMES. (2) The order of BRACHIOPOD A, in which the valves of the shell are attached to one another by a hinge and teeth; it includes the great majority of the cla . (3) A term once used in the subdivision of the orders of the BRYOZOA. Artificers. A specific branch of rated men and petty officers in the British Navy. Composed of engineers, smiths, armourers, shipwrights, and other skilled men, who after entering the service have displayed good conduct and efficiency. Artificial Limbs, Contrivances designed to replace lost or injured limbs are of great antiquity, mention being made of them in Heradonu and Pliny. [Also see CORK LEG, BEAUFORT ARM, etc.] Artificial Res tion, As the result of the action of certain poisons, or owing to some mechanical obstruction in the air pa ages, the movements of respiration may cease while the heart still continues to beat. Under such circumstances the prompt performance of artificial respiration is imperatively called for, and in no inconsiderable number of cases it is effectual in restoring the patient to life. After the heart has actually ceased beating, it is doubtful whether artificial respiration can restore animation. Still ) it prove filling Sylvester. shoulders and then imitate The grasping extends pansion elbows chest to of formed plete In respiration, poisoning,. to rate 15 In measure raise the restoring nece ary wet curing given first mously, and Company, formed containing even—two limb The and the comprised with made 1237. Burgundy, was quest Arras, perennials, They radical, inflorescence cio us bears dehiscence Arum. should be resorted to, in the hope that it may of service. ‘he best method of artificially and emptying the lungs of air is that of ‘The patient is laid on his back, his raised by means of a pillow or cushion, his tongue drawn forwards. ‘The chest is alternately expanded and compre ed s0 as to inspiration and expiration respectively. operator stands behind the patient's head the two arms with his hands. He first the arms over the head producing exof the chest, and then brings the two of the patient right down to the side of the on each side, exercising firm pre ure so as constrict the thoracic cavity and drive air out it. These movements must be regularly per in such a manner that about fifteen com artificial respirations are effected in a minute. the excitement attendant upon the ce ation of whether the case be one of drowning or the mistake which is sometimes made is perform the movements too rapidly. The normal of breathing should be imitated, and thus to 20 respirations a minute are quite sufficient. cases of drowning it is well as a preliminary to turn the body face downwards, and the feet, so as to allow water to escape from mouth; and while the various measures for animation are being adopted, it is most to maintain the temperature by removing clothes, drying the skin, and if po ible prowarm blankets to protect the body. Artillery, Royal, REGIMENT oF, the name to the whole of the British artillery. It was formed in 1715, but has since grown enorand is now subdivided into Horse, Field, Garrison Artillery. The Honourable Artillery now belonging to the Territorial Army, was as a Volunteer force in the 16th century, Artillery. [GuNs.] | Artiodactyl a, 2 section of Ungulata (q.v. ab in which the nailer of = % or four—and the third digit on each forms a symmetrical pair with the fourth. two-toed Artiodactyl a comprise the ruminants the pigs; the only living four-toed members of section are the hippopotami.