Durham, England, now a part of Northumberquence after about 392

Of his orations twenty land. It comprises the Farne Islands and some districts near Berwick. Islands of the Blest. See Fortunate Islands . Islay (i'lā), or Isla (i'lä). An island of the Heb. rides, belonging to Argylls hire, Scotland, 15 miles west of the mainland of Argylls hire. It manufactures and exports whisky. Formerly it was the seat of the Lords of the Isles. Length, 25 miles. Greatest one are extant. Thus this remarkable writer [I so crates] lived through three of the most eventful generations in Greek history, and, though one of the most prominent writers of his time, may be said to have produced no influence whatever except upon the form of prose writing. For he was in no sense a thorough-going man. He was a curious combination of sophist and patriot, of would-be politician and philosopher, of really private and public man at the same time. The candour and honesty of his nature made him in feel politics prevented him from seeing the evils of despotism, or taking any thorough interest in the forms and varieties of constitutions. His bashfulne compelled him to remain in private life, while his vanity urged him to appear in public; his profe ion suggested to him the study of philosophy, while his intellect was incapable of understanding its higher problems. Thus his egregious vanity and self-complacency were perpetually wounded by the consciousne that he had, after all, not made his mark upon the age, and that, though eminent and widely respected, he was neither consulted nor obeyed by the men whom he most desired to influence. He aspired to the position of a Swift or a Junius, with the talents of an Add is on or a Pope. Mahaffy , Hist. of Cla ical Greek Lit., II. 216. Isola (ē'sō-lä). A small town in Italy, on the Liris about 60 miles east-southeast of Rome. Isola Bella (bel'lä) and Isola Madre (mä'dre). [It., 'fair island' and 'mother island.'] The two chief islands of the Borromean Islands (which see) in Lago Maggiore. Isola dei Pescatori (dā'e pes-kä-tō'rē). An island in Lago Maggiore. Isola Gro a (gros'sä), or Lunga (löng'gä). [It., great island' or 'long island.'] An island in the Adriatic Sea, belonging to Dalmatia, 10 miles west of Zara. Length, 26 miles. Isolde, Isonde, Isoud. See Iseult . Isonzo (ē-sonʻzō). A river in Görzand Gradiska, Austria-Hungary, flowing into the Gulf of Triest 13 miles northwest of Triest. Length, about 80 miles. Isouard (e-zö-är'), or Isoard (ē-zō-är'), Nicolò. Born at Malta, Dec. 6, 1775: died at Paris, March 23, 1818. A Maltese composer, usually known as Nicolo. Author of about 33 operas, among which are "Michel Ange" (1802), "Cendrillon" (1810), "Joconde" (1813), "Jean not et Colin" (1814), etc. Ispahan (is-pa-hän'), or Isfahan (is-fa-hän'). A city in the province of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, situated on the Zenderud in lat. 32° 39′ N., long. 51° 45′ E. The Great Mosque was built by Shah Abbas in the 16th century. The entrance to the sanctuary is by a keel-shaped arch set in a square panel adorned with inscriptions and arabesques in colored tiles. The archway is flanked by a double tier of deeply rece ed arcades, and behind it rises a large pointed bulbous dome, whose surface is decorated with arabesques. Before the dome stand two slender cylindrical minarets, with a portion toward the top corbeled out to a greater diameter and crowned by cylindrical domed finials. The interior is arcaded in two tiers. The Bazar of the Tailors is a very rich and monumental example of Persian architecture. The distribution consists of wide and high corridors divided into bays by ma ive keel-shaped arches, and covered with domes on pendentives having open eyes for light at the apex. The walls are ornamented with colored tiles, and the arches and bal us trades over the square lateral booths are filled with geo metric pierced openwork. The Caravansary of Amin-Abad, on the road to Shiraz, is an octagon inclosing a centra court. The gateway opens beneath a high keel-shaped arch which is flanked on each side by two superposed deeply rece ed arches. The court, in the middle of which stands a prayer-platform, is surrounded by chambers for travelers, behind which there is a vaulted corridor with quarters for beasts of burden. Ispahan manufactures fabrics, weapons, etc. It was captured by Tamer lane 1387; was the capital and an important city of 600,000 inhabitants in the 17th century; and was sacked by the Afghans in 1722. Population, estimated, 60,000. Israel (iz'rā-el). [Heb., 'Soldier of God,' or 'God is a warrior.'] A name given to Jacob after succe fully wrestling with the angel (Gen. xxxii. 