Beaune-la-Rolande, Nov

28; sortie from Paris, Nov. 30; battle of Orléans, Dec. 2-4; sorties from Paris, Jan., 1871; battle of Le Mans, Jan. 12; battle of Lisaine, Jan. 15-17; surrender of Paris, Jan. 28; peace preliminaries at Versailles, Feb. 26; occupation of Paris by German troops, March 1-3; peace of Frankfort (which see), May 10, 1871. François (fron-swä'), Duc d'Anjou. Born 1554: died 1584. A son of Henry II. of France, a suitor for the hand of Queen Elizabeth of Eng land. François, Kurt von. Born at Luxemburg, Oct. 2, 1853. An African explorer. He served through the Franco-German war, in which his father, a German general, fell. In 1883 he accompanied the expedition of Wi mann to the Ka ai, and did excellent chartographic work. In 1885 he explored the Lulongo and Tshuapa rivers in company with G. Grenfell. Promoted captain while in Germany, he was sent to Togo-land in 1887, and penetrated beyond Salaga to the country of the Mo i. In 1889 he was placed at the head of the German troops in Damar a land, and in 1891 became acting imperial commi ioner. He has published "Die Erforschung des Lulongo und Tschuapa" (Leipsic, 1888). François de Neufchâteau (fron-swä' dė nėshä-to'), Comte Nicolas Louis. Born at Saffais, Meurthe, France, April 17, 1750: died at Paris, Jan. 10, 1828. A French statesman, poet, and author. He was a member of the Directory 17971798, minister of the interior 1797 and 1798-99, and president of the Senate 1804-06. Franc on i a (frang-kō'ni-ä), G. Franken (fräng'ken). [ML. Franc on i a , G. Franken , land of the Franks.] One of the four great duchies of the old German kingdom: also known as Francia . It lay chiefly in the valley of the Main, but extended west of the Rhine, being bounded by Saxony on the north and Alamannia or Swabia on the south. broke up into various small districts (the Palatinate, Würzburg, Bamberg, etc.). In the division of the empire under Maximilian, it was made a circle. It now denotes a region whose center is further to the east than that of the ancient It duchy. This is divided into Upper, Middle, and Lower Franc on i a (see below). France and Franc on i a are etymologically the same word; the difference in their modern forms is simply owing to the nece ity of avoiding confusion, which was avoided in early medieval Latin by speaking of Francia occidental is and Francia oriental is, Francia Latina and Francia Teutonica. Freeman , Hist. E ays, I. 172. Franc on i a, Lower, G. Unterfranken und Aschaffenburg. A government district ("Regie rungs-Bezirk") in northwestern Bavaria. Capital, Würzburg. Area, 3,243 square miles. Population (1890), 618,489. Franc on i a, Middle, G. Mittelfranken. A government district in western Bavaria. Capital, Ansbach. Area, 2,923 square miles. Population (1890), 700,606. Franc on i a, Upper Franc on i a, Upper, G. Oberfranken. A government district in northeastern Bavaria. Capital, Bayreuth. Area, 2,702 square miles. Popu- Population (1890), 573,320. Franc on i a Mountains. A group of mountains in Grafton County, New Hampshire, west of the Presidential Range. Highest point, Mount Lafayette (5,270 feet). Franc on i an (frang-ko'n lect of old Franc on i an territory in middle and western Germany, Belgium, and Holland, along the whole course of the Rhine from the confluence of the Murg to its mouth. Several minor dialectic divisions are recognized. Upper Franc on i an comprehends the dialect, called East Franc on i an, of the old duchy of Franc on i a Oriental is, and Rhenish Franc on i an coni an is the dialect of the Moselle region and along the Rhine from Coblenz to Dü eldorf. With He ian and Thu ring i an they form the group specifically called Middle German, but are commonly included in the High German group. Lower Franc on i an, the progenitor of modern Dutch and Flemish, is the dialect of the lower Rhine re (frang-ko'ni-an). The German dia dialect of the old Rhenensis. Middle Fran gion from Dü eldorf to its mouth. With Saxon and Friesian it forms the group specifically called Low German. Franc on i an Alps. See Franc on i an Jura . Franc on i an Emperors. The line of German emperors from 1024-1125, comprising Conrad II., Henry III., Henry IV., and Henry V. Also called Salian Emperors . Franc on i an Jura (jö'rä), or Franc on i an Alps. [ G. Frankenjura , Fränkischer Jura , etc.] The continuation in Bavaria of the Swabian Jura. The mountains extend from the neighborhood of Donauwörth and Ratisbon on the Danube to the bend of the Main at Lichtenfels. Highest points, over 2,000 feet. Franc on i a Notch. A defile in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, west of the Franc on i a Mountains, traversed by the Pemigewa et River. Franc on i an Switzerland. A hilly district in Bavaria, northeast of Nuremberg, noted for its stalactite caverns and rock-formations. Height, about 1,600 feet. Franeker (frän'e-ker). A town in the province of Fries land, Netherlands, in lat. 53° 12′ N., long. 5° 32′ E.: seat of a university 1585-1811. Population (1889), 6,347. Frangipani (frän-je-pä'nē). A noble Roman family which came into prominence early in the 11th century, and for several centuries played an important part in Italian history as leaders of the Ghibelline party. Cenzio Frangipani produced a schism in the church by the election in 1118 of the antipope Burdino, who a umed the name Gregory VIII. Frank (frangk), Johann Peter. Born at Rothalben, Baden, March 19, 1745: died at Vienna, April 24, 1821. A German physician, noted especially for his contributions to sanitary science. He became profe or at Göttingen in 1784, at Pavia in 1785, and at Wilna in 1804, and was physician to the emperor Alexander of Ru ia 1805-08. He wrote "System einer vollständigen med i zin is chen Polizei" (1784-1827), "De cur and is hominum morbis" (1792-1800), etc. IMG:content-0511.png:[ocr errors] Frank (frängk), Joseph. Born at Rastatt, Baden, Dec. 23, 1771: died at Como, Italy, Dec. 18, 1842 A German physician, son of J. P. Frank: a supporter of the Brown i an system. He published "Grundri der Pathologie" (1803), etc. Frank, or Franck (frängk), Sebastian, of Wörd. Born at Donauwörth, Bavaria, about 1499: died probably at Basel, Switzerland, about 1542. A German popular writer and mystical theologian, an adherent of the Reformation. He wrote "Chronika" (1531), "Weltbuch" (1534: a cosmography), "Sprichwörtersammlung" (1541), etc. Frankel (fräng' kel), Zacharias. Born at Prague, Oct. 18, 1801: died at Breslau, Pru ia, Feb. 13, 1875. A German rabbi, director of the Hebrew Theological Seminary at Breslau after 1854. Frank enb erg (frängʻken-berg). A manufacturing town in the district of Zwickau, Saxony, on the Zschopau 32 miles west-southwest of Dresden. Population (1890), 11,369. Frankenhausen (fräng'ken-hou-zen). Atown in Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Germany, 55 miles west of Leipsic. Here, May 15, 1525, the insurgent peasantry under Thomas Münzer were signally defeated by Philip, landgrave of