P Genovefa

See Geneviève. IMG:content-0530.png:[ocr errors] Genovesi (jā - nō - vā ́ sē), Antonio. Born at Castiglione, near Salerno, Italy, Nov. 1, 1712: died at Naples, Sept. 22, 1769. An Italian philosopher and political economist, profe or of metaphysic and later of political economy at Naples. His works include de arte logic a (1742), zioni di commer cio" (1768), etc. Gens de Pitié. See Shoshoko . (1743-45), "Le Genseric (jen'sėr-ik), or Gaiseric (gi'zér-ik). Died in 477 A. D. A king of the Vandals. He was the natural son of Godigisdus or Modigisdus, king of the Vandals in Spain, whom he succeeded in conjunction with a brother Gontharis or Gonderic. Invited, it is said, by Bonifacius, the Roman governor, he invaded Africa in May, 429, and in Oct., 439, captured Carthage, which he made the capital of a Vandal kingdom in Africa. In June, 455, in answer to the supplications of the empre Eudocia for a istance against the usurper Maximus, he invaded Italy, sacked Rome for fourteen days, and carried off numerous captives, including the empre and her daughters. He profe ed the Arian creed, and persecuted his subjects of the orthodox faith with great cruelty. - Gensonné (zhon-so-nā'), Armand. Born at Bordeaux, France, Aug. 10, 1758: guillotined at Paris, Oct. 31, 1793. A French revolution- ist, Giron dist deputy to the Legislative A em- bly 1791-92, and to the Convention 1792-93. Genthin (gen-tēn'). A town in the Saxon Prov- ince, Pru ia, situated 28 miles northeast of Magdeburg. Population (1890), 4,799. Gentile da Fabriano. See Fabriano . ►Gentile e (jen-ti-les'). A poem by Chaucer. It not only occurs independently, but is quoted in Scogan's poem addre ed "unto the Lordes and Gentil men of the Kinges house"; hence this poem of Scogan's was included in Chaucer's collected works. Gentili (jen-tēʻlē), Alberico. Born at Sanginesio, Ancona, Jan. 14, 1552: died at London, June 19, 1608. An Italian jurist, one of the earliest authorities on international law. He resided in England from 1580, and taught law at Oxford. From about 1590 he lived in London. Still more important were the services of Gentili to the law of nations, which he was the first to place upon a foundation independent of theological differences, and to develop systematically with a wealth of illustration, historical, legal, biblical, cla ical, and patristic, of which subsequent writers have availed themselves to a much greater extent than might be inferred from their somewhat scanty acknowledgments of indebtedne . His prin tional Gallery), "Christ among the Pharisees and Publicans (Chemnitz), "Halt of Caravan (Stettin). Genzano (jen-zäʼnō). A small town in Italy, 17 miles southeast of Rome. Geoffrey (jef'ri) (Starkey), surnamed "The Grammarian." [ML. Galfridus Grammatic us . ] Flourished about the middle of the 15th century. A Norfolk preaching friar, compiler of George III. Nicomedia in 303. The details of his life and death are unknown; and even his existence has been doubted. He was honored in the Oriental churches, and in the 14th century, under Edward III., was adopted as the patron saint of England, where he had been popular from the time of the early Crusades: for he was said to have come to the aid of the Crusaders against the Saracens under the walls of Antioch, 1089, and was then chosen by many Normans under Robert, son of William the Conqueror, as their patron. Many legends were connected with his the "Promptorium Parvulorum" (which see). the dering the middle ages, the most notable of which Other works also are attributed to him. Geoffrey. Died in 1212. Archbishop of York, natural son of Henry II. and a woman named Ykenai or Hikenai. He was appointed bishop of Lincoln in 1173, a post which he exchanged in 1182 for that of chancellor of England. He aided his father against his rebellious half-brothers 1173-74, fought with distinction in the war against France 1187-89, and was the only one of Henry's children present at his death-bed (1189). He was nominated archbishop of York by Richard I. in 1189, and in 1207 was banished by John for opposing the latter's oppre ive taxation. Geoffrey, Count of Britt any. Born Sept. 23, 1158: died Aug. 19, 1186. The fourth son of Henry II. of England and Eleanor. He joined his brothers in their revolt against their father. He married Con stance of Britt any, by whom he was the father of Prince Arthur. Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. See Crayon . Geoffrey of Anjou, surnamed Plantage net. Born Aug. 24, 1113: died Sept. 7, 1151. Count of Anjou, son of Fule V. He married, in 1129, Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of England, and widow of the emperor Henry V. He waged war succe fully against Stephen of Blois for the po e ion of Normandy, which he claimed through his wife, and accompanied Louis VII. to the Holy Land in 1147. He derived his surname from the plant named genêt, a species of broom, which he wore as a plume on his helmet. Geoffrey of Mon mouth. [Lat. Galfridus ( Gau fridus ) Mon emu tens is .] Born, probably at Mon mouth, about 1100: died at Llandaff in 1152 or 1154. An English chronicler. He may have been a monk at the Benedictine monastery at Mon mouth. He was in Oxford in 1129, where he met Archdeacon Walter (not Walter Map), from whom he profe ed to have obtained the foundation of his "Hist or i a Regum Britanniæ." In 1152 he was consecrated bishop of St. Asaph, having been ordained priest in the same year. It does not appear that he visited his see. The "Hist or i a Regum Britanniæ" was i ued in some form in Latin from the British or Cymric