Bon

( Bot.) A name applied, in Egypt, to the coffee-tree. Bo'na, (anc. Hippo - Regius ,) [called by the French Bône , and by the natives Annubah , i , e. "place of jujubes." A fortified maritime city of N. Africa, in the French province of Algiers, dep. of Const an tine, near the Gulf of Bona, 85 miles N. of Const an tine city; Latitude 36° 53′ 58′′ N., Lon. 7° 46' 5" E. B. has been much improved since its occupation by the French; the streets are narrow and crooked, but there are several good public buildings. Manf . Burnous, tapestry, and saddles. Exp Corn, wool, ox-hides, and wax. B. is the principal seat of the coral fishery on this coast. It was taken by the French in 1832. Bonac'ca, or GUANAJA, an island of Honduras Bay, Caribbean Sea, 30 m. N. of Cape Castilla; Lon. 16° 28′ N., Lat. abt. 87° 38′ W. Bon Accord, in Iowa , a post-office of Johnston co. Bo'na De'a, [Lat., good godde .] ( Myth . ) A name given to Ops, Vesta, Cybele, Rhea, by the Greeks; and, by the Latins, to Fauna or Fatua. This godde was so chaste, that no man but her husband saw her after her marriage. Her festivals were celebrated only in the night, by the Roman matrons in their houses; and all the statues of the men were carefully covered with a veil where the ceremonies were observed. Bo'na Fi'des. [Lat.] ( Law . ) Good faith; honesty, as distinguished from mala fides (bad faith). The law requires all persons in their transactions to act with good faith; and a contract, when the parties have not acted bonâ fide , is void at the pleasure of the innocent party. Bon Air, in Tenne ee , a village of White co. Bon'ald, LOUIS GABRIEL AMBROISE, VICOMTE DE, a French political philosopher, в. 1754. During the revolution he joined the royalist army under the Bourbon princes. He returned to France under Napoleon; became coeditor of the Mercure with Chateaubriand and Fiévée, and, in 1808, was appointed Minister of Public Instruction. After the restoration-as the deputy for his department-he voted with the Ultramontane or Theocratic party in the Chambre Introuvable, and in his political career, as in his philosophical works, was the ardent advocate of absolutism, of the infallibility of the Pope, and of the Jesuits. In 1830, he refused to take the oath of allegiance to the new dynasty. D. 1840. His most important writings are: Théorie du pouvoir Poli tique et Religieux , 3 vols., 1796; Législation Primitive, 3 vols., 1802; Recherches Philosophiques sur les premiers Objets des con nai ances Morales , 2 vols., 1818. - His 3d son, LOUIS JACQUES MAURICE DE B. , B. 1787, archbishop of Lyon, 1839, and cardinal in 1842, faithfully adhered to his father's political and religious principles, living, notwithstanding, on a footing of good intelligence and accord with the government of Napoleon III. D. 1870. Bo'naparte, (originally BUONAPARTE,) the patronymic of the most remarkable dynastic family, or reigning house, of modern times. Its founder, CARLO BUONAPARTE, a lawyer of honorable descent, and the friend of Gen. Paoli, was B. at Ajaccio, Corsica, in 1756, and by Letizia (Letitia) Ramolino, his wife, was the father of the illustrious subjects of the following notices. He D. 1785. B. , JOSEPH, sometime KING OF NAPLES AND SICILY, afterwards of SPAIN, and, later, known as the CoUNT DE SURVILLIERS, B. at Ajaccio, Jan. 7, 1768, was the eldest son of the above. He was educated at the college of Autun, France, and at Pisa University. He early entered upon the study of the law, and, in 1792, was made a member of the new administration of Corsica, under Gen. Paoli. Next year he emigrated to Marseilles, where he married one of the daughters of M. Clary, a rich banker, whose younger daughter married Bernadotte, afterwards King of Sweden. In 1796, Joseph was appointed commi ary to the army of Italy, then commanded by his brother Napoleon. Next year, he was elected deputy from his native dep. in Corsica to the Council of the Five Hundred, and sent by the Executive Directory as amba ador to the Pope. He made but a short stay at Rome, returned to Paris to resume his legislative duties, and, in concert with his brother Lucien (q. v .), prepared the way for the subsequent elevation of his brother Napoleon, then commanding in Egypt. On the latter becoming First Consul, he appointed Joseph councillor of state, and employed him in Sept., 1800, to negotiate a treaty of peace and commerce with the United States. Having exhibited some diplomatic skill in this transaction, he was sent the following year to Luneville, where he concluded a treaty of peace with the Emperor of Germany, in 1801; and next year he was employed at Amiens to negotiate the treaty