He e, at the head of an allied army. It has salt-works and manufactures of pearl buttons, etc. Population (1890), 5,944. Frank ens tein (frängʻken-stin). A town in the province of Silesia, Pru ia, 37 miles south of Breslau. Popu Population (1890), 8,127. Frank ens tein. A romance by Mrs. Shelley, published in 1818, named from the hero of the tale, created a monster. The story is related by a young student, who creates a monstrous being from materials gathered in the tomb and the di ecting-room. When the creature is made complete with bones, muscles, and skin, it acquires life and com mits atrocious crimes. It murders a friend of the student, strangles his bride, and finally comes to an end in the northern seas. Tucker man , Hist. of Eng. Prose Fict., p. 319. Franklin, William Buel ture Notes for Chemical Students" (1866), "How to Teach Chemistry" (1875), "Experimental Researches in Pure, Applied, and Physical Chemistry" (1877), etc. banking cities of the world; has extensive commerce by railways, the Main, and the Rhine; and has growing manufactures. Its horse and leather fairs are still of importance, and it was formerly noted for its book-trade. The cathedral is an important building of the 13th and 14th centuries, lately restored. Its pinnacled western tower is 312 feet high. The interior contains much of interest in sculpture, monuments, and good modern gla . In this church the emperors were crowned by the Elector of Mainz. Other objects of interest are the Römer (Kaisers aal Wahlzimmer), monuments of Gutenberg and Goethe (who was born here), house of Goethe, Römerberg, Saalhof, Church of St. Leon hard, Historical Museum, old bridge, library, Ariadneum, old tower, cemetery, bourse, opera house, Städel Art Institute (with a famous picture-gallery), and Rothschild Museum. Frankfort was a residence of the German kings under the Caroling i ans (Charles the Great, Louis the Pious, etc.). It became a free city, and was celebrated from the middle ages for its fairs. In 1356 it was recognized as the Wahlstadt (seat of imperial elections). In 1806 it was annexed by Napoleon to the Confederation of the Rhine, and granted to the prince primate Von Dalberg. It became the capital of the grand duchy of Frankfort in 1810; was made a free city in 1815, with small neighboring territories; and was the capital of the Germanic Confederation. It was the scene of outbreaks in 1848. Its siding with Austria in 1866 led to its annex a tion to Pru ia. Population (1900), 288,489. Frankfort, Council of. An ecclesiastical coun cil held at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 794. It was called by Charlemagne for the purpose of considering the question of adopting the acts of the second Council of Nicæa (787), which had been sent by the Pope to the French bishops for approval, and which were rejected on the ground that they sanctioned the worship of images. This council, which was attended by bishops from Germany, Gaul, Spain, Italy, and England, including delegates from the Pope, is regarded by some as an ecumenical council. Frankfort, Grand Duchy of. A short-lived monarchy formed by Napoleon in 1810, consisting of the territories around Frankfort-on-the Main, Hanau, Fulda, Wetzlar, Aschaffenburg. It was di olved by the Congre of Vienna. Frankfort, Peace of. A definitive treaty of peace concluded between the German Empire and France at Frankfort-on-the-Main, May 10, 1871, which ratified the preliminaries of peace adopted at Versailles Feb. 26, 1871 (see Ver sailles , Preliminaries of ). Frankfort, or Frankfort-on-the-Oder (ō'der). [G. Frankfurt - an - der - Oder .] A city in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, on the Oder 50 miles east by south of Berlin. It is an important commercial town, has three annual fairs, and was formerly the seat of a university (removed to Breslau in 1811). Near it is the battle-field of Kunersdorf. It is an ancient Wendish and later Hanseatic town. It was taken by Gustavus Adolphus in 1631, and by the Ru ians in 1759. Population (1890), 55,437. Frankfort (frangk'fort). The capital of Kentucky and of Franklin County, situated on the Kentucky River in lat. 38° 15′ N., long. 840 54' W. Population (1900), 9,487. Frankfurter Attentat (fränk för-ter ät-tentät'). [G., 'Frankfort Riot.'] A revolutionary outbreak by students in Frankfort-on-the-Main, a isted by peasants, April 3, 1833. Its occasion was the hostile attitude of the Bundestag toward the pre . Frankl (fränkl), Ludwig August von. Born at Chrast, Bohemia, Feb. 3, 1810: died at Vienna, March 14, 1894. An Austrian poet, of Hebrew descent. His chief poems are "Cristoforo Colombo" (1836), "Don Juan d' Austria" (1846), "Der Prim at or" (1862), "Tragische Könige" (1876). Collective editions of his works have been published under the titles "Gesammelte poetische Werke" (1880) and "Lyrische Gedichte" (5th ed. 1881). Frank land. See Franklin . Frank land (frangkʻland), Sir Edward. Bornat Church town, Lancashire, England, Jan. 18,1825: died at Golaa, Gudbrandsal, Norway, Aug. 9, 1899. An English chemist. He became profe or of chemistry in Owens College, Manchester, in 1851, in St. Bartholomew's Hospital in 1857, in the Royal Institution in 1863, in the Royal School of Mines in 1865, and in the School of Science, South Kensington, in 1881. He published "Lec given to the State government constituted in eastern Tenne ee in 1784. Capital, Jones borough. Its governor, Sevier, was overthrown 1788 by the North Carolina authorities. Franklin, Benjamin. Born at Boston, Ma ., Jan. 17, 1706: died at Philadelphia, April 17, 1790. A celebrated American philosopher, statesman, diplomatist, and author. He learned the printer's trade in the office of his elder brother James, and in 1729 established himself at Philadelphia as editor and proprietor of the "Pennsylvania Gazette." He founded the Philadelphia library in 1731; began the publication of "Poor Richard's Almanac" in 1732; was appointed clerk of the Pennsylvania a embly in 1736; became postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737; founded the American Philosophical Society and the University of Pennsylvania in 1743; and in 1752 demonstrated by experiments made with a kite during a thunderstorm that lightning is a discharge of electricity, a discovery for which he was awarded the Copley medal by the Royal Society in 1753. He was deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies in America 1753-74. In 1754, at a convention of the New England colonies with New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, held at Albany, he proposed a plan, known as the "Albany Plan," which contemplated the formation of a self-sustaining government for all the colonies, and which, although adopted by the convention, failed of support in the colonies. He acted as colonial agent for Pennsylvania in England 1757-62 and 1764-75; was elected to the second Continental Congre in 1775; and in 1776 was a member of the committee of five