MS. by 1139; the final edition, as we now po e it, was finished in 1147. The first critical printed edition is "Galfredi Mon emu tens is Hist or i a Britonum. nunc primum in Anglia novem codd. MSS. coll at is, ed. J. A. Giles" (1844). The publication of this book marks an "De Legation i bus," the "De Jure Belli," and the "Advocatio Hispanic a." The first of these was the best work upon emba y which had appeared up to the date of its publication. Dict. Nat . Biog. Gentilly (zhon-te-ye'). A town in the department of Seine, France, situated directly south of the fortifications of Paris. Population (1891), commune, 15,017. Gentle Geordie. See Staunton , Sir George . Gentleman (jen'tl-man), Francis. Born at Dublin, Oct. 13, 1728: died there, Dec., 1784. An Irish actor and dramatist. Among his plays are "The Modish Wife" (1773), "The Tobacconist" (1771), founded on Jonson's "Alchemist," etc. In 1770 he pub lished a series of criticisms called "The Dramatic Censor," and he afterward edited Bell's acting edition of Shakspere. Gentleman Dancing-Master, The. A comedy by Wycherley (1672). Gentleman Usher, The. A comedy by Chapman, printed in 1606. Gentle Shepherd, The. A pastoral drama by Allan Ramsay, published in 1725. Gentle Shepherd, The. A nickname given to George Grenville by William Pitt. See Gren ville , George. Gentoo (jen-tö'). A Hindu: a term not now in use. Gentry (jen'tri), Sir Threadbare and Lady. Two characters in Cibber's comedy "The Rival Fools," which was an alteration of Beaumont and Fletcher's "Wit at Several Weapons." In the latter play they appear as Sir Ruinous and Lady Gentry. Gentz (gents), Fried rich von. Born at Breslau, Pru ia, May 2 (Sept. 8?), 1764: died near Vienna, June 9, 1832. A German publicist and diplomatist, in the Pru ian and later in the Austrian service. He was chief secretary at the congre es of Vienna (1814-15), Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), Carlsbad and Vienna (1819), Troppau (1820), Laibach (1821), and Verona (1822). His chief work is "Fragmente aus der neuesten Geschichte des pol it is chen Gleichgewichts" (1804). Gentz, Wilhelm. Born at Neuruppin, Dec. 9, 1822: died at Berlin, Aug. 23, 1890. A German painter, a pupil in Paris of Gleyre and Couture. He traveled extensively in Spain, Morocco, Egypt, Asia Minor, and elsewhere in the East. Among his works are "Funeral near Cairo" (Dresden Gallery), "Entry of years the Arthur i an and Round Table romances based upon it were naturalized in Germany and Italy, as well as in France and England. It is thought that Geoffrey compiled it from the Latin Nennius and a book of Breton legends now perished. It was abridged by Alfred of Beverley; and Geoffrey Gaimar and Wace translated it into Anglo-Norman about the middle of the 12th century. Layamon and Robert of Gloucester translated Wace into semi-Saxon or transition English, and later chroniclers used it as sober history. Shakspere knew the legends through Holinshed, Geoffrey also wrote a Latin translation of the prophecies of Merlin. A life of Merlin has also been ascribed to him, perhaps incorrectly. Dict. Nat. Biog . Geoffrin (zhō-frań′), Madame (Marie Thérèse Rodet). Born at Paris, June 2, 1699: died at Paris, Oct. 6, 1777. A noted leader of Paris i an literary society. She was not a highly educated woman, but po e ed an extraordinary power of reading character, and was equally a favorite with royalty and with the fashionable, literary, and artistic circles of France and Germany. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (zhō-frwä' san-të-lär'), Étienne. Born at Etampes, April 15, 1772:died at Paris, June 19, 1844. A noted French zoölogist and comparative anatomist. He became profe or of zoology at the Jardin des Plantes, at Paris, in 1793; joined the Egyptian expedition in 1798; was one of the founders of the Institute of Cairo, and made important scientific investigations and collections; and in 1809 was appointed profe or of zoology in the Faculty of Sciences His zoological views led to a famous dispute with Cuvier. His published works are numerous. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore. Born at Paris, Dec. 16, 1805: died at Paris, Nov. 10, 1861. A French zoölogist, son of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. He became profe or at the Museum of Natural History at Paris in 1841, and in the Faculty of Sciences in 1850. Geoffry (jef'ri), Bishop of Coutances. Died at Coutances, Feb. 3, 1093. A Norman prelate, one of the chief supporters of William the Conqueror. Geok-Tepe, or Gök-Tepe. A former stronghold of the Tekke Turkomans, situated in Asiatic Ru ia about lat. 38° N., long. 57° 30′ E. It was captured by the Ru ians under Skobeleff in Jan., 1881. George (jorj), Saint. [Gr. Γεώργιος, L. Georgius; from Gr. γεωργός , a farmer; F. Georges , George , It. Giorgio , Sp. Pg. Jorge , G. Georg .] A Christian martyr, a native of Cappadocia and military tribune under Diocletian, put to death at the delivery from it of the king's daughter Sabra (the Church). He was the “Christian hero" of the middle ages. George, Saint, and the Dragon. A painting by Raphael (1506), in the Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg. The saint, clad in armor and riding a white horse, charges the monster and transfixes him with his spear as he turns to flee. St. George wears the insignia of the Garter. George I. Born at Hanover, March 28, 1660: died at Osnabrück, June 11, 1727. King of Great Britain and Ireland 1714-27, son of Ernest August us, elector of Hanover, and Sophia, granddaughter of James I. through Elizabeth