SPAIN

kingdom, Europe (36°-43° 45’ N., 4° 25’ E.-9° 20’ W.); occupies larger part of Iberian peninsula; bounded on N. by Bay of Biscay and France, W. by Atlantic Ocean and Portugal, S.. by Mediterranean; separated h Finisterre, Interior consists mainly of tableland known as the Meseta (average elevation ft.), deeply di ected by 2,000-3,000 flowing from E. to W. The Meseta rivers consists chiefly of Archeean and Paleozoic covered to a large extent with rocks, strata. Fold mountains lie Mesozoic to and 8. (Sierra Nevada system) of Meseta. mountain ranges are Pyrenees in Chief N. W. (forming boundary between and Spain), with Maladetta, or France Pico (10,994 continuation of Pyrenees, with Pefias and Montes de Toledo in central region; Sierra Nevada, with lofty Mulahacen (11,420 ft.), S. Principal rivers are and Guadalquivir, flowing into Atlantic; flow into Mediterranean; Bid as so a, Nalon, and Rivideo in N. Climate of tableland is dry and hot, with frequent hot winds and_ scanty rainfall (10 to 20 in.); N. and N. W are mild, with rainfall of 40 to 156 in.; S. districts hot and arid. Flora is varied: N. mar. provinces have central European vegetation; most of ths central region contains steppe-like vegetation, chiefly esparto gra ; flora of Mediterranean districts includes date-palm, sugar cane, and other tropical plants. Fauna belongs to the Mediterranean sub-region of the Pale arctic region, and includes wolf, bear, lynx, fox, chamois, ibex, genet, Barbary ape on Gibraltar, porcupine, etc.; numerous reptiles, amphibians, and beautiful butterflies; many Products and Industries.—Agriculture is the main occupation; 60 per cent. of the total area is under cultivation. The principal products are wheat, barley, oats, rice, corn, olives, silk, flax, hemp, esparto gra , raisins, fruits (orangés, grapes, almonds, etc.); important wine industries—famous sherries made in 9. and red wines in N.; manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, silks, machinery, paper, tobacco (a _ state | monopoly), sugar (cane and_ beet), cork, preserves, etc.; principal industries are in Catalonia; fine horses are bred in And alus i a; sheep and swine in Estremadura, cattle in Galicia; extensive fisheries (tunny, sardines, cod, etc.); rich in minerals—iron, copper, coal, lead, zinc, cobalt, salt, mercury, sulphur, etc.; numerous mineral springs. Railway mileage, 9,375 (all private companies). Government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy with Cortes, composed of Senate (360 members) and Congre (417 deputies). Spain comprises the following ancient kingdoms or provinces: Castile (Old and New), Aragon, Basque Provinces, Asturias, Galicia, Leon, Hstremadura, And alus i a, Granada, Murcia,, Catalonia, and Navarre. An Valencia dorr a in the Pyrenees is a republic under joint suzerainty of Spain and France. For local government purposes Spain is now divided into 49 provinces. Saw O SUN == xsaultyZ,,. SUo0}EDd > nites Bee naunbe 2098041} ‘sab «D3 IR AY 09 Sanpae: 1 cay Sa rf Ww {area \Qotsog pale TY ES \s ceulpsy rs ei oo (She a3955, opzen ‘ezaefayy oonesaya) 2 ay |: Syepar BOUBLIBTBS sopusques ** ** ** Sa" 7: TF Ov" At" wooy FT| o& BY zolepeg TaealAd “VISOWIV / RF mn >, EW ogjhendy at rT 1 BIKA J me) Son 195 f (Fsnem Hardie O folsius ob YN @ [e] Vd TU oycony oad bape voruav Bot 81930; I onbuingg NS. 918 39 MY Les Sajazpunoy ang) © ee 2 94) Jo vp youg ],02 | G prov. has a Dipuiacion Provincial Fach (meeting annually); each commune has Ayuntamiento presided over by an an alcalde. Chief towns are Madrid (cap.), Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Malaga, Murcia, Sarago a. religion is R. C. Since 1857 State primary education has been nominaily and free for most children, | compulsory, in 1910 c. 60 per cent. of pop. could but read nor write; public and neither y schools are mainta ixed chiefly primar local taxation; Spain has eleven by universities, besides schools for engine eragriculture, architecture, arts, music, ing, ae) Colonies.—Spain’s once vast colonies almost all been lost. A few have in Africa alone remain. po e ions Islands are treated as an The Canary part of Spain; Ceuta forms a integral with Cadiz. In Morocc o, Span. prov. extends along Mediterranean from zone an bound a ry to Kasr el Kebir and Algeri with average breadth of 60 Atlantic, W. coast of Morocco is Ifni, m.; on Spain, 1860. On W. coast of ceded to Spain has Rio de Oro and Adrar; Africa Span. Guinea Fernando islands in Gulf of Guinea. and other Total area, Defens e.