with England. Joseph was now made a senator; and on his brother attaining the imperial crown, he was recognized as an imperial prince, and created Grand Elector of the Empire. When the emperor sent an army to invade Naples, at the beginning of 1806, he appointed Joseph to lead the expedition as his lieutenant, Marshal Ma ena acting as military commander. Immediately afterwards, the emperor announced to Joseph, after his usual imperious fashion, but in a private letter dated 19th Jan., 1806, his intention to make him King of Naples. - "My will is that the Bourbons shall have ceased to reign in Naples. I intend to seat on that throne a prince of my own house. In the first place you, if it suits you; if not, another." But the intimation of his intention to make Joseph a king was followed in a few days by a plain announcement that he was to be only a subordinate king. "I intend my blood to reign in Naples as long as it does in France; the kingdom of Naples is nece ary to me." Joseph, after a little hesitation, accepted the post, and in the following year he was appointed, by decree, King of Naples and Sicily. Joseph reigned in Naples, though not in Sicily, little more than two years. Acting as his brother's subordinate, he effected fundamental changes in the institutions of the country, the object being to a imilate its institutions to those of France. He caused many and great reforms, and had the disposition to act in the most beneficial manner to the country, but was constantly checked and overruled by the suzerain power. In 1808, the emperor transferred Joseph from the Neapolitan throne to that of Spain. In the latter country he met with much greater difficulties than at Naples. He tried mildne and conciliation, but even these failed to move the stern, unbending character of the people. During the five years of his Spanish reign, three times he was obliged by the succe of the allied armies to leave his capital; the last time (1813) to return no more. More than once he offered to resign the crown, but he was induced by Napoleon to remain. After the battle of Vittoria (June, 1813), where he narrowly escaped being taken prisoner by the English, he returned to France. In Jan., 1814, when the emperor set off for the army, he appointed Joseph head of the council of regency, and lieut.-general of the empire. After the events of 1814, he retired to his estate of Prang in, near Lake Leman, where he remained until the emperor's return from Elba in 1815, when he rejoined him. After Waterloo, and the emperor's second abdication, Joseph retired to the U. States, where he purchased an estate on the banks of the Delaware, near Philadelphia. Under the title of "Count de Survilliers," he there lived in a style of affluence, affording employment to many of the laboring population, and hospitality to the French emigrants who resorted to America. His wife remained in Europe with her two daughters, and resided at Bru els and afterwards at Florence. When the French Revolution of 1830 became known in the U. States, Joseph wrote a long addre to the House of Deputies, in which he put forth the claims of his nephew, the late Napoleon III. The letter, however, was not read to the Chamber. He came himself to England soon after, and at last repaired to Italy, where he D. at Florence, July, 1844. Joseph was a man of considerable intelligence and good intentions, but he was too feeble of purpose to resist the imperious will of his brother, and was, of course, wholly unfitted to act independently in the elevated positions to which he was raised. B. , NAPOLEON. See NAPOLEON I., (EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH.) B. , LUCIEN, PRINCE DE CANINO and MUSIGNANO, the third son of Charles and Letizia Bonaparte, was B. at Ajaccio, in 1775. He emigrated to Marseille with the rest of the family, in 1793. He entered warmly into the revolutionary notions of the period, made speeches, and wrote pamphlets on liberty and equality. Soon after he obtained employment in the commi ariat at St. Maximin, a small town of Provence, where he married the daughter of an innkeeper. Being one of the republican municipality of that place, he exerted himself laudably, and at his own imminent peril, to save several unfortunate individuals accused of royalism, whom an agent of Barras and Freron, the terrorist commi ioners in the south of France, wanted to remove to the prisons of Orange, where the guillotine was in constant activity. By showing a bold front to the agent, whom Lucien charged with informality in his commi ion, he detained the intended victims under arrest at St. Maximin, until the fall of Robes pierre put