tunnage (tunaj)

[ The parliament, which met on the 4th of November under Bedford, signalised its gratitude by granting tun nage and poundage for life. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 326. tunnegar (tun'e-gär), n. A funnel. Hall i well. tunnel (tun'el), n. [Early mod. E. also tonnel, tonnell; One great chimney, whose long tonnell thence The smoke forth threw. Spenser, F. Q., II. ix. 29. 2. Hence, figuratively, a nostril. [Rare.] He does take this same filthy roguish tobacco, the finest and cleanliest! it would do a man good to see the fume come forth at 's tonnels. B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, i. 3. 3. A funnel. See funnel , 1. His [a vainglorious man's] barrel hath a continual spigot, but no tunnel ; and, like an unthrift, he spends more than he gets. Rev. T. Adams , Works, I. 501. 4t. A long pipe-like pa age made of wire, into which partridges were decoyed. Tonnelle , a tunnell or staulking horse for partridges... Tonneller, to take Partridges with a Tunnell or Staulking horse. Cotgrave, 5. A tunnel-net.-6. An arched drain. [Prov. Eng.]-7. A gallery, pa age, or roadway beneath the ground, under the bed of a stream, or through a hill or mountain. Tunnels are used in military operations, in mining, in conveying water, and as pa ageways for vehicles and railway-trains. They are of various construction, according to the character of the soil or rock through which they pa . In soft silt or sand, as in subways beneath a stream, the interior of the tunnel is lined with brickwork, with, in some instances, a shield of plate iron outside the bricks. In soil, soft rock, or quicksands, heavy masonry lining is sometimes required. In solid rock, a simple excavation is generally sufficient, as in many of the shorter railroad-tunnels. The section of a tunnel is usually a cylindrical or elliptical arch, with sometimes, in soft soils, an inverted arch below. The earlier modern tunnels were excavated by hand-drilling and blasting; but machine-drilling, by means of compre ed air, has been brought to great perfection, and the rate of progre ion has been increased and the cost of excavation reduced. In the Great head system of tunneling, the tunnel is made by The Great head System of Tunneling as used in the Hudson River Tunnel at New York. A, longitudinal vertical section; B, transverse section, looking toward bulkhead; C, elevation of shield, looking toward the face; D, detail view of the erector: a, shell; b, shield; c, brick bulkhead; d, platforms in shield; d ", platform at bulkhead; e, air-locks; f, Moir's erector, whereby the heavy cast-iron segments of the shell are lifted or carried into position; g, support for the erector, resting on the brackets h; i, openings in the face of of the shield, through which the silt is caused to flow by pre ure (as shown in A); j, jacks, by which the shield is pre ed forward into the silt; k, k', railway-tracks, the upper for the erector, the lower for transporting excavated material to the elevator 1, at the bulkhead; m, car, by which the excavated material pa ed through the air-locks is received for removal. the use of a cylindrical shield driven forward by hydraulic pre ure; the excavation is lined with a cast-iron shell, and the interspace between the shell and the sides of the excavation is lined with grout forced in by air-pre ure. The shell is made of segments bolted together. Silt and mud are forced through doors in the face of the shield, and excavated material is taken out through air-locks in the bulkhead of the tunnel. The longest railroad-tunnel is the St. Gotthard, through the Alps (about 9 miles); the longest in the United States is the Hoosac tunnel, in west ern Ma achusetts (4) miles). 8. In mining, any level or drift in a mine open at one end, or which may serve for an adit. See adit, 1.-9. In zool., the underground burrow of some animals, when long and tortuous, as of the mole or of the gopher.Pilot tunnel, a device for directing a tunnel in the prescribed grade, consisting of a flanged tube made up of in terchangeable plates, which can be bolted to the shield and forced concentrically into the silt in advance of the face of the heading. From this measurements in any direction can be limit the proper dimensions and distance from the center. - Tunnel of Corti, in an at., a canal, triangular in section, between the inner and outer sets of the slanting Cortian rods, filled with endolymph. Also Cortian tunnel. tunnel (tun'el), v.; pret. and pp. tunneled, tun nelled, ppr. tunneling, tunnelling. [ or under.-2. To form like a tunnel; out in length. Some foreign birds plat and weave the fibrous parts of vegetables together, and curiously tunnel them, and commodiously form them into nests. Derham, Physico-Theol., iv. 13. 3. To catch in a tunnel-net. II. in trans. To form, cut, or drive a tunnel. tunnel-disease (tun'el-di-zēz"), n. A form of anemia caused by the parasite parasite Dochmius . The Italians who died from cholera in digging the Suez Canal, or from tunnel - disease in the St. Gothard Tunnel. Nineteenth Century, XXII. 150.