Stuart, queen of Bohemia. He married his cousin Sophia Dorothea, daughter of the Duke of Zelle, in 1682, and succeeded his father as elector of Hanover in 1698. His mother died May 28, 1714. On the death of Queen Anne, Aug. 1, 1714, he succeeded to the English throne by virtue of the Act of Settlement, pa ed by Parliament in 1701, which, in default of i ue from Anne and William, entailed the crown on the electre Sophia and her heirs, being Protestant. He was crowned at Westminster Oct. 20, 1714. He nominated at his acce ion a Whig ministry, with Town shend as prime minister, to the exclusion of the Tory party, which he regarded with suspicion as the stronghold of the Jacobites and of the Roman Catholics. In Jan., 1715, he di olved the Tory Parliament left by Queen Anne, and by a liberal use of the crown patronage secured a large Whig majority in the new Parliament, which convened in March following. In Sept., 1715, a Jacobite rising took place in Scotland under the Earl of Mar, who was subsequently joined by the Pretender. The rebellion was speedily put down by the Duke of Argyll, but the excitement which it produced was taken advantage of to pa the Septennial Act, providing for septennial instead of triennial parliaments, thus enabling the new dynasty to become firmly settled on the throne before a new election of Parliament. In 1717 he further strengthened his position by concluding the Triple Alliance with France and Holland, which guaranteed the Han over i an succe ion, and which was joined by the emperor in the following year. In 1717 Stanhope was appointed prime minister: he was succeeded in 1721 by Walpole, who held office during the remainder of the reign. George II. Born at Hanover, Nov. 10, 1683: died at London, Oct. 25, 1760. King of Great Britain and Ireland 1727-60, son of George I. and Sophia Dorothea. He married Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline of Ansbach Sept. 2, 1705; was declared Prince of Wales Sept. 27, 1714; and succeeded to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland and to the electorate of Hanover on the death of his father, June 11, 1727. He continued his father's domestic policy of favoring the Whigs, and retained Walpole as prime minister until 1742. His foreign policy was chiefly dictated by his anxiety for the safety of Hanover amid the contending powers on the Continent. He maintained an alliance with Maria The res a of Austria in the first and second Silesian wars (1740-42 and 1744-45), and commanded the Pragmatic army in person at the victory of Dettingen over the French, June 27, 1743. In 1745 a Jacobite rising took place in Scotland under the Young Pretender, who was totally defeated by the Duke of Cumber land, second son of George II., at the battle of Culloden, April 27, 1746. In June, 1754, hostilities broke out between England and France in America. The probability of a French attack on Hanover induced George II. to conclude a treaty for the mutual guarantee of the integrity of Germany with Frederick II. of Pru ia at Westminster Jan. 17, 1756. In the same year Frederick commenced the third Silesian or Seven Years' War, in which England sided with Pru ia. The Duke of Cumber land was defeated by the French at Hasten beck, July 26, 1757, and driven out of Hanover. The acce ion to power of the coalition ministry under Pitt and Newcastle, June 29, 1757, gave, however, a new aspect to the war. The Duke of Cumber land was replaced by Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick, who regained Hanover in 17583; and the last years of the king's reign saw the British armies victorious in India and in Canada, and the British fleet in control of the seas. George III. Born at London, June 4, 1738: died at Windsor, Jan. 29, 1820. King of Great Britain and Ireland 1760-1820, son of Frederick Louis, prince of Wales, and August a, daughter of Duke Frederick II. of Saxe-Gotha. He succeeded to the throne of Great Britain and Ireland and to the electorate of Hanover on the death of his grandfather, George II., Oct. 25, 1760, and married Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Sept. 8, 1761. His domestic policy was characterized by a prolonged and partly succe ful effort to break the power of the Whig party, which had maintained control of the government under his two predece ors, and to restore the royal prerogative to the position which it had occupied under the Stuarts. He was involved in the war of the American Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. His most notable prime ministers were Lord North (1770-82) and the younger Pitt (1783-1801 and 1804-06), both of whom consented to shape their policy in the main in accordance with the demands of the king. At his acce ion he found the Seven Years' War in progre , of which the French and Indian war in America formed a part. He concluded the peace of Paris with France, Spain, and Portugal, Feb. 10, 1763, by which England acquired Canada from France and Florida from Spain. George, Cape. See St. George, Cape . George, Henry. Born at Philadelphia, Sept. 2, 1839: died at New York, Oct. 29, 1897. An Ameri- can writer on political economy and sociology. He went to sea at an early age, and in 1858 settled in Cal- ifornia, where he became a journalist. In 1879 he pub- lished his chief work, "Progre and Poverty." He removed in 1880 to New York, where he was an unsucce ful candi- date of the United Labor Party for the mayoralty in 1886, and where he shortly afterward founded a weekly paper he published “The Land Question" (1883), "Social Prob- called the "Standard." Besides "Progre and Poverty" lems" (1884), “Protection or Free Trade" (1886), and George, Lake. [Named from George II. in 1755 by William Johnson.] A lake in the eastern part of New York. Its waters are carried by Ticon- deroga creek into Lake Cham plain. It is inclosed by mountains, and is noted for its picturesque scenery. It In operations in the French and Indian and Revolutionary wars. A series of ments was fought here Sept. 8, 1755 in the morning the French force under Dieskau defeated the English under Williams, etc.; and in the afternoon the English under Lyman (nominally under Johnson) defeated Dieskau at the head of the lake. The Indians called it Horicon, the French St. Sacrement. Length, 36 miles. Width, 1 to 4 miles. A "pleasant George-a-Greene, the Pinner of Wake field. "pleasant conceyted comedie " by Robert Greene, licensed 1595, 1595, printed 1599. It is thought to be founded on an early prose romance, "The History of George-a-Green," preserved in Thom's "Early Prose Romances." It also owes something to the ballad The Jolly Pinder of Wake field with Robin Hood Scarlet and John." George a Green, a "Huisher of the Bower," is in- troduced by Jonson in "The Sad Shepherd." George V. Born at Berlin, May 27, 1819: died at Paris, June 12, 1878. King of Hanover, son A tragedy by George Lillo, produced in 1731. of Ernest August us whom he succeeded in 1851. He sided with Austria in 1866, with the result that his Ritson and Percy. dominions were annexed by Pru ia in the same year. George I. (Christian Wilhelm Ferdinand Adolphus). Born at Copenhagen, Dec. 24, 1845. King of the Hellenes, the second son of George Barn well, or The London Merchant. It is founded on an old ballad preserved by George Bay (Nova Scotia). See St. George Bay . George Dandin (zhorzh don-dan'), ou le mar i confondu. A comedy by Molière, first played July 19, 1660. George Dandin is a man of humble origin whose money procures him the doubtful honor of a mar- riage with Angélique, a woman of noble birth. She and her lover turn the tables upon him whenever he seeks to convict them of their guilt, and even force him to apolo- gize. He addre es to himself the well-known reproach "Vous l'avez voulu, vous l'avez voulu, George Dandin, vous l'avez voulu" ('You would have it so'). His name is a syno- nym for a weak husband. George Eliot. See Cro , Mrs. Christian IX. of Denmark. He was elected king of the Hellenes by the Greek National A embly, March 30, 1863, at the instance of the great powers, which, in order to se- cure his acceptance of the proffered diguity, were induced to restore the Ionian Islands to Greece. The principal events of his reign have been the incorporation in 1881, through the intervention of the great powers, of the greater part of The aly and a small part of Epirus with Greece, and the war with Turkey 1897. He married the grand duche Olga, daughter of the grand duke Const an tine, Oct. 27,1867. George Podiebrad. See Podiebrad . George, surnamed "The Bearded." Born Aug. Georges (zhorzh), Mademoiselle (Marguerite 27, 1471: died April 17, 1539. Duke of Saxony, Georges Wemmer). Born at Bayeux, France, son of Albert the Brave whom he succeeded in about 1786: died at Paris, Jan., 1867. A French 1500. He was educated for the priesthood, and is chiefly actre , especially famous in tragedy. George, Prince of Denmark. Born April 23 (21?), 1653: died Oct. 28, 1708. The husband of Queen Anne of England, whom he married July 28, 1683. He was the second son of Frederick III. of Denmark and Sophia Amalia, daughter of the Duke of Brunswick-Lüne- George of Cappadocia. Born probably at Epiphania in Cilicia about 300 A. D.: suffered martyrdom at Alexandria in 361. An Arian bishop of Alexandria 356-361. George town (jôrj'toun). [Named from George II. of England.] 1. A port of entry, forming part of the city of Washington, District of Co- lumbia, situated on the Potomac 24 miles west- northwest of the Capitol. It is the seat of George town College (Roman Catholic), chartered as in 1815. George town was founded in 1751, and incorporated as a city in 1789. Its charter was repealed in 1871, and it was incorporated with Washington in 1878. Now called West Washington. Population (1900), 14,549. 2. The capital of Scott County, Kentucky, 18 miles east of Frankfort: the seat of George town Geraint (ge-rant'). One of the knights of the Round Table. He appears in the Mabinogion, in the romance "Geraint the Son of Erbin," which is a Welsh version of Chrestien de Troyes's "Erec et Enide." Tenny- son has used the story in "Geraint and Enid," one of the "Idylls of the King." County, South Carolina, situated on Winyaw Bay 54 miles northeast of Charleston. Popuraldus, Giraldus ; F. Gérard, Géraud, Giraud, lati on (1900), 4,138.