a stop to the reign of terror. In the reaction, however, which took place in the south of France, Lucien was arrested as a Jaco bin, on account of his speeches; and a royalist, whom he had saved, proved most hostile against him. He was, however, liberated after a time. In 1796, Lucien was ap pointed commi ary at war, probably through the influence of his brother, General B. In the following year he was elected Deputy to the Council of the Five Hundred, and he went to reside at Paris, where he took a house, of which his sister, Eliza Bacchiochi, did the hon ors. His drawing-room was resorted to by several men of note and literary acquirements. Lucien took the opposition side in the council, and allied himself to Sieyes and his party, who wished to try their hands at a new constitution. While Napoleon was in Egypt, Lucien wrote to him, complaining of the incapacity and misgovernment of the Executive Directory, and urging him to return to France, but the letters are said to have been intercepted by the English cruisers. After Napoleon's return, in 1799, Lucien, who was the president of the council, became the active leader of those who wished to overturn the Directory. In the stormy sitting of the 19th Brumaire (see NAPOLEON I.) he resisted the motion made by several members to outlaw General B. , and as the confusion and uproar increased in the hall, he left the chair, and addre ing his brother's soldiers outside, told them to march in, and drive away the factious men who were no longer the representatives of France. After the accomplishment of that revolution, in which he rendered most material a istance to his brother, he was one of the members of the commi ion which framed the new or Consular constitution. Soon after he was appointed minister of the interior, but remained in office only a short time, having had some disagreement with his brother upon matters of administration; and, in October, 1800, after the campaign of Marengo, Napoleon sent him amba ador to Spain. His mi ion proved succe ful; he managed to ingratiate himself with Charles IV. and the favorite Godoy, and to re-establish French influence in Spain. He induced the weak Spanish government to join France in an attack upon Portugal, which ended by the latter country being obliged to sue. for peace, for which it paid dearly. He also completed the arrangements concerning the new kingdom of Etruria, to be given to the young Infanta, son of the Duke of Parma, who had married a Spanish prince , in exchange for which Spain ceded to France her rights upon Parma and Piacenza. The ce ion of Louisiana to France was likewise confirmed. Having concluded these negotiations, Lucien returned to Paris in 1802. He was made a member of the Tribunate, and as such he supported with all his eloquence, the concordat with the Pope, and also the institution of the Legion of Honor. Lucien was made a senator, and his brother gave him the senatorship, or living, of Sopelsdorf, an estate of the former elector of Treves, His wife being dead, Lucien married, in 1803, Madame Jouberthou, the wife of a stockbroker, who had died at St. Domingo. Napoleon disapproved of this marriage, as he had disapproved of the marriage of Jerome, because he looked forward to royal alliances for his brothers. Lucien, however, supported the project of making his brother consul for life; but he says in his memoirs that he wished to have stopped there, and that he opposed from the first the idea of establishing an hereditary dynasty. When he saw his brother determined on a uming the imperial crown, he left France in the spring of 1804, and went to Italy. The Senatus Consultum, which fixed the hereditary succe ion in Napoleon's family, named his brothers Joseph and Louis as eventual heirs to the throne, but made no mention of either Lucien or Jerome. Lucien, after a time, fixed his residence at Rome, where he was very kindly received by Pope Pins VII. Being fond of literature and the fine arts, his house was much frequented. After the peace of Tilsit, Napoleon repaired to N. Italy at the end of 1807, and sent to his brother Lucien to meet him at Mantua. The two brothers had there a conference, in which it seems that Napoleon offered to give Lucien a kingdom in Italy, at the same time telling him plainly that in such case he must be prepared to obey all his orders concerning the internal as well as the external policy of his administration. Lucien declined accepting a crown on these terms, and said that he preferred to remain in a private station. "Be it so," Napoleon replied; "you cannot have henceforth any ground of complaint against me." Lucien returned to Rome. Pope Pius