chosen by Congre to draw up a declaration of independence. He arrived at Paris Dec. 21, 1776, as amba ador to the court of France; and in conjunction with Arthur Lee and Silas Deane con cluded a treaty with France, Feb. 6, 1778, by which France recognized the independence of America. In 1782, on the advent of Lord Rocking ham's ministry to power, he began a correspondence with Lord Shelburne, secretary of state for home and colonies, which led to negotiations for peace; and in conjunction with Jay and Adams concluded with England the treaty of Paris, Sept. 3, 1783. He returned to America in 1785; was president of Pennsylvania 1785-88; and was a delegate to the constitutional convention in 1787. He left an autobiography, which was edited by John Bigelow in 1868. His works have been edited by Jared Sparks (10 vols., 1836-40) and John Bigelow (10 vols., 1887-88). Franklin, Mrs. (Eleanor Ann Porden). Born July, 1795: died Feb. 22, 1825. An English poet, the first wife of Sir John Franklin, whom she married in 1823. Franklin, Lady (Jane Griffin). Born 1792: died at London, July 18, 1875. The second wife of Sir John Franklin, whom she married Nov. 5, 1828. She fitted out five ships between 1850 and 1857 to search for the mi ing Arctic expedition commanded by her husband. One of them, the Fox, brought back intelligence of its fate. She was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1860, in recognition of her services in the search for the mi ing explorers. Franklin, Sir John. Born April 16, 1786: died June 11, 1847. A celebrated Arctic explorer. He was the son of Willing ham Franklin of Spilsby in Lincoln shire. He entered the royal navy in his youth; served at the battle of Trafalgar in 1805, and in the expedition against New Orleans in 1814; commanded the brig Trent in the Arctic expedition under Captain Buchan in 1818; commanded an exploring expedition to the northern coast of North America 1819-22; commanded a similar ex pedition and was lieuten ant-governor of Van Diemen's Land 1836-43. In 1845 he was appointed to the command of an expedition, consisting of the Erebus and the Terror, Captain Crozier, sent out by the British admiralty in search of the northwest pas sage. The expedition sailed from Green hi the, May 18, 1845, and was last spoken off the entrance of Lancaster Sound, July 26, 1845. Thirty-nine relief expeditions, public and private, were sent out from England and America in search of the mi ing explorers between 1847 and 1857. In the last-mentioned year the Fox yacht, Captain Leopold McClintock, was sent by Lady Franklin. McClintock found traces of the mi ing expedition in 1859, which confirmed previous rumors of its total destruction. From a paper containing an entry by Captain Fitzjames of the mi ing expedition, it was learned that Franklin died June 11, 1847, having in the previous year penetrated to within 12 miles of the northern extremity of King William's Land. Franklin, William. Born at Philadelphia, 1729: died in England, Nov. 17, 1813. An illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. He was royal governor of New Jersey 1762-76, and sided with the loyal. Franklin, William Buel. Born at York, Pa., Feb. 27, 1823: died March 8, 1903. An American general. He was graduated at West Point in 1843, served in the Mexican war, and became a captain in the regular army in 1857 and a colonel in 1861. He commanded IMG:content-0512.png:[blocks in formation] verne -shire, June 11, 1783: died there, Jan., died at St.-Geniez, Aveyron, Dec. 12, 1841. A 1856. A Scottish traveler and author. He wrote French prelate and politician (bishop of Her- travels and tales of Eastern (especially of Per-mopolis in part i bus infidelium , 1823), 1823), minister of sian) life. worship and public instruction 1824-28, He Fraser, Simon, twelfth Lord Lovat. Born about published "Défense du christian is me" (1825), 1667: beheaded at London, April 9, 1747. A etc. Scottish nobleman. He was a grandson of the eighth Frazier's Farm. See Frayser's Farm . lord, and, after a vain attempt to secure the person of the Frea (fra'ä). The wife of Odin. daughter of the ninth lord, carried off that lady's mother Fréchette (fra-shet'), Louis Honoré. Born at and forcibly married her. For this crime he was outlawed in 1701. He supported the government in the Jacobite rising of 1715, but took part with the rebels in 1745-46, and after the battle of Culloden was seized, conveyed to London, and condemned for treason. Fraser, Simon. Born Oct. 19, 1726: died at London, Feb. 8, 1782. A Scottish soldier and politician, son of Simon Fraser, twelfth Lord Lovat. He participated in the Jacobite rebellion in 1746, Seven Years' War he raised a regiment of Highlanders, known as the 78th or Fraser Highlanders, of which he was commi ioned colonel. He was present at the siege of Louis burg, Cape Breton, in 1758; served under Wolfe in the expedition against Quebec in 1759; was a brigadier- general in the British force sent to Portugal in 1762; and represented Inverne -shire in Parliament from 1761 until his death. Fraser burgh (frāzer-bur-ō). A seaport and seat of the herring fishery, situated in Aber- deens hire, Scotland, 38 miles north of Aber- deen. Population (1891), 7,360. Fraser Island, or Great Sandy Island. An island off the coast of Queensland, Australia, in lat. 25° S. Fraser River. A river in British Columbia, formed by two branches uniting near Fort George, and flowing into the Gulf of Georgia about lat. 49° 7' N. Its basin is noted for gold de- posits. Length, about 800 miles, of which about 100 miles Frate ret to. A fiend mentioned by Edgar in Shakspere's "King Lear." Fransecky (fräns'kē) (originally Franscky), Fra tri cell i (frat-ri-sel'i). [ML., lit. 'little bro victorious in battle, but was murdered in 575 by emi aries Eduard Fried rich von. Born at Gedern, thers,' dim. of L. frater , pl. fratres , brother.] He e, Nov. 16, 1807: died at Wiesbaden, May A body of reformed Francis cans, authorized 22, 1890. A Pru ian military officer. He entered by Pope Celestine V. in 1294, under the name of Poor Hermits, who afterward defied the au- thority of the popes, rejected the sacraments, and held that Christian perfection consists in absolute poverty. They were severely persecuted, but continued as a distinct sect until the 15th century. and during the Austro-Pru ian war fought with distinc- tion at the battles of Münchengrätz June 28, Königgrätz July 3, and Presburg July 22, 1866. He commanded dur ing the Franco-Pru ian war the 2d army corps, which participated in the battle of Grave lotte, Aug. 18, 1870, and subsequently formed part of the army of investment be- fore Paris. He became military governor of Berlin in ated on the Tiber 14 miles north of Perugia. 