-4. Formerly the Dutch Stabroek. A seaport and the capital of Brit- ish Guiana, situated on the Demerara near its mouth. Population (1891), 53,176. George Wilkes (jôrj wilks). A trotting stallion by Hamble ton i an (10), dam Dolly Spanker. Next to Electioneer he was the most succe ful sire among Hamble ton i an's sons. Georgia (jor'jiä). [Ru . Grusia, Pers. and Turk. Gurjistan .] A designation (non-official) of a region in Transcaucasian Ru ia, nearly corresponding to the modern governments Ye- lisabetpol, Kutais, and Tiflis. It is almost identical with the ancient Iberia. Georgia was conquered by Alex- ander the Great, but soon after his death became an in- dependent kingdom. It was at its height about 1200, and had a flourishing literature. It was subdivided in the be- ginning of the 15th century, and was annexed by Ru ia in 1801. The Georgians are a very handsome race, of the purest Caucasian type. ne ee and North Carolina on the north, South Carolina (from which it is separated by the Savannah River) and the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Florida on the south, and Ala- bam a (from which it is separated in part by the Chattahoo- chee River) on the west. The surface is level in the south, undulating in the center, and mountainous in the north. It is one of the chief cotton-producing States. Other leading products are lumber, rice, etc. The chief minerals are gold, iron, and coal. The recent development of its manufactures, The Century Cyclopedia of Names IMG:content-0532.png:[ocr errors] Gerardine. In Middle ton's "Family of Love," the pa ionate lover of Maria. Gérardmer (zhā-rär-mar'). A town in the department of Vosges, France, 22 miles east- southeast of Epinal. It has some manufactures, and is noted for its picturesque surroundings. Population (1891), commune, 7,197. Gerasa (jer'a-sä), modern Jerash (je-räsh'). In ancient geography, a city of the Dec a polis, Palestine, 56 miles northeast of Jerusalem. It contains many antiquities. The forum, which is oval and 300 feet long, is surrounded by a range of Ionic columns, many of which still stand with their entablature. From it extends a great colonnaded street, intersecting the en- tire city, and cro ed at right angles by another. Over Gerber (gar'ber), Ernst Ludwig. Born at Sonders hausen, Germany, Sept. 29, 1746: died at Sonders hausen, June 30, 1819. A German writer on the history of music. He published "Historisch-biographisches Lexikon der Tonkünstler" (1790-92: completed 1812-14), etc. Gerberon (zherb-rôn'), Gabriel. Born at St.- Calais, Sarthe, France, Aug. 12, 1628: died at St.-Denis, near Paris, March 29, 1711. A French Jansenist controversialist. IMG:content-0533.png:[blocks in formation] German i a (jer-man'i-ä). In ancient geography, the region included between the North Sea, Baltic, Vistula, Danube, and Rhine (from near Mainz to near Emmerich): often extended to include certain territories west of the Rhine. In the first sense it was never a part of the Roman Empire. German i a. A celebrated work by Tacitus, re- German i a Inferior. A province of the Roman in the lower and middle basins of the Meuse. German i a Superior. A province of the Roman Alsace, etc. Germanic Confederation. See German Con- federation . Gerhard, Johann. Born at Quedlinburg, Prus- sia, Oct. 17, 1582: died at Jena, Germany, Aug. 20, 1637. A German Luther an theologian. He wrote "Confe io catholic a" (1634), "Loci theologic i" (1610-22), "Med it at i ones sacre," and commentaries. lating to the Germans. Gerhardt (F. pron. zhā-rär'; G. pron. gär härt), Charles Frédéric. Born at Strasburg, Aug., Empire, left of the lower course of the Rhine, 1816: died at Strasburg, Aug. 19,1856. A French chemist, profe or in the Faculty of Sciences at Montpellier 1844-48. He wrote "Traité de Empire, left of the middle Rhine, including chimie organ i que" (1853–56), etc. Gerhardt (ger härt), Dagobert von: pseudo- nym Gerhard von Amyntor. Born at Lieg- nitz, July 12, 1831. A German soldier and au- thor. He served as major in the campaigns of 1864 and 1870, and from 1872 lived in retirement at Potsdam. He has published poems and numerous novels and tales. Gerhardt (gar'härt), Paul (Paulus). Born at Gräfen hain i chen, near Wittenberg, Saxony, March 12 (?), 1607: died at Lübben, Pru ia, June 7, 1676. A German sacred poet. He stud- ied at Wittenberg, and lived subsequently at Berlin as a tutor until 1651, when he went as a clergyman to Witten- walde. In 1657 he was made deacon of the Nikolai church in Berlin, a position which he was compelled to renounce in 1666 because he refused to comply with the command of the elector to refrain from teaching from the pulpit the dogmas of Luther an ism as against Calvin ism. In 1668, neverthele , he was called as archdeacon to Lübben, a to Jacobi. post he occupied from the spring of 1669 until his death. His first church hymns were published in 1648. In 1667 appeared the first complete edition of 120 hymns. A historical and critical edition was published at Berlin, Théodore. Born at Rouen, France, Sept. 26, 1791: died at Paris, Jan. 18, 1824. A French painter. His most noted work, "The Raft of the Medusa" (1819), is in the Louvre. He re- sided for a time in London. Gerizim (ger'i-zim). In scriptural geography, a mountain of Samaria, Palestine, 2,848 feet high, situated opposite Mount Ebal 27 miles north of Jerusalem. See Ebal . Gerlach (gar'läch), Franz Dorotheus. Born at Wolfsbehringen, in Gotha, Germany, July 18, 1793: died at Basel, Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1876. A German philologist and historian, editor of Latin cla ics, etc. German Ocean. See North Sea . German Plato, The. A name sometimes given Gerlach, Otto von. Born at Berlin, April 12, 1801: died at Berlin, Oct. 24, 1849. A German majority in the reconstituted German Empire; they num- Protestant clergyman and theological writer. Gerlsdorfer Spitze (gerls'dorf-er spit'se). The highest summit of the Tatra group in the Car- pathian Mountains. Height, 8,737 feet. Germain (jer-man'), George Sackville, first Viscount Sackville (Lord George Sackville 1720-70, Lord George Germain 1770-82). Born Jan. 26, 1716: died Aug. 26, 1785. An English soldier, third son of the first Duke of Dorset, created Viscount Sackville in 1782. He served (as colonel) in Flanders 1743-45; was first secretary to the lord lieutenant and secretary of war for Ireland 1751-56; was