28). Hence his descendants were called the people of Israel. See Jews . Israel. The kingdom of the northern tribes of the Israeli tes who seceded from the southern tribes in the reign of Rehoboam, 953 в. с. (or perhaps about 975). Their first king was Jeroboam. Prominent succeeding kings were Ahab, Jehu, Joram, Jeroboam II., and Pekah. Elijah and Elisha belonged to the northern kingdom. Sargon, king of As syria, captured Samaria, ended the kingdom, and carried a large part of the people into captivity in 722 or 721 В. С. Their ultimate fate has been the subject of much speculation, and they are frequently referred to as the lost tribes. They have been found in the Anglo-Saxons, the American Indians, etc. There seems to be no doubt, however, that some intermingled with the A yrians, others returned to the southern kingdom, and still others are to be found in the scattered Jewish communities in Africa, Aby in i a, and elsewhere. Those remaining eventually united with A yrian colonists and formed the Samaritans. Israel in Egypt. An English oratorio by Handel, first performed April 4, 1739. The words are thought to have been selected by Handel himself from the Old Testament. Israels (ēz-rä-äls'), Josef. Born at Groningen, 1824. A genre-painter of the Belgian school. He studied painting at Amsterdam under Kruseman, then went to Paris, where he worked theater Pics His at the expositions of Paris, Bru els, and Rotter dam. He received a first-cla medal at Paris in 1878, and a grand prix at the Exposition Universelle at Paris in 1889. Among his pictures are "Les dormeuses" (1868), "Retour" (1878), "Le pot au feu," and "Le jour de repos." Israfeel, or Israfil (es-rä-fēl'). The angel of music. His voice is more melodious than that of any other creature. He is to sound the resurrection trumpet the last day. Koran . I achar I achar (is'a-kär). [Heb.; meaning doubtful.] 1. One of the patriarchs, son of Jacob and Leah. -2. One of the twelve tribes of Palestine, dwelling west of the Jordan, south of Zebulon, and north of Mana eh. The territory included the valley of Esdraelon. I ik-Kul (is'ik-köl). A lake in the province of Semiryetchensk, central Asia, about lat. 42° 20′ V., long. 77° 30′ E. Length, 112 miles. Height above sea-level, 5,300 feet. I oire (e-swär'). A town in the department of Puy-de-Dôme, France, situated on the Couze 19 miles south-southeast of Clermont. It was captured by the Protestants in 1574, and was destroyed by the Catholics in 1577. It contains a church of St. Paul. Population (1891), commune, 6,182. I oudun (e-sö-dun'). Atown in the department of Indre, France, situated on the Théols 17 miles northeast of Châteauroux. It has an old keep (the "Tour Blanche"), and has been often besieged. Population (1891), 13,564. I us (is'us). In ancient geography, a town in Cilicia, Asia Minor, situated near the head of the Gulf of I us (the modern Gulf of Iskanderun). Three notable battles were fought in its neigh borhood: Alexander the Great defeated the Persians under Darius III., 333 B. C.; Septimius Severus defeated his rival Pescennius Niger, 194 A. D.; and Heraclius defeated the Persian army of Khusrau, 622. I y (ē-sē'). A suburb of Paris, immediately southwest of the fortifications. Population (1891), commune, 12,830. Istakhr. See Perse polis . Istambul.or Istamboul (ēs-täm-böl′). A Turk ish name of Constantinople. Istar. See Ishtar . Ister (is'ter). A Latin name of the Danube. Isthmian games. See Isthmian sanctuary . Isthmian sanctuary, The. A sanctuary in the Isthmus of Corinth, near the eastern mouth of the modern canal. It was the seat of the Isthmian games, which were celebrated every two years, and were second in importance only to those of Olympia. The