1879, a post which he retained until placed on the retired Frauenburg (frou'en-börg). A small town Franz (fränts), Robert. Born at Halle, Prus- sia, June 28, 1815: died there, Oct. 24, 1892. A German musician, especially noted as a com- poser of songs. His first published composition (songs) appeared in 1843. He gave his entire attention in his later years to editing the works of Bach, Handel, etc., and to composition. His songs number over three hundred. Also Frati cell i . Fratta (frät'tä), or Umber tide (öm-bar'te-de). A town in the province of Perugia, Italy, situ- in Franzén (fränt-sān'), Franz Michael. Born at Uleåborg, Finland, Feb. 9, 1772: died at Hernösand, Sweden, 1847. A Swedish poet. He studied at Abo, where he became university librarian, the conquest of Finland, he settled as a clergyman at Kumla in Sweden. Twelve years later he removed to Stockholm. In 1831 he was made bishop, in which post he died. His principal works are "Emili eller en aft on i Lappland" ("Emili, or an Evening in Lapland," a didac- tic poem with idyllic episodes), the epic poems "Svante Sture" and "Columbus," and an uncompleted national epic "Gustav Adolf i Tydskland" ("Gustav Adolf in Ger- many"). His best work is his religious songs, which are among the finest in Swedish literature. Frascati (fräs-kä'te). A town in the province of Rome, Italy, 12 miles southeast of Rome, cele- brated for its villas. There are remains of a Roman amphitheater, built of reticulated masonry and fitted with appliances for flooding the arena for the naumachy, of a small but very perfect Roman theater, in which much of the stage-structure survives. Population, about 7,000. Fraschini (fräs-kē'nē), Gaetano. Born 1815: died 1887. An Italian tenor singer. Fraser (frāzer), Charles. Born at Charleston, S. C., Aug. 20, 1782: died there, Oct. 5, 1860. An American painter, chiefly of miniatures. Fraser, James Baillie. Born at Reelick, In- the province of East Pru ia, Pru ia, situated on the Frisches Haff 41 miles southwest of Königsberg. Frauenfeld (frou'en-felt). The capital of the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland, situated on the Murg 22 miles northeast of Zurich. It manu- factures cotton, and has a castle. Population (1888), 3,664. Frauenlob (frou'en-lob) (He in rich von Meis- sen). [G., 'praise of women': a name origi- nating, it is said, in his preference for the word Frau over Weib in one of his poems.] Born about 1260: died at Mainz, Germany, 1318. A German meister singer. His works were edited by Ettmüller in 1843. Frauenstädt (frouʼen-stet), Christian Martin Julius. Born at Bojanowo, Posen, Pru ia, April 17, 1813: died at Berlin, Jan. 13, 1879. A German writer, known chiefly as a disciple and expounder of Schopenhauer. He wrote "As thetische Fragen" (1853), "Briefe über die Schopen hauersche Philosophie" (1854), "Der Materialism us" (1856), "Briefe über natürliche Religion" (1858), "A. Schopenhauer, Lichtstrahlen aus seinen Werken," "A. Schopenhauer, von ihm, über ihn, etc." (1863), etc. Fraunhofer (froun'hō-fer), Joseph von. Born at Straubing, Bavaria, March 6, 1787: died at Munich, June 7, 1826. A German optician. He is noted for improvements in telescopes and other optical instruments, and especially for his investigation of the lines in the spectrum named from him "Fraunhofer's lines." Fraustadt (frou'stät). A town in the province of Posen, Pru ia, 48 miles southwest of Posen. Here, Feb., 1706, the Swedes under Renskiöld defeated the Saxons and Ru ians under Schulenberg. Population north of Zealand, Denmark. The royal palace here, the autumn residence of the king, was built in the style of the French Renai ance in commemoration of the peace of 1720 with Sweden. Of the interior apartments the domed hall is the most remarkable. Fred eric i a (fred-e-rish'e-ä), or Fried eric i a (frē- de-rēts'e-ä). A fortified seaport in Jutland, Denmark, situated at the entrance to the Little Belt in lat. 55° 34′ N., long. 9° 46′ E. It was de- Frederick IV. Born at Copenhagen, Oct. 11, 1671: died at Copenhagen, Oct. 12, 1730. King of Denmark and Norway, son of Christian V. whom he succeeded in 1699. Shortly after his ac- ce ion he formed an alliance with Peter the Great and August us II., king of Poland and elector of Saxony, against Charles XII. of Sweden, who invaded Zealand and dictated the peace of Travendal, Aug. 18, 1700. On the defeat of Charles at Pultowa in 1709, he renewed the alliance with Peter the Great and August us against Charles, and this alliance was subsequently joined by Saxony and Hannover. After the death of Charles before Frederickshal, he con- cluded with Sweden a separate treaty at Frederiksborg, (1890), 6,851. Fray Gerundio de Campazas. A satirical ro- rected against itinerant preachers in Spain. published Frayser's (frā'zèrz) (or Frazier's) Farm, or Glendale (glen'dal), or Charles City City Cros Cro Roads. A locality in Virginia about 12 miles southeast of Richmond, the scene of a battle between part of McClellan's army and part of Lee's, June 30, 1862. See Seven Days ' Battles . Fray inous (fra-se-nö ́), Comte Denis de. Born at Curières, Aveyron, France, May 9,1765: with a liberality which attracted numerous distinguished foreigners to Denmark, including the pedagogue Basedow and the poet Klopstock. He sent, in 1761, Niebuhr and others on a scientific expedition to Egypt and Arabia. The Century Cyclopedia of Names Frederick VI. Frederick VI. Born at Copenhagen, Jan. 28, 1768: died at Copenhagen, Dec. 3, 1839. King of Denmark and Norway. He became regent in 1784 for his imbecile father, Christian VII., whom he succeeded in 1808. He adopted at the beginning of the Napoleonic wars a policy of strict neutrality. Having joined the Northern Maritime League, Dec. 16, 1800, for the pose of resisting by force the interference of the English with neutral merchantmen upon the high seas, he suffered, in the war which presently broke out between England and the league, a decisive defeat at the battle of Copenhagen, April 2, 1801. He subsequently joined the Continental League in consequence of the bombardment of Copenhagen, Sept. 2, 1807, and the seizure by the English of the Danish fleet in the midst of peace. He refused to join the coalition against Napoleon in 1813, and for this he was punished by the allied powers with the lo of Norway, which was united with Sweden in 1814. Frederick VII. Born at Copenhagen, Oct. 6, 1808: died at Glücksburg, Schleswig, Nov. 15, 1863. King of Denmark, son of Christian VIII. whom he succeeded in 1848. Frederick I., surnamed “The Victorious.” Born 1425: died Dec. 12, 1476. Elector Palatine 14511476. Frederick II., surnamed "The Wise." Born Dec. 9, 1482: died Feb. 26, 1556. Elector Palatine 1544-56. He commanded the imperial army against the Turks in 1529 and 1532. Frederick III., surnamed "The Pious." Born at Simmern, Pru ia, Feb. 14, 1515: died Oct. 26, 1576. Elector Palatine 1559–76. He was originally an adherent of the Luther an faith, but eventually joined the Reformed communion, and in 1563 published the Heidelberg Catechism throughout his dominions. Frederick IV., surnamed "The Upright." Born at Amberg, Germany, March 5, 1574: died Sept. 19, 1610. Elector Palatine 