appointed major-general in 1755, and lieutenant-gen- eral in 1757; joined in the descent on the French coast in 1758; served as second in command under Marl borough in Hannover in the same year; and succeeded to the chief command on Marl borough's death. He fell into disgrace on account of blunders committed at the battle of Minden (Aug. 1, 1759), and was dismi ed from the army. German Confederation, G. Deutscher Bund (doit's her bönt). The confederation of Ger- man states constituted by the Congre of Vi- enna in 1815, replacing the ancient empire, each state remaining independent in internal affairs. Austria (which entered the confederation for her German dominions, Upper and Lower Austria, Bohe- mia, Moravia, Silesia, Salzburg, Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, Görz, and Triest) had the lead. Other members were Pru ia, Bavaria, Würtemberg, Sax- ony, Hannover, Baden, He e-Ca el, Saxe-Weimar, Meck- lenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Brunswick, Na au, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Me in in gen, burg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sonders hausen, the Hohen- zollerns, Liechtenstein, Anhalt-De au, Anhalt-Köthen, Waldeck, Reu (elder line), Reu (younger line), Lippe, Schaumburg-Lippe, He e-Homburg, Lübeck, Frank fort, Bremen, and Hamburg. Several minor changes took place in the composition of the confederation. Diet met at Frankfort-on-the-Main. The King of the Netherlands entered the confederation for Luxemburg, and the King of Denmark for Holstein and Lauenburg. Posen were not included. The confederation was dis- solved as one result of the war of 1866, and was replaced by the North German Confederation. Gerdy (zher-dē'), Pierre Nicolas. Born at Loches-sur-Ource, Aube, France, 1797: died at Paris, 1856. A French surge surgeon and physiologist. Gergovia (jėr-gō'vi-ä). In ancient history, a Gallic town situated on the Plateau de Gergo- German East Africa. See East Africa . Hottentots who had never submitted to the German au- thorities, was defeated in 1893. German town (jėr'man-toun). A former borough of Pennsylvania, since 1854 a part of Phila- delphia, situated 6 miles north-northwest of the old state-house. Here, Oct. 4, 1777, the Americans un- der Washington were repulsed by the British, the lo of the Americans being about 1,000, that of the British over 600. German us (jėr-mā'nus), Saint, F. St. Germain l'Auxerrois. Born at Auxerre about 378: died at Ravenna, Italy, about 448. A French prelate, bishop of Auxerre. German us, Saint, of Paris. Born at Autun, France, about 496: died about 576. A French prelate, bishop of Paris. The Church of St. Germain-des-Prés (Paris) was named from him. Germany (jer'ma-ni). [ME. Germanie , OF. Ger- manie , Sp. Germánia , Pg. It. German i a , from L. IMG:content-0534.png:[blocks in formation] 1815" (1868), "Jerusalem,” “Cairo Peddler," "Promenade of the Harem" (1869), "Rex Tibicen," "Santon at the Door of a Mosque, "Women at the Bath," "Bashi-Ba- zouks Dancing," "Return from the Chase" (1878), “Slave Market in Rome," "Night in the Desert," "Danse du bå- ton" (1884), "Great Bath at Brusa" (1885), etc. C. C. Per . kins , Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings. Gerona (Ha-rō'nä). 1. A province in Catalo- nia, Spain, bounded by France on the north, the Mediterranean on the east, and Barcelona and Lerida on the south and west. Area, 2,272 square miles. Population (1887), 305,539.-2. The capital of the province of Gerona, situated on the Ter 55 miles northeast of Barcelona. It has a cathedral which dates from the 14th and 15th cen- turies. The roof is remarkable in that it covers in a single span, with a vault of 73 feet, the entire width of nave and aisles of the sanctuary. There is a 14th-century cloister, with beautiful capitals. The town is noted for its sieges, especially those of 1808 and 1809 by the French. Popula- tion (1887), 15,497. Geronimo (je-ron'i-mō). A North American In- dian, chief of the Chiricahua band of the Apache tribe. He commanded a party of hostiles who were pur- sued first by General George Crook and afterward by Gen- eral Nelson A. Miles in 1886. He was captured in the sum- mer of that year. Géronte (zhā-rônt'). In French comedy, a com- mon name for a credulous and ridiculous old man. Originally, as in Corneille's "Lementeur," he was old and not ridiculous, but the Gérontes in Molière's "Le médec in malgré lui" and "Les fourberies de Scapin" be- came a type. Regnard introduces a Géronte in "Le joueur," "Le retour imprévu," and "Le légataire uni- Gerontius (je-ron's hi-us). A British general in the army of the usurper Const an tine. He rebelled against his master in 409, and proclaimed one Maximus emperor. He drove Const an tine's son, Constans, out of Spain, and, when Constans was captured by the insurgents at Vienne, ordered him to be put to death. He was even- tually abandoned by his troops, and, being surrounded by a superior enemy, put himself to death. Gerrard (je-rärd'). 1. The real name of the King of the Beggars in Beaumont and Fletcher's "Beggar's Bush." He goes under the name of Clause.