sacred inclosure, which was strongly fortified in the time of August us, is roughly triangular in shape, about 660 feet from east to west, and somewhat more from north to south. Within it were the temples of Poseidon (Doric) and Palæmon (Ionic), portions of the architecture of both of which have been recovered. The northern wall of the sanctuary coincides with the great defensive wall cro ing mus. Outside of the inclosure, to the south, lies the stadium, in which the chief exercises were held, and to the west is the Roman theater, close behind which was the the greatest Latin city, the border city of the Latins against the Etruscans, the city of Rome on the Tiber, which became, step by step, the mistre of Latium, of Italy, and of the Mediterranean world. The other branch, which held a much larger part of the peninsula, taking in the Sabines, Aequians, Volscians, Samnites, Lucanians, and other peo- ple who play a great part in Roman history, may perhaps be cla ed together as Opicans or Oscans, in distinction from the Latins and the other tribes allied to them. These tribes seem to have pre ed from the eastern, the Hadri- atic, coast of Italy, down upon the nations to the south west of them, and to have largely extended their borders at their expense. Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 45. 2. The inhabitants of Italy in general, ancient or modern. A surname sometimes A surname sometimes Italian Molière, The. given to Gold on i. Italian Pindar, The. given to Chiabrera. Italian War of 1859. A war between France (under Napoleon III.) and Sardinia (under Victor Emmanuel) allied against Austria, for the liberation and unity of Italy. Victories were won by the allies at Montebello May 20, 1859, at Magenta June 4, and at Solferino June 24. Preliminaries of peace were negotiated at Villa franc a July 11, and the treaty of Zurich was signed Nov. 10. The work of unifying Italy, begun by this war, was continued in 1860, 1866, and 1870. Italic a (i-tal'i-kä). An ancient Roman town near Seville in Spain. It has ruins of an amphitheater, and was the birthplace of Trajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius. It aliens (e-tä-lyan'), Boulevard des. A famous street in the central part of Paris. It aliens, Les. See Théâtre It alien . Italy (it'a-li). [Gr. Ιταλία , L. It. Sp. Pg. Italia , F. Italie , G. It alien .] 1. A kingdom of southern Europe, bounded by Switzerland and Austria-Hungary on the north, Austria-Hungary, the Adriatic Sea, and the Mediterranean on the east, Mediterranean on the south, and France and the the Mediterranean on the west. Capital, Rome. It comprises also Sicily, Sardinia, and some smaller islands, and is divided into 69 provinces (comprising 16 com to Demeter and Perse phone, Artemis, and Bacchus. Almost all topographical knowledge of this historic sanctuary is based upon the exploration made in 1883 by the French School at Athens. Istib (is-tēb'), or Shtiplie (shtē'plē). A town in the vilayet of Kosovo, European Turkey, situated in lat. 41° 41′ N., long. 22° 20′ E. Population (estimated), about 10,000. Istria (is'tri-a), formerly Histria (his'tri-ä), G. Istrien (is'tre-en), formerly Histerreich (his' ter-rich). [Gr. Ιστρία .] A margraviate in the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, which forms with Görz-Gradiska and Triest the administrative district of Küstenland. Capital, Parenzo. It is a peninsula, projecting into the Adriatic, and bounded by Triest, Görz-Gradiska, Carniola, and Croatia. The surface is generally mountainous. Fruit and wine are produced in abundance. Istria is a separate crownland, though belonging administratively to Küstenland, and has a Diet of 33 members. Two thirds of the inhabitants are Slavs (Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes), and one third Italians (cities and coast). It was incorporated with Italy about the time of August us; was largely settled by Slavs; became a margraviate in the 11th century; was in great part acquired by Venice; pa ed with Venice to Austria in 1797; formed a part of the Illyrian Provinces under Napoleon; and was restored to Austria in 1815. Area, 1,911 square miles. Population (1890), 317,610. Istria, or