1592-1610. He joined in 1608 the Protestant Union, of which he was chosen leader. Frederick V. Born Aug., 1596: died at Mainz, Germany, Nov., 1632. Elector Palatine, son of Frederick IV. whom he succeeded in 1610. He married Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I. of Eng. land, in 1613. In 1619, as the head of the German Protestant Union, he accepted the crown of Bohemia, whose estates were in rebellion against Ferdinand of Austria. He lost both Bohemia and his hereditary dominions in consequence of the defeat of his general Christian of Anhalt by the Imperialists at the battle on the White Hill, Nov. 8, 1620. Frederick I., surnamed Barb a ro a ('Redbeard': G. Rotbart ). The most noted emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, of the Hohenstaufen line, son of Frederick II., duke of Swabia, and nephew of Conrad III. whom he succeeded as king of Germany in 1152. He was crowned emperor at Rome by Hadrian IV. in 1155. His reign was chiefly occupied by wars against the turbulent German nobility and by six expeditions to Italy for the purpose of restoring the imperial authority in the republican cities of Lombardy 1154-55, 1158-62, 1163, 1166-68, 1174-77, and 1184-86. In 1176 he was, in consequence of the defection of the powerful feudatory Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, defeated by the Lombards at the battle of Legnano, and was compelled to accept the definitive peace of Con stance in 1183, by which he renounced all regalian rights in the cities. (See Lombard League , and Con stance , Treaty of.) In 1180 he punished Henry the Lion by putting him under the ban of the empire and depriving him of his fiefs. In 1189 he joined the third Crusade, on which he was drowned in the Kalykadnos in Asia Minor. Frederick II. Born at Jesi, near Ancona, Italy, Dec. 26, 1194: died at Fiorentino (Firenzuola), Dec. 13, 1250. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Henry VI. and Con stance, heire of the Two Sicilies. Left an orphan in 1198, he was brought up under the wardship of the Pope as feudal superior of the Two Sicilies. He a umed the government of the Two Sicilies in 1208. In 1212 he was brought forward by the Pope as an aspirant to the crown of Germany in opposition to King Otto IV., with whom the Pope had quarreled, and was elected by the Ghibelline party, the traditional supporters of the house of Hohenstaufen, which he represented. He was crowned at Aachen in 1215, Otto having been totally defeated at Bouvines in the year previous. He was crowned emperor at Rome by Honor i us III. in 1220. He continued the policy of his house of attempting to perfect the union of Italy and Germany into one empire, in which he was opposed by the Pope and the Lombard League. In 1228-29 he conducted a crusade to the Holy Land, and procured the ce ion of Jaffa, Saida, Jerusalem, and Nazareth from the Saracens. Frederick III., surnamed "The Handsome." Born 1286: died Jan. 13, 1330. King of Germany, son of Albert I. whom he succeeded as duke of Austria in 1308. He was chosen king in 1314 in opposition to Louis IV., by whom he was defeated and captured at Mühldorf in 1322. Frederick III. (IV. as King of Germany). Born at Innsbruck, Tyrol, Sept. 21, 1415: died at Linz, Austria, Aug. 19, 1493. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He was elected emperor in 1440, and was the last German emperor crowned at Rome (1452). erick III. of Brandenburg) in 1688. He was crowned as the first king of Pru ia in 1701. He founded the University of Halle and the Academy of Sciences. Frederick II., surnamed "The Great." Born at Berlin, Jan. 24, 1712: died at Sans Souci, near Potsdam, Aug. 17, 1786. King of Pru ia 1740-86, son of Frederick William I. and Sophia Dorothea, daughter of George I. of England. In the year in which Frederick ascended the throne, the emperor Charles VI. died without male i ue. He was succeeded by his daughter Maria The res a by virtue of the pragmatic sanction (which see), the validity of which was disputed by the Elector of Bavaria and other claimants. Frederick embraced the opportunity presented by the insecurity of her title to invade (1740) Silesia, to part of which he laid claim. He defeated the Austrians at Mollwitz in 1741, and at Chotusitz in 1742, and in 1742 concluded the treaty of Breslau and Berlin, by which in return for the ce ion of Silesia he withdrew from the alliance which he had in the meantime entered into with France and Bavaria against Austria. In 1744, alarmed by the succe es of Austria against France and Bavaria, he entered into a second alliance with those powers, defeated the Austrians and Saxons at Hohenfriedberg in 1745, defeated the Austrians at Soor in 1745, and in 1745 concluded the peace of Dresden, which confirmed the treaty of Breslau and Berlin. To regain Silesia, Maria The res a formed an alliance with France (1756), joined by Ru ia, Sweden, and Saxony. Frederick, anticipating the allies, invaded Saxony in 1756. In the ensuing war, called the Seven Years' War, he was supported by England, chiefly in the form of subsidies. He made himself master of Saxony by the defeat of the Austrians at Lobositz in 1756. In 1757 he invaded Bohemia and defeated the Austrians at Prague, but was defeated at Kolin by Marshal Daun, who drove him out of Bohemia. He defeated the French and Austrians at Ro bach and the Austrians alone at Leuthen in the same year. In 1758 he defeated the Ru ians at Zorndorf. In 1759 he was defeated by the Austrians and Ru ians at Kunersdorf. Berlin was taken by the Ru ians in 1760, England withdrew her subsidies in 1761, and Frederick was reduced to desperation. In 1762, however, Elizabeth of Ru ia died, and fortune changed. Peter III., Elizabeth's succe or, concluded peace in 1762, and the defection of France in that year caused Maria The res a to sign in 1763 the treaty of Hubertsburg, which confirmed the treaty of Breslau and Berlin, including that of Dresden. In 1772 he joined with Ru ia and Austria in the partition of Poland, by which he added Polish Pru ia to his dominions. In 1778-79 he took part in the War of the Bavarian Succe ion (which see). Frederick II., through his military genius and administrative abilities, raised Pru ia to the rank of a powerful state. He was a disciple of the French philosophers, and for many years was intimate with Voltaire. He left a number of works, published in 30 volumes 1846 1857. IMG:content-0514.png:[blocks in formation] Frederick I., surnamed "The Warlike." Born at Altenburg, Germany, March 29, 1369: died at Altenburg, Jan. 4, 1428. Margrave of Mei en, Elector and Duke of Saxony. He was the son of the Landgrave of Thu ring i a, and was made elector and duke of Saxony in 1423 as a reward for his services to the emperor in the Hu ite war. His army was defeated by the Hu ites at Au ig in 1426. He founded the University of Leipsic in 1409. Frederick II., surnamed "The Meek." Born Aug. 22, 1411: died at Leipsic, Sept. 7, 1464. Elector and