-2. The "gentleman dancing-master" in Wycherley's comedy of that name. He is a per- fumed coxcomb who, to conduct an intrigue with Hippo- lit a under the nose of her father and duenna, is induced to a ume the rôle of a dancing-master. Gerrha (jer'ä). In ancient geography, a city of Arabia Felix, situated on the Persian Gulf. It was important in the 7th and 6th centuries B. c., under the A yrians, Babylonians, and Persians. Gerry (ger'i), Elbridge. Born at Marble head, Ma ., July 17, 1744: died at Washington, D. C., Nov. 23, 1814. An American statesman. He was a member of the Continental Congre 1776-80 and 1783-85; a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787; member of Congre from Ma achusetts 1789-93; commi ioner to France 1797-98; governor of Ma achu- setts 1810-12; and Vice-President 1813-14. During his the State in an arbitrary manner (1811), to procure a ma- jority for the Democrats in the elections for State senators. It was erroneously thought that the redistricting was un- der taken at his instigation (whence arose the word "ger- rymander," in allusion to the fancied resemblance between a salamander and a map of the new districts of the State). Gers (zhar). A department of southern France, capital Auch: part of the ancient Gascony. It is bounded by Lot-et-Garonne on the north, Tarn-et- Garonne and Haute-Garonne on the east, Haute-Garonne, Hautes-Pyrénées, and Ba es-Pyrénées on the south, and Landes on the west. Area, 2,425 square miles. Popula- tion (1891), 261,084. Gersau (ger's ou). A village in the canton of near the Righi. It was a republic from 1390 to the wars of the French Revolution. Gerson (zher-sôn'), Jean Charlier de. Born at Gerson, Ardennes, Dec. 14, 1363: died at Lyons, was July chancellor 12, 1429. of the A noted University French of Paris, theologian. and was prom i- He nent in the councils of Pisa and Con stance, striving for the unity of the church and for ecclesiastical reforms. In 1419 he went to Lyons, where he died. The authorship of the "De i mit at i one Christ i" (which see) has been attrib- and considerable names of the later med iæval literature. Gerson was born in 1363, at a village of the same name in distinguished himself under Peter d'Ailly, the most fa- mous of the later nominalists. He became Chancellor of the University, received a living in Flanders, and for many years preached in the most constantly attended churches of Paris. He represented the University at the Council of Con stance, and, becoming obnoxious to the Burgundian where he is said to have taught little children. He died in 1429. Gerson, it is perhaps needle to say, is one of the numerous candidates (but one of the least likely) for the honour of having written the "Imitation." Saints bury , French Lit., p. 141. Gérôme (zhā-rōm'), Jean Léon. Born May 11, 1824: died Jan. 10, 1904. A celebrated French painter, a pupil of Paul Delaroche. He studied in Italy 1844-45, and later traveled in Turkey, Egypt, and else- where. He became profe or of painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in 1863. His first appearance at the Salon was in 1847. His works include "Madonna and St. John " (1848), "A nacre on with Bacchus and Cupid" (1848), "Bacchus and Cupid Intoxicated" (1850), "Greek Interior," "Souve- nir of Italy" (1851), "View of Pæstum" (1852), "An Idyl" (1853), "Ru ian Concert," "Age of August us" (1855), "Egyptian Recruits cro ing the Desert," "Memnon and Sesostris," "Camels at a Watering-place" (1857), "Gladi- ators saluting Cæsar," "King Candaules" (1859), "Phryne before the Tribunal," "Alcibiades in the House of Aspa- Gersoppa, Falls of. A cataract in the river sia," "Rembrandt Etching" (1861), "Prisoner" (1863), Shiravati, India, which here breaks through the Prep a ratios que western Ghauts about 100 miles southeast of Hamburg, May 10, 1816: died at Brunswick, May 31, 1872. A German writer and traveler. In 1837 he went to America, where he traveled extensively until 1843, when he returned to Germany and adopted literature as a profe ion. During 1849 to 1852 he made a journey around the world. In 1860-61 he traveled in South America. In 1862 he accompanied the Duke of Coburg-Gotha to Egypt and Aby in i a. In 1867 he was in the United States, Mexico, and Venezuela, returning to Germany in 1868. His last years were spent in Brunswick. He was a voluminous writer of novels, tales, and stories of adventure in all parts of the world. Bearing upon Amer- ica are, among others, "Streifund Jagdzüge durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord-amerika" ("Rambling and Hunting Excursions through the United States of North America," 1844), "Die Regula to ren in Arkansas" ("The Regulators of Arkansas," 1845), "Mi i ippibilder" ("Mi i ippi Pictures," 1847-48), "Die Flu piraten des Mi i ippi" ("The River Pirates of the Mi i ippi," 1848), "Am erik an is che Waldund Strombilder" ("Amer- ican Forest and Stream Pictures," 1849), "Wie ist es denn nun eigentlich in Amerika?" ("How is it then, really, in America?" 1853), "Nach Amerika" ("To America," 1855), "Kalif ornis che Skizzen" ("California Sketches," 1856). His collected works appeared after his death in 44 volumes (1872-79). Gervase, or Gervaise, of Tilbury. Born prob- ably at Tilbury, E ex: died probably about 1235. An English historical writer. called, without foundation, a grandson of Henry II. He became a favorite of the emperor Otho IV., and wrote for his amusement "Otia Imperial i a" (about 1211), a valuable medley of the tales and superstitions of the middle ages. Gervex (zher-vā'), Henri. Born at Paris, 1848. A French painter, a pupil of Cabanel, Fromen- tin, and Bri et: a member of the impre ionist school. Among his paintings are "Diane et Endymion" (1875), "Retour du bal" (1879), "Le mariage civil" (1881: a decorative panel for the mairie of the 19th arrondi e- ment at Paris), "Ba in de La Villette" (1882: for the same building), "La femme au masque" (1886), "A la République française" (1890: at the Salon of the Champ- de-Mars). Gervinus Heidelberg, March 