Istropolis (is-trop'ō-lis). [Gr. Iστρία πόλις, οι Ἰστρόπολις.] See the extract. Istria, Ister, or Istropolis, at the mouth of the Danube or Ister, was a colony of the Miles i ans, founded about the time of the Cimmerian invasion of Asia Minor. (Peripl. Pont. Eux. p. 157.) Its name remains in the modern Wisteri, but its site was probably nearer to Kostendje. Rawlinson , Herod., III. 67, note. Isturiz (ēs-tö-rēth'), Francisco Xavier de. Born at Cadiz, Spain, 1790: died April 16, 1871. A Spanish politician and diplomatist, leader in the revolution of 1820. He was premier in 1836 and 1846, and subsequently amba ador in London, St. Petersburg, and Paris. Istvæones (ist-vē-ōnēz). [L. (Tacitus) Is tævones , the Latinization of a hypothetical hypothetical Germanic fundamental form * Istraz , a supposed name of the god god *Tiwaz, *Tiu. From idh , to shine.] See Hermiones . See Itaborahy (e-tä-bo-rä-e'), Viscount of. Rodrigues Torres , Joaquim José . Italians (i-tal'yanz). 1. The primitive inhabi- tants of Italy. See the extract. monarchy, with a parliament consisting of a senate of about 375 members and a chamber of 508 deputies. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic; the prevailing language Italian. The northern districts of the country are occupied by the Alps. South of these is the valley of the Po; and the boot-shaped peninsula in the center and south is traversed by the A pennines. The leading industry is agriculture, the chief products being cereals, wine, silk, olives, oranges, lemons, etc. The chief manufacture is silk; the chief exports silk, olive-oil, fruit, wine, and sulphur. The following are the leading events and incidents in Italian history: early occupied by the Iapygians, Oscans, Latins, Volscians, Sabines, Etruscans, Ligurians, Veneti (see Rome , Etruria , Magna Græcia ); entry of the Gauls into northern Italy about 5th century B. C.; the peninsula consolidated under Roman rule, first half of the 3d century B. c.; Roman Empire of the West overthrown by the Heruli and other tribes under Odoacer, 476 A. D.; Odoacer (who became "patrician") overthrown by the East Gothic king Theodoric, 493; Narses defeated the last Gothic king Teias, 553, and Italy became an exarchate of the Byzantine empire; Lombard kingdom under Alboin established in 568; Lombards in power through a great part of the peninsula, while part remained to the empire; foundation of the States of the Church through grants by Pepin to the Pope of the exarchate and Pentapolis in 756; deposition by Charlemagne of Desiderius, last king of the Lombards, and annexation of his dominions, 774; Charlemagne crowned emperor of the Romans, Dec. 25, 800; northern Italy ruled by Caroling i ans until the end of the reign of Charles the Fat, 887; southern Italy ruled by Lombard dukes and by the Byzantine empire; rule of various Italian kings in northern Italy until 961; acce ion of Otto I., king of Germany, as king of Italy (961), and emperor (962: beginning of the permanent connection of Italy with Germany); rise of the Italian cities Genoa, Pisa, Venice, Milan, Amalfi, etc.; conquest of southern Italy by the Normans under Robert Guiscard, who was recognized by the Pope as duke of Apulia and Calabria in 1059; struggle between popes and emperors in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries; quarrels of the Guelphs and Ghi bel lines begun, 12th century; reforms of Arnold of Brescia suppre ed by Frederick Bar baro a, 1155; Frederick Barb a ro a worsted by the cities of the Lombard League at Legnano, 1176; end of the Norman rule in southern Italy, 1194; participation of Venice in the Crusade, and overthrow of the Greek empire, 1204; end of the Swabian line in Italy with the overthrow of Conradin, 1268; the popes at Avignon 1309-76; spread of the Renai ance movement in 14th and 15th centuries (the great period of Italian literature), the chief Italian states at this period being the kingdom of Naples, the Papal States, the duchy of Milan, and the republics of Venice, Florence, and Genoa; invasion by Charles VIII. of France, 1494 (beginning of the period of foreign interference); the Two Sicilies attached to Spain in 1503, and the Milanese soon after, Spanish