Duke of Saxony, son of Frederick I. whom he succeeded in 1428. Frederick III., surnamed "The Wise." Born at Torgau, Pru ia, Jan. 17, 1463: died at Annaburg, near Torgau, May 5, 1525. Elector of Saxony. He succeeded to the electorate in 1486; founded the University of Wittenberg in 1502; declined the im perial crown and advocated the election of Charles V. in 1519; and protected Luther, who was seized by his order when returning from Worms, where he had been proscribed, and secreted in the castle of Wartburg (1521-22). Frederick I. Born at Treptow, Farther Pomerania, Nov. 6, 1754: died Oct. 30, 1816. King of Würtemberg. He succeeded his father Frederick Eugene as duke of Würtemberg in 1797. Having taken part in the second coalition against France, he was deprived by the peace of Lunéville (Feb. 9, 1801) of his po e ions on the left bank of the Rhine, for which he was indemnified by a number of monasteries, abbeys, and imperial cities (including Reutlingen, E lingen, and Heilbronn), and the title of elector. He sided with Napoleon against the third coalition, with the result that his dominions were increased by ce ions from Austria and recognized as a kingdom by the peace of Presburg, Dec. 26, 1805. He joined the Confederation of the Rhine July 12, 1806. After the defeat of Napoleon at the battle of Leipsic, he joined the Allies (Nov. 6, 1813). The treaty of Vienna left him in undisturbed po e ion of his acquisitions. Frederick, Prince of Wales. See Frederick Louis . Frederick. In Shakspere's "As you Like it," the usurping brother of the exiled duke. Frederick, or Frederick City. A city and the capital of Frederick County, Maryland, 41 miles west by north of Baltimore: the seat of Fred- Frederick I. Born at Königsberg, Pru ia, July 11 (21), 1657: died at Berlin, Feb. 25, 1713. King of Pru ia, son of Frederick William, the Great Elector, whom he succeeded (as Frederick College. Population (1900), 9,296. Frederick William Π. Frederick August us I., surnamed "The Just." Born at Dresden, Dec. 23, 1750: died at Dresden, May 5, 1827. King of Saxony. He succeeded his father Frederick Christian as elector in 1763; sided with Pru ia and Bavaria against Austria in the War of the Bavarian Succe ion 1778-79; allied himself with Pru ia and Ru ia against France in 1806; concluded a separate treaty of peace with Napoleon at Posen, Dec. 11, 1806, in accordance with which he entered the Confederation of the Rhine with the title of king; supported Napoleon at the battle of Leipsic in 1813; and was compelled to cede a large part of Saxony to Pru ia at the Congre of Vienna in 1815. Frederick August us II. Born May 18, 1797: died in Tyrol, Aug. 9, 1854. King of Saxony. He became co-regent in 1830 with his uncle Anton, whom he succeeded in 1836. He suppre ed a revolutionary outbreak in 1849 by means of Pru ian troops. Frederick August us. Born at St. James's Palace, London, Aug. 16, 1763: died Jan. 5, 1827. Duke of York and Albany, second son of George III. He was created duke of York and Albany in 1784; commanded the British contingent in the campaigns of 1793-95 in Flanders against the French; was made commander-in-chief of the British army in 1798; invaded Holland in conjunction with the Ru ians in 1799; and signed the humiliating convention of Alkmaar in 1799. He resigned the office of commander-in-chief in 1809, in consequence of an entanglement with Mrs. Mary Anne Clarke, who accepted bribes from officers in return for promises of promotion; but was restored in 1811. Frederick Charles, Prince of Pru ia, Born at Berlin, March 20, 1828: died near Potsdam, Pru ia, June 15, 1885. A Pru ian general, nephew of William I. of Pru ia. He fought with distinction in the war of Pru ia and Austria against Denmark in 1864; commanded the first army in the war against Austria in 1866; and commanded the second army in the war against France, 1870-71, entering Metz and Orléans in 1870 and Le Mans in 1871. He was surnamed "the Red Prince." Frederick Francis II. Born Feb. 28, 1823: died at Schwerin, Germany, April 15, 1883. Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He succeeded to the grand duchy in 1842; became a general in the Pru ian military service in the same year; fought under Baron von Wrangel in the war of Pru ia and Austria against Denmark in 1864; commanded a reserve army corps in the war against Austria in 1866; joined the North German Confederation in 1866; and bore an important part in the war against France, 1870–71. His grand duchy became a member of the German Empire in 1871. Frederick Louis. Born at Hannover, Jan. 6, 1707: died at Leicester House, London, March 20, 1751. Prince of Wales 1729-51, eldest son of George II. He married August a, daughter of Frederick, duke of Saxe-Gotha, in 1736, and was father of George III. He was the leader of the opposition against Walpole and the king. Fred ericks burg (fred'ér-iks-berg). A city in Spottsylvania County, Virginia, Dia County, Virginia, 50 miles south southwest of Washington. Here, Dec. 13, 1862, was fought one of the severest battles of the Civil War. The Confederates (about 80,000) under Lee, occupying a strong position on the heights, repulsed an attack made on them by the Federals (about 110,000) under Burnside. The Confederate lo es amounted to 608 killed, 4,116 wounded, and 653 captured or mi ing (total, 5,377); the Federal lo es amounted to 1,284 killed, 9,600 wounded, and 1,769 captured or mi ing (total, 12,653). Population (1900), 5,068. Frederick William, called "The Great Elector." Born at Berlin, Feb. 16, 1620: died April 29, 1688. Elector of Brandenburg 1640-88, son of George William. At his acce ion he found his dominions wasted by the Thirty Years' War, which was then in progre . By skilful diplomacy and great economy in other directions, he succeeded in ridding his country of foreign soldiery and in raising an army of 30,000 men, which secured for him respectful treatment at the peace of Westphalia in 1648. In 1655, on the outbreak of war between Sweden and Poland, he took sides with the former power against the latter. The Poles were defeated at Warsaw in 1656, and were forced in 1657 to purchase his a istance by recognizing the independence of the duchy of Pru ia, which he held as a fief of Poland. He joined an alliance with Holland in 1672, with a view to frustrating the designs of Louis XIV. against that country: an alliance which was subsequently joined by the emperor and Spain. In 1675 at Fehrbellin he defeated the Swedes, who had invaded Brandenburg as the allies of France; but although he made large conquests in Swedish Pomerania, he was compelled by France to return them at the separate peace of St. Germain-en-Laye (1679) in return for the reversion of East Fries land. Frederick William. Born Aug. 20, 1802: died at Horzowitz, near Prague, Jan. 6, 1875. Elector of He e. He succeeded to the electorate in 1847, and sided with Austria in the Austro-Pru ian war (1866), with the result that his electorate