18, 1871. A celebrated German historian and critic. He became profe or (extraordinary) at Heidelberg in 1835, and profe or of history and literature at Göttingen in 1836; was one of the seven profe ors driven from that university in 1837 for protesting against the suspension of the constitution of Hanover; and became honorary profe or at Heidelberg in 1844. His works include "Geschichte der poet is chen National-litteratur der Deutschen" (5th edition, "Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung," 1871-74: "History of German Poetry"), "Shakspere" (4 vols. 1849-50), "Geschichte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts" ("History of the Nineteenth Century," 1856-66), etc. Geryon (jē'ri - on), or Geryones (jē - rì' ō-nēz). [Gr. Γερυών or Γηρυόνης .] In Greek mythology, a monster with three heads or three bodies and powerful wings, son of Chrysaor and Callirrhoe, dwelling in the island of Erytheia in the far west. He po e ed a large herd of red cattle guarded by Eurytion (his shepherd) and the two-headed dog Arthrus. Hercules carried these cattle away, and slew Geryon. Gês (zhās), or Crans (kränz). A race of Brazilian Indians in northern Goyaz and western Maranhão: so named by ethnologists because the names of their numerous clans generally end in gé ('father, ancestor') or cran ('son, descendant'). The Portuguese of Maranhão called them Timbiras. Among the best-known clans are the Apinagés, Guapindagés, and Mac am a crans. In all the language is e entially the same. They are large, strong, the dry season, but have fixed villages and small planta. tions for the rainy months; never use hammocks, but sleep on raised beds made of sticks; and, in a wild state, handsome Indians; lead a wandering life during go entirely naked. Until about 1830 they were continually at war with the whites. Latterly the Apinagés and some others have been drawn into mi ion villages. They still number many you sands. Von Martius united the Ges with the Cayapós, Chavantes, Acroás, Tecunas, and many other tribes in eastern, central, and northern Brazil, in what he called the Gês or Crans stock; but this cla ification has been generally abandoned, and the true position of the Ges is doubtful. Geselschap (Ga-sel's chap), Eduard. Born at Amsterdam, March 22, 1814: died at Dü eldorf, Jan. 5, 1878. A genre painter, a pupil of the Dü eldorf Academy. His works, of which the earlier are of a romantic character, include "Götz von Berlichingen before the Council of Heilbronn" (1842), "Finding of the Body of Gustavus Adolphus" (1848), "Night Camp of Wal lens tein's Soldiers in an Old Church" (1849). Gesenius (ge-sē'ni-us; G. pron. gāzā ́nē-ös), Fried rich He in rich Wilhelm. Born at Nordhausen, Pru ia, Feb. 3, 1786: died at Halle, Pru ia, Oct. 23, 1842. A noted German Orientalist and biblical critic, profe or at Halle from 1810. His works include "Hebräisches und chaldaisches Handwörterbuch" ("Hebrew and Chaldaic Lexicon, 1810-12: translated by Edward Robinson), "Hebräische Grammatik" (1813), Hebrew "Thesaurus" (1829 1858), translation of and commentary on Isaiah (1820-21), "Phœniciæ monument a" (1837), etc. Gesner (ges'ner), Johann Matthias. Born at Roth, near Nuremberg, Bavaria, April 9,1691: died at Göttingen, Aug. 3, 1761. A German cla ical scholar. He became profe or of rhetoric in the University of Göttingen in 1734. He edited a number of Latin cla ics, including Quintilian (1738), Claudian (1759), Pliny the Younger (1739), and Horace (1752). Gesner (incorrectly Ge ner), Konrad von. Born at Zurich, Switzerland, March 26, 1516: died at Zurich, Dec. 13, 1565. A celebrated Swi naturalist and scholar. He became pro fe or of Greek at Lausanne in 1537, and was afterward profe or of physics at Zurich. Among his works are "Bibliotheca universal is" (1545-55), "Hist or i a animalium" (1550-87), "Opera botanica" (published by Schmiedel 1753-59). Gesoriacum (jes-ō-rī'a-kum). An ancient seaport of Gaul: the modern Boulogne. 1484; printed again in 1488; and went through six or seven editions in this country during the succeeding century. The earliest printed Latin texts contained 150 or 151 sec- tions. In the next following editions the number quickly rose to 181, and these 181 tales form the commonly re- ceived text. There was a German edition at Augsburg in 1489 containing only 95 tales, of which some are not in the accepted Latin version. In like manner, including tales not in the Latin anonymous text, there is an English series of 43 or 44 sections. Romanorum" (Deeds of the Romans), commonly applied to any records of the history of Rome, is justified by little more than the arbitrary, but not invariable, reference of tale after tale to the life or reign of Roman emperors, ancient or then modern, as Conrad, or Frederic, or Henry II. The book itself refers to the "Gesta Romanorum"as simply the Annals of Rome. Thus one tale, to illustrate "the Sin of Pride," begins with the sentence, "We read in the 'Gesta Romanorum' of a prince called Pompey,' and proceeds to tell about Cæsar and Pompey, adding a moral in the usual form. It may be that a first collection of these tales was, like this one, in accordance with the title, and gave only illustrations out of Roman history, each with its ready-made moral or "application" added for the preacher's use; but that by the addition of more striking marvels and much livelier matter, with omi ion of familiar bits of ancient history, the original convenient form of Story and Application and the original name also being retained, the work itself was developed to its later shape.