FRUIT

—When the female organs of a flower are fertilized the most important result of the proce is the production of a seed; but usually the ovule from which the seed develops is not the only part of the flower to be affected: the seed ve el or ovary is frequently stimulated to fresh growth and modification, and even ha conta beset 91 gh apa on which are inser the organs of the flower, may be caused to take on a new appearance or structure. The total result of all three proce es is a fruit. This conception of the f.. causes us to include under the term objects like the| tomato and marrow, more generally | regarded as vegetables, or like the grain | of corn, usually termed a seed, F’s are cla ified in the first _Place liberate the contained seeds or not. Those which open are variously termed capsule, (e.g.) of the, foxglove; legume, (e.g.) of the pea; silique, (e.g.) of the mustard—the two latter being included in the term pod; the distinctions rest on the number of seed ve els in the fruit ‘and the manner in which the latter opens. F’s which do not open may be either dry or juicy. The dry f’s are recognized. Bu certain dry ’s, al oug they do not open to liberate their seed, break up into distinct parts; such are the f’s of the carrot family and of the mallow. The juicy f’s are of very various structure. In the berry the whole of the wall of the seed ve el is fleshy, (e.g.) gooseberry, orange, tomato. In the drupe the inner layer of the f. wall is stone-like, (e.g.) plum, cherry.|and In the apple and pear the fleshy part is 28, really the receptacle enclosing the root of the f.; while in the strawberry the fleshy part is again the swollen recep-| tacle, this time bearing numerous small fruitlets on its surface, The fig is an| example of an aggregate f., developing not from a single flower but from an inflorescence. It must be mentioned that in some cases a f. is formed subsequent to fertilization but without seeds— sultana raisins, bananas; while in the fig and seedle apples no fertilization takes place. Of great interest are the adaptations shown by the f. for securing dispersal of the seeds. F’s which open frequently do so with considerable violence and scatter the seed. Examples are the whin and broom, the pods of which may be heard exploding on a warm summer day. Frequently the f. is provided with wings, by means of which it is Kept floating in the air and may drift to a considerable distance—the ash, elm, and maple are good examples; while in the dandelion family the f. is provided with a tuft of hair which serves the sam me purpose. The burrs have hooked hairs which hang on to pa ing animals, Finally, we have those f’s cla ed as fleshy which form the food of birds and other animals; the seed pa es unscathed through the animal, and is deposited at a spot distant from the parent. i. found from India to New "Zealand: damage fruit-crops oH bp., 326. ber a. Pavia, 1525, was largely his FRY, SIR EDWARD, G.C.B. (1827) Eng. judge; s. of Joseph F.; judge of High Court, Chancery Division, 1877-83; Lord Justice of Appeal, 1883-92; Amba ador Extraordinary to Hague Peace Conference, 1907; has pub. Treatise on Cope eat British Mo es, Studies by the Way. throughout Europe, and secured great improvements in Brit, hospital system a and } treatment of insane., master of the Great Eastern packet Bru els, which plied between Tilbury the Hook of Holland, On March 1916, she was ordered to stop by the Ger. submarine U 33. Fryatt, however, refused to do so, and skilfully evaded his antagonist. The Germans falsely declared that he tried to ram the U-boat. There was intense anger against him in Germany, and on the night of June 22, 1916, a flotilla of enemy destroyers captured the ve el and took her into Zeebrugge. Fryatt was imprisoned in Bruges, tried by court-martial and shot, July 27, 1916. Half an hour later a telegram was received, postponing the execution. The murder was denounced by the Brit. prime minister as ‘an atrocious crime against the law of nations and the usages of war.’ After the Armistice, Fryatt’s body was exhumed and brought to London, where a striking memorial service was held in St. Paul’s, July 8, 1919. Subsequently the body was interred at Dover court.