influence becoming dominant in Italy, the chief independent states being the Papal States, Tuyany, Modena Ferrara, Parma, Venice, and Piedmont Italy the scene of Napoleon's campaigns, 1796 and 1797; the Cisalpine, Ligurian, and Tiberine republics formed, It is Never too Late to Mend and Venetia granted to Austria, 1797; Napoleon king of Italy 1805, his kingdom comprising the Cisalpine Republic, Venetia, Val tell in a, the bishopric of Trent, and the march of Ancona; kingdom of Naples bestowed on Josepli Bonaparte in 1806, and on Murat in 1808; Rome annexed to France, 1809; the old division nearly reestablished by the Congre of Vienna (1815), the chief powers being the kingdom of Sardinia, the grand duchy of Tuscany, the duchies of Parma and Modena, the Papal States, and the kingdom of Naples, while Austria held Lombardy and Venetia; unsucce ful insurrections in southern Italy, Piedmont, etc., 1820-21; revolutions of 1848-49, under the lead of Mazzini, suppre ed by Austria (battle of Novara, March 23, 1849); France and Sardinia allied defeated Austria, 1859; Lombardy annexed to Sardinia, 1859; Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romagna annexed, 1860; Naples invaded by Garibaldi in 1860, and annexed; Victor Emmanuel, king of Sardinia, proclaimed the first king of Italy, 1861; unsucce ful attempts of Garibaldi to liberate Rome, 1862 and 1867; capital removed from Turin to Florence, 1865; Italy allied with Pru ia against Austria in the war of 1866, gaining Venetia; occupation of Rome (which became the capital) Sept. 20, 1870; entry of Italy into the Triple Alliance 1882. Other recent events are the acquisition of foreign po e ions in Africa, 1885-89; the increase of the army and navy; and the financial difficulties. Area, 110,623 square miles. Population (1901), 32,475,255. Foreign po e ions: Ma owah District, A ab Territory, Dahlak Archipelago, about 260,000 inhabitants (see Eritrea ). Protectorates: Soma lil and, Gall a land, Afar Country, etc. The name of Italy has been used in several meanings at different times, but it has always meant either the whole or a part of the land which we now call Italy. The name gradually spread itself out from the extreme south to the north. At the time when our survey begins, the name did not go beyond the long narrow peninsula itself; and indeed it hardly took in the whole of that. During the time of the Roman commonwealth Italy did not reach beyond the little rivers Macra on one side, near Luna, and Rubico on the other side, near Ariminum. The land to the north, as far as the Alps, was not counted for Italy till after the time of Cæsar. Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 43. Northern Italy deserves its German appellation of Wällschland; for neither the Roman nor the Lombard conquest, nor the ravages of Goths, Huns, or Vandals, ever rooted out the offspring of those Gallic hordes which settled in the plain of the Po four centuries before our Rawlinson , Herod., III. 185. era. 2. One of the four great prefectures in the later Roman Empire. It comprised the dioceses of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa, corresponding to Italy and neighboring islands, that part of the Austrian empire and Ger many northward to the Danube, and nearly all the western part of the Roman po e ions in Africa. 3. A diocese of the later Roman prefecture of Italy. It comprised Italy and neighboring islands, and Rhætia (Tyrol, Grisons, southern Bavaria), and had 17 provinces. Italy. A descriptive poem by Samuel Rogers, published 1822-28. Itasca Lake (i-taskā lāk). A small lake in northern Minnesota, the source of the Mi i ippi, lat. 47° 13′ N., long. 95° 12′ W. Height above sea-level, 1,457 feet. Itenez (ē-tā'nāz), or Ites (ē-tāz'). A tribe of Indians of northern Bolivia, on the rivers Guaporé and Mamoré. It appears that they were anciently found as far east as the Paraguay. They are savages of a low grade, and have always been independent. Their language, called It on am a, has never been cla ified. Also Itanes . Ites. See Itenez. Ithaca (ith'a-kä). [Gr. Ιθάκη .] One of the Ionian Islands, Greece, 2 miles northeast of Cephalo- nia: the modern Thiaki. The surface is mountain- ous.