VII. created him Prince of Canino and Musignano in 1808. Soon after, Napoleon began a course of vexatious proceedings towards the court of Rome, which ended in the arrest of the Pope, and the seizure of his dominions. When the French took po e ion of Rome in 1809, Lucien, who had expre ed himself very freely against this part of his brother's policy, was advised to leave that city, and he retired to his country estate. In 1810 he resolved to go to the United States. With this view he embarked on board a ve el at Civita Vecchia, but was seized by an English cruiser, and carried to Malta, where, after a time, he obtained permi ion from the British government to reside in England under surveillance. Ludlow Castle was fixed upon as his residence. Some time after, he removed to a place in the neighborhood, where he remained till the end of the war, and employed himself in writing his poem of Charlemagne. After the peace of 1814 he returned to Rome. When Napoleon returned to France from Elba, in 1815, Lucien repaired to Paris for the purpose, as is said, of obtaining his brother's favor towards the Pope. It has been surmised by some that Lucien acted from a generous impulse, to tender to his brother his advice in the hour of danger, and to keep him also, if po ible, within constitutional limits. However this may be, he went to live at the Palais Royal, a umed the style of an Imperial prince, and in the privy councils that took place, he advised Napoleon to offer to the Emperor of Austria, in order to detach him from the allies, to abdicate in favor of his son. His advice, after some hesitation, was rejected. Napoleon set off for the army, lost the battle of Waterloo, and returned to Paris without an army. Lucien, being appointed extraordinary commi ioner of the emperor, to communicate with the representatives of the people, strove to revive in the On amber of Deputies a feeling of sympathy for his brother; he spoke eloquently, he appealed to the gratitude of the natiou, but was answered sternly by La Fayette, "The nation has followed your brother over fifty fields of battle, from the burning sands of Egypt to the frozen deserts of Ru ia, through disasters as well as triumphs, and it is for this that we mourn the lo of three millions of French men!" Lucien advised his brother to di olve the chamber, since he could not manage them, and to a ume the dictatorship. Napoleon hesitated, and at last refused; he said that he would not kindle a civil war. He most likely perceived what Lucien did not see, that the attempt would only lead to a short protracted struggle, attended by additional calamities to France and to himself. Lucien says that he was opposed to Napoleon's abdication; but when he saw his brother determined upon it, he insisted upon its being made at least in favor of young Napoleon. Napoleon smiled and shook his head incredulously, but at length inserted the clause in favor of his son. Lucien then proceeded to addre the House of Peers, to induce them to proclaim at once Napoleon II., but in vain. After the entry of the allied armies into Paris, Lucien rejoined his family at Rome, where he afterwards spent many years in peaceful retirement. About 1833, he revisited England, where he published several of his works; and returning to Italy, D. at Viterbo, 1840. Lucien ranks as an author both in prose and verse. His published works are, Charlemagne , oul Eglise délivrée , an epic poem in 24 cantos, which has been translated into English by Dr. Butler, and the Rev. F. Hodgson, 2 vols. 4to, London, 1815; La Cyrnéide , ou la Corse sauvée, a poem in 12 cantos; Mémoires de Lucien Bonaparte, Prince de Canino, écrits par lui - même , 8vo., London, 1836, and Réponse de Lucien Bomaparte aux Mémoires du Général Lamarque, London, 1835. Β ., LOUIS COUNT DE ST. LEU, and sometime KING OF HOLLAND, the fourth son of Carl Bonaparte, and the father of the Emperor Napoleon III., was B at Ajaccio, Sept. 21, 1778. At an early age he entered the French army, and accompanied his brother Napoleon to Italy and Egypt. He distinguished himself at Arcola, braving the enemy's fire, and shielding with his own body that of his brother and commander. On Napoleon becoming first consul, he sent Louis on a special mi ion to St. Petersburg, but, owing to the death of the Emperor Paul, he stopped short at Berlin. After remaining there for about a year, he returned to Paris, became general of brigade, a counsellor of state, and, afterwards, a general of division. In 1802, he married Hortense Eugénie de Beau harn a is, (see HORTENSE,) the daughter of the Empre Josephine. When his brother became emperor, Louis was promoted