was incorporated with Pru ia by the peace of Prague, Aug. 23, 1866. Frederick William I. Born Aug. 14, 1688: died May 31, 1740. King of Pru ia 1713-40, son of Frederick I. He acquired Stettin and part of Pomerania by the peace of Stockholm in 1720, at the close of the Northern War, in which he had taken part against Sweden; and by the establishment of a formidable army laid the foundation of Pru ia's military power. Frederick William II. Born Sept. 25, 1744: died Nov. 16, 1797. King of Pru ia 1786-97, nephew of Frederick the Great. He formed an alliance with Austria in 1792 for the purpose of restoring duction to American Institutional History," "The Reign of William Rufus," and "Lectures to American Audiences" (1882), "English Towns and Districts" and "Some Im- pre ions of the United States " (1883), "The Office of the Historical Profe or (1884), "The Methods of Historical Study" (1886), "The Chief Periods of European History" and (in the series of "Historic Towns," edited by himself) "Exeter" (1887), "Fifty Years of European History, "William the Conqueror" (1888: in the "Twelve English Statesmen" series), and "History of Sicily from the Ear- liest Times" (1891, third volume). Freeman, James. Born at Charles town, Ma ., April 22, 1759: died at Newton, Ma ., Nov. 14, 1835. An American Unitarian clergyman, the first in the United States who a umed that 1787-1835. Freeman, James Edward. Born in Nova Scotia, 1808: died at Rome, Nov. 21, 1884. An Amer- ican figure-painter. Freeman, Mrs. The name under which Sarah Jennings, duche of Marl borough, carried on a correspondence with Queen Anne (as Mrs. Morley). Free port (fre'port). A city and the capital of Stephen son County, northern Illinois, situated on the Pec atonic a River 108 miles west-north- west of Chicago. Pop. (1900), 13,258. one members of the fictitious club which, etc. i ued the "Spectator." Free-Soil Party. In United States politics, a party which opposed the extension of slavery into the Territories. It was formed in 1848 by a union of the Liberty party with the Barn burners. It nominated Van Buren for the presidency in 1848, and under the name of the Free Democratic party it nominated John P. Hale in 1852. It was one of the principal elements in the for- mation of the Republican party in 1854. Free town (fre toun). The capital of the Brit- ish colony of Sierra Leone, West Africa, situ- ated on the Sierra Leone River, near the coast, in lat. 8° 29′ N., long. 13° 10' W. Population (1891), 30,033. Freewill Islands. See St. David Islands . Freiberg (fri'berg). A city in the government district of Dresden, Saxony, on the Münzbach 20 miles southwest of Dresden. It is the center of the mining district of Saxony, and the seat of a mining academy. The silver-mines were discovered in the 12th century. The cathedral is a late-Pointed monument of the 15th century. The Goldene Pforte is a beautiful Roman- esque door surviving from an older church: its sculptures are hardly excelled in medieval art. They consist of an allegorical representation of the kingdom of God, including statues of Old Testament types and reliefs of New Testa- ment scenes. Behind the altar is the notable burial-chapel of the Protestant princes of Saxony, with fine sculptured monuments. A battle was fought at Freiberg, Oct., 1762, between 13,000 Pru ians under Prince Henry and Seyd litz and 30,000 imperial and Austrian troops under Gen- eral Hadik, in which the latter were totally defeated. Pop- ulation (1890), 28,995. Freiburg, or Freiburg-im-Breisgau (fri'börg- im-bris'gou). The capital of the district of Freiburg, Baden, situated on the Dreisam in lat. 47° 59′ N., long. 7° 51′ E. It is a trading cen- ter for the Black Forest, and has considerable manufac- tures. It is noted for its cathedral and university. The former is a noted work in German Pointed architecture, measuring 354 feet by 102. The west front is surmounted by a central tower and octagonal openwork spire, which is 385 feet high. Beneath the tower opens a single great re- ce ed portal. The transepts are Romanesque. The choir was designed in the 14th century. The interior is exceed- ingly effective; it po e es very interesting sculpture, tombs, and early paintings. Freiburg was the capital of the Breisgau, and belonged for centuries to Austria. It has several times been taken by the French. Here, Aug. 3-5, 1644, the French under Condé and Turenne defeated the Freiburg, G. also Freiburg-unterm-Fürsten- stein (fri'börg-ön'term-fürs'ten-stin). Atown in the province of Silesia, Pru ia, on the Pol- snitz 36 miles southwest of Breslau. Near it is the castle of Fürstenstein. Population (1890), 8,991. Switzerland). See Fribourg . Freeman, Edward August us. Born at Har- borne, Staff ords hire, 1823: died at Alicante, Spain, March 16, 1892. A noted English his to- rian. He was graduated from Oxford (Trinity College) Freiburg (in Sw in 1845, and remained there as a fellow 1847; examiner in modern history 1857-58, 1863-64, and in 1873; Freiburg-an-der-Unstrut (frī'börg-än-der-ön'- and became regius profe or of modern history at Oxford ströt). A town in the province of Saxony, Pru ia, on the Unstrut 28 miles west-south- west of Leipsic. It is noted for its castle of Neuenburg, and as the residence of Jahn. Pop- ulation (1890), 3,256. Freidank (fri'dängk). [MHG. Vridank , free- thinker.] Lived in the 13th century. The real or a umed name of a German didactic poet, author of the didactic poem "Bes che i den he it" (ed. by W. Grimm 1834), etc. Freiligrath (fri'lig-rät), Ferdinand. Born at Detmold, Germany, June 17, 1810: died at Cannstatt, Würtemberg, March 18, 1876. A noted German lyric poet and democratic par- tizan, resident in England 1846-48, 1851-68. He was destined at the beginning for a mercantile life, but after 1839 devoted himself entirely to literature. A first volume of poems appeared in 1838. In 1844 was pub- Frémiet Frémiet (frā-myā'), Emmanuel. Born at Paris, Dec., 1824. A noted French sculptor. After leaving La Petite École, where his drawings are still exhibited, he supported himself by making scientific draw Duc d'Anjou, Jan. 17, 1583. The attack was repelled by the citizens: about one half of the French were killed, and the remainder were made prisoners. French Guiana. See Guiana , French . ings at the Jardin des Plantes. His first work in sculpture French Kongo. See Kongo , French . was from a fox in the menagerie there. Later he drew French love. See English Monsieur , The . plates for medical works. These attracted the attention of Rude, who admitted him to his private studio. His French man's Bay (french'manz bā). An inlet first Salon exhibit was "A Gazelle" (1843). Among his of the Atlantic Ocean south of Maine and east other works are "Terrier Dogs" (1848: bought by the of Mount Desert. state), "Mother Cat" (1849: bought by the state). In 1850- French Prairie Indians. See Ahantchuyuk . 1851 he made a great show of animal sculpture at the Louvre. In 1870 he exhibited an equestrian statue of the Duke of Orléans, and in 1882 "Man of the Age of Stone." In 1873 his equestrian statue of Joan of Arc was erected on the Place des Pyramides: this is his masterpiece. In 1875 he succeeded Barye as profe or of drawing at the Jardin des Plantes. In 1887 he exhibited at the Salon his famous "Gorilla abducting a Woman"; and at Munich in 1892 three bronzes: "St. Michael," "Faun and Young Bear," and "Dachshund.", Fréminet (frā-me-nā'), or Fréminel (frā-menel'), Martin. Born at Paris, Sept. 24, 1567: died there, June 18, 1619. A French painter. In 1591 he went to Rome and studied the works of Par mig i an i no and Michelangelo. He returned to France after sixteen years, and became court painter to Henry IV. He had nearly completed the decoration of the chapel at Fontainebleau at the time of his death. Some of his paintings are at the royal palace at Turin. He was called "the French Michelangelo." Fremont (frē-mont'). A city and the capital of Sandusky County, northern Ohio, situated on Sandusky River 30 miles southeast of Toledo. It was the scene of Croghan's defense of Fort Stephen son in 1813. Population (1900), 8,439. Frémont, John Charles. Born at Savannah, Ga., Jan. 21, 1813: died at New York, July 13, 1890. A noted American explorer, general, and politician, surnamed "The Pathfinder." He explored the South Pa (Rocky Mountains) in 1842, and the Pacific Slope in 1843-44 and 1845; took part in the conquest of California 1846-47; was United States senator from California 1850-51; organized in 1853 an expedition to complete a previous exploration of a route to California; and was the Republican candidate for the presidency in 1856. He was Federal commander of the western department in 1861; commanded at Cro Keys in 1862; and was governor of Arizona 1878-82. On Aug. 31, 1861, he i ued a proclamation declaring that he would emancipate the slaves of those in arms against the United States. This act was condemned by Lincoln as premature, and the proclamation was withdrawn. Fremont Basin. See Great Basin . Fremont's Peak. The highest peak of the Wind River Mountains, situated in Wyoming about lat. 43° 25′ N., long. 109° 48′ W. Height, about 13,790 feet. Fremy (fra-me'), Arnould. Born at Paris, July 17, 1809. A French journalist and novel- French Revolution, The. The name specifically given to the revolution which occurred in France at the close of the 18th century. The meeting of the States-General, May 5, 1789, marks the beginning. The end is taken either as 1795 (end of the Convention), or 1799 (end of the Directory), or 1804 (end of the Consulate). The whole Napoleonic period through 1815 is often included in the treatment of the revolution. The wars growing out of the revolution after the appearance of Napoleon (1796) are given under Napoleonic Wars . (See also France and Napoleon .) The following are the chief events in the revolution: Meeting of States-General, May 5, 1789; the Third Estate a umed the title of the National or Constituent A embly, June 17; Tennis-Court oath, June 20; storming of the Bastille, July 14; abolition of feudal and other privileges, Aug. 4; bread riot and June 20, 1791; constitution adopted, Sept.; opening of the march to Versailles, Oct.; unsucce ful flight of the king Legislative A embly, Oct. 1; commencement of the war against allied Austria and Pru ia, April, 1792; attack on the Tuileries, June 20; storming of the Tuileries, Aug. 10; September ma acres, Sept.; battle of Valmy, Sept. 20; opening of the National Convention, abolition of the monarchy, proclamation of republic, Sept. 21; battle of Jemmapes, Nov. 6; annexation of Nice and Savoy, 1792; execution of Louis XVI., Jan. 21, 1793; coalition against France joined by Great Britain, Holland, Spain, etc., Feb. Vendean wars begun, 1793; battle of Neerwinden, March, 1793; establishment of the revolutionary tribunal, March; establishment of the famous Committee of Public Safety, April; overthrow of the party of the Girondists, June; Reign of Terror, 1793-94; a a ination of Marat, July, 1793; execution of Marie Antoinette and the Girondists, Oct.; siege of Toulon, Dec.; overthrow of the Hébertists, March, 1794; execution of Danton, April 5; battle of Fleurus, June 26; overthrow of Robes pierre (9th Thermidor), July 27; bread riots of Germinal and Prairial, April-May, 1795; conquest of Holland and foundation of the Batavian republic, 1795; treaties of Basel with Prus sia and Spain, 1795; victory of Bonaparte over the "Sections" (Vendémiaire), Oct. 5, 1795; the Convention supplanted by the government under the Directory, Oct.Nov., 1795; beginning of the Napoleonic wars, 1796; coup d'état of 18th Fructidor, Sept. 4, 1797; peace of Campo-Formio, Oct. 17; coup d'état of the 18th Brumaire, Nov. 9-10, 1799; beginning of the Consulate, Nov., 1799; peace of Lunéville, Feb. 9, 1801; concordat, 1801; peace of Amiens, 1802; Napoleon consul for life, 1802; establish ment of the empire, May 18, 1804. (See histories by Von Sybel, Mignet, Michelet, Stephens, Thiers, Von Laun, Taine, Carlyle, McCarthy, Dahlmann, Blanc, and Roux) French River. A river in Ontario, the outlet of Lake Nipi ing into the Georgian Bay of Lake ist. In 1843 he received the degree of doctor of letters at Huron. Paris for a very remarkable thesis on the variations of French style the 17th century, and was made a istant profe or of French literature at Lyons. From 1854 to 1859 he was one of the principal editors of "Charivari." He wrote "Les deux anges" (1833), "Une Fée de Salon" (1836), "La physio logie du rentier" (with Balzac, 1841), loup dans la bergerie" (a comedy, 1853), "Confe ions d'un Bohémien" (1857), "Les mœurs de notre temps" (1860), "La révolution du journal is me" (1865), "Les pensées de tout le monde" (1874), "Qu'est-ce-que la France?" (1882), etc. French (french), Daniel at Exeter, N. H. 1850. An American sculptor. He studied under Dr. Rimmer and Ward, and spent two years in the studio of Thomas Ball in Florence and one year in Paris. His best-known works are the "Minute Man" (modeled in 1874), "John Hancock" (1883), "Dr. Gallaudet and his first Deaf-mute Pupil" (1888), "Lewis Ca " (1887: now in the Capitol at Washington), "Thomas Starr King," "Death and the Young Sculptor' (the Mill more Memorial, 1891), for which he gained a medal of the third cla in the Paris Salon, and his colo al "Statue of the Republic" for the Columbian Exposition. French and Indian War, or Old French War. The last in the series of wars between France and Great Britain in America. It was the American phase of the Seven Years' War (which see). The of the war was mostly the frontiers of Pennsylvania and New York, and Canada. The following are the leading events: Emba y of Washington to the French forts, 1753; capitulation of Washington at Fort Nece ity, 1754; dispersion of the Acadian settlers, 1755; Braddock's defeat, July 9, 1755; battle of Lake George, Sept. 8, 1755; declaration of war, 1756; capture of Oswego by Montcalm,