to be governor of Piedmont, and afterwards commanded the army of the N. of Holland. After the Batavian republic had been converted into a kingdom, the States of Holland, in June, 1806, sent an emba y to Napoleon, requesting that Louis might be their king, which was granted, and he immediately a umed the title. He strenuously exerted himself to improve the condition of his people, and distinguished himself on several occasions by his personal humanity. His love for his people made him refuse without hesitation the offer made to him by his brother of the Spanish crown; but his opposition to Napoleon's plans, which he thought were prejudicial to the nation's welfare, gave great di atisfaction at Paris. His wife was a most de voted adherent of Napoleon, and her inability to con-1 trol her husband, the death of her eldest son in 1807, and the state of her health, induced her to return to Paris, where a third son was born. She was afterwards sent by Napoleon, in 1809, to induce her husband to comply with his wishes, but Louis refused. She then returned to Paris, where she resided in state as Queen of Holland, and Napoleon sent Oudinot with 20,000 men against Louis, who thereupon abdicated in favor of his son, which abdication the emperor rejected, and, 9th July, 1810, Holland was united to France. Louis retired to Gratz in Styria, where he lived under the title of Count de St. Leu, and his wife became wholly separated from him, though not divorced. In 1813, when the allies appeared about to fall upon France, Louis offered his services to the emperor, by whom they were accepted, and he proceeded to Switzerland, but he was not employed. On the downfall of Napoleon, when the Dutch threw off the French yoke, Louis addre ed a letter to the provisional government, a erting his claims to the throne; but they were rejected. Louis ultimately retired to the Papal States, where others of his family had a embled, and there devoted himself chiefly to literature. He published Marie, ou les Hollandaises ; Documents Historiques sur la Hollande, 5 vols. 8vo., 1820; Mémoires sur la Versification , ., . D. at Leghorn, l5th July, 1846, and was buried at St. Leu, France. B. , JEROME, PRINCE DE MONTFORT, and KING OF WESTPHALIA, the youngest brother of Napoleon I., B. at Ajaccio, Dec. 15th, 1784. He was educated at the college of Juilly, France. On his brother's elevation to the first consulship, he placed Jerome in the naval service, who went as lieutenant, in 1801, to St. Domingo, with the expedition commanded by Gen. Leclerc; but he soon returned home as bearer of despatches. He was then appointed to the command of a frigate, and when, in 1803, hostilities broke out between France and England, Jerome cruised off the W. Indies, and U. States, but without accomplishing anything. In the latter country, he married Mi Elizabeth Patters on, a lady of Baltimore, Dec. 24, 1803. This union, contracted without his knowledge, gave great offence to Napoleon, who was now bent on forming high alliances for all the members of his family. In spite of Jerome's entreaties, Napoleon, as soon as he became emperor, annulled the marriage by a decree of the council of state, on the ground of his brother being a minor. The Pope, however, to whom Napoleon applied, refused to ratify the divorce. Jerome, in returning to Europe with his wife, narrowly escaped being captured by British cruisers. Not being allowed to enter France, the wife of Jerome proceeded to England, where, in July, 1805, she gave birth to a son, Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte, afterwards a citizen of the U. States. Jerome remained for some time in disgrace with his brother, as well on account of his want of succe at sea as of his marriage; but he was ultimately sent as envoy to the Dey of Algiers, to obtain the liberty of a number of Genoese slaves. Having succeeded in his mi ion, he was appointed to the command of a squadron, sailed, in 1806, to Martin i que, and on his return was created a prince of the empire, and promoted to the rank of general. In the campaign of 1807, Jerome received the command of a body of Bavarian and Würtemberg troops, with whom he attacked the Pru ians and made himself master of Silesia; after which he was created general of division. On Aug. 12th, 1807, Jerome married Frederique Catherine, daughter of the King of Würtemberg; and on the 18th of the same month, the emperor erected Westphalia into a kingdom, and created Jerome King of Westphalia. Jerome directed all his energies to the performance of his new duties. He was compelled to act in a great measure as the deputy of Napoleon, but he did not hesitate to exercise his own judgment. He set about the restoration of the national finances, the removal of administrative abuses, the reformation of various institutions, and the establishment of religions freedom; and following the example, perhaps obeying the directions of the emperor, he commenced the embellishment of the capital, Ca el. But though he gained to a great extent the good will of his subjects, he failed to satisfy his brother, who, on several occasions, loaded him with reproaches, and more than once summoned him to Paris the better to enforce his instructions. In the Ru ian campaign. Napoleon gave Jerome the command of a German division of 70,000 men, with which he rendered good service on more than one occasion. But suffering himself to be surprised at Smolensk, he was summoned before the emperor, who, after angrily reproaching him with disconcerting his plans, dismi ed him from his command, and sent him back to Germany. When in the following year the French were driven out of Germany, Jerome was compelled to abandon his kingdom, (Oct. 26, 1813,) and take refuge in France. On the abdication of Napoleon, Jerome and his wife settled in Italy. He was watched by the Austrian government, but by the aid of Murat (q. v.) succeeded, on his brother's return from Elba, in escaping surveillance, and joining the emperor at Paris. He afterwards distinguished himself by his gallant conduct at the battle of Waterloo, where he was wounded. After the emperor's final abdication. Jerome, proscribed from France, returned to Würtemberg, where his father-in-law gave him the title of Prince de Montfort, with a handsome estate. Later, he removed to Vienna, and afterwards to Trieste, where he erected a palace. When his nephew, Louis Napoleon, had become the ruler of France, Jerome was recalled to Paris, and was created Marshal of France, and President B. , MARIE ELISE, (GRAND-DUCHESS OF TUSCANY.) See BACCHIOCHI. B. , MARIE PAULINE. See BORGHESE, (PRINCESS). B. , CAROLINE, (QUEEN OF NAPLES.) See CAROLINE. B. , NAPOLEON FRANÇOIS, (DUO DE REICHSTADT:) See NAPOLEON II. B. , CHARLES LOUIS NAPOLEON. See NAPOLEON III. B. , CHARLES LUCIEN JULES, PRINCE DE CANINO, eldest son of Lucien B. , B. at Paris, 1803. He acquired great distinction as a naturalist; and in ornithology especially was considered one of the first authorities of his day. His chief works are, a continuation of Wilson's Ornithology of America , in 4 vols. folio; and Iconografia dell a Fauna Italic a , a splendidly illustrated work in 3 vols. folio. He was always the zealous friend and patron of science, and for many years the chief promoter of the annual congre es of the scientific men of Italy. D. 1857. B. , LOUIS LUCIEN, (PRINCE,) brother of the above, B. in England, 1813. In 1848, he was returned to the French Constituent A embly by the inhabitants of Corsica, In 1849, he was returned to the same body by the dep. Seine. On the re-establishment of the empire, in Dec. 1852, he was appointed senator. Prince Lucien was for many years engaged in superintending the translation of portions of the English version of the Scriptures into the various dialects spoken in England, Wales, and Scotland, and had the Parable of the Sower translated into 72 of the languages and dialects of Europe. Of these works the prince had printed only a very limited number of copies. He is said to have been greatly interested in chemical researches, wrote on chemical science, and was the author of several minor works in the Basque language. He had the reputation of being one of the most accomplished linguists of the day. D. Nov. 3, 1891. B. , NAPOLEON JOSEPH CHARLES PAUL, (JÉRÔME.) - See NAPOLEON, (PRINCE.) B. , MATHILDE, (PRINCESS.) - See MATHILDE, (PRINCESS.) See Bonaparte et Son Temps , also Lucien B. et Ses Mé moires, by Jung, Paris, 1882. Bon'aparte, in Ill ., a v. of Du Page co., 25 m. W. by 8. of Chicago. In low a , a post-village of Van Buren co. Bona part ean, a. Treating of, or belonging to, Bonaparte, or his dynasty; as, Bona part ean relics. Bo'napartism, n. The policy inaugurated by Napoleon Bonaparte, and continued by his imperial succe or. Bo'nap artist, n. A person attached to the family, fortunes, or policy of the Bonaparte dynasty. Bo'na Peritu'ra, n. pl. [Lat.] ( Law .) Perishable goods. An executor, administrator, or trustee is bound to use due diligence in disposing of perishable goods, such as fattened cattle, grain, fruit, or any other article which may be the worse for keeping. Bon A'qua, in Tenne ee , a post-office of Hickman co. Bona Ro'ba, n. [It. and Sp., "a fine robe."] A finely dre ed woman of pleasure; a showy woman of loose morals; a courtesan.