—Mil itary service is compuisory; country divided into eight dis under a captain-general; tricts, each aviation corps recently established. streng th of army is c. 207,00 0 The peace Navy, destroyed in Span.-Amer. men. is being reconstructed. Fleet War, of 11 batties hips and cruiser s, consists destroyers, 26 torpedo boats, 12 gun small and obsolet e ve els. boats, besides strength c. 16,200 officers and men. Naval were Tberians. Their language Spain blood are preserved in the Basque and ces. The Basque s claim to be Provin oldest race in Europe. Phoenician the traders, pa ing the Pillars of Hercul es and other towns. Celtic tribes B. C.) Pyrenees (c. 500 B. (89) 4 cro ed the mingling with Iberians begot and C. ‘Celtiberians.’ Late in 3rd cent. B. Cart hag in i ans made settlements and Cart a gena. ‘Then came Romans, founded expelled the Cart hag in i ans (201 who War. ©.) after the Second Punic B. a Roman Pprov., its in Spain became became Latinized and con habitants famous names to Roman tributed literature. Today magnifhistory and remains (¢.g., at Segovia) icent Roman language testify to thorand the Span. oughne and durability of Rome’s conquest. In the 5th cent. A. D. Vandals and Suevi overran Spain. On Rome’s invitation, Visigoths followed, overcame these invaders, adopted the Roman faith and tongue, and ruled the whole peninsula till 8th_cent., when Moslem inroaas began. Roderick, the ‘ast of the Goths,’ fell, 711, in And a The ‘Moors,’ or Saracens, quickly mastered most of Spain, and during centuries of po e ion made an eight indelible impre ion on race, language, place-names, customs, commerce, art, architecture, and culture, at the same absorbed to a large extent. The and enervated Goths were powerle to resist. the Arabs. On the whole the comed Spanish accepted the conquest native. Paleyo, the Goth, however, placidly maintained Span. independence in As- (the cradle of Span. liberty), turias he ruled, 718-37. In 755 Abdurwhere I. established the great OmRahman caliphate of Cordova, indepen dent niade Mohammedan empire acro the of the Mediterranean. Under Alfonso T.-of 739-757, Galicia was recover ed. Asturias, failed to rescue Sarago Charlemagne defeated at Roncesvalles, 778, and was I. recovered Barcelona, 801. put Louis became independent, , Catalonia and Navarre soon after. Asturias was united with in 924 in the kingdom of Leon, which Galicia was united with Castile under in turn I., 1037. Toledo was reFerdi nand captured, 1085; New Castile was added Castile; and Alfonso VI., 1072to Old became ‘Emperor of Spain.’ 1109, valiant Cid took Valenc ia, 1094. The the caliphate of Cordo va Meanw hile dismembered, and fresh bands had been from Africa overra n. Spain; of invaders were hard pre ed, but the Christians held their own. The on the whole came c. 1090, the fanatical Almoravides c. 1150, to succor their ‘Almohades Moslems in Spain. The Moors fellow Sara several victor ies, but lost gaine d capital of which became In 1139 Portugal Burgundy, h of Portucalia for the countship services against Alfonso were crushed by Almohades VIII. at 1230, were firmly united, and Leon Fernando), under Ferdinand III. (St. 1236, Murcia, 1243, who took Cordova, 1248. Cadiz fell to his son and Seville, Jeré z, X., the Learned, 1262, and ‘Alfonzo 1264, Jaime I. of Aragon, who had extended his rule to Balearic Isles (c. conquered Valencia, 1238, which had recaptured after the Cid’s Barcelona, which with Catalonia been united to Aragon, 1149, became great Mediterranean port, with famous code of mar. law (Consul a do Mar). Aragon’s eyes were generally turned towards the sea and Europe—| away from Spain; Sicily came its house, 1282. Castile, therefore, the chief part in reclaiming Spain the infidel. Before the end of the cent, Granada alone remained Moorish domination. The 14th and 15th centuries marked by constitutional struggles the Span. kingdoms between monarchs, nobles, and people. The rights of Aragon-| ese nobles were embodied in the Fueros| de Sobrarbe, which empowered them depose any king who broke its provisions. Alfonso the Learned, 1252-84, drew law. Towns banded themselves together to protect their privileges, but power gradually increased, and by cent. had gained the day. Pedro Cruel, 1350-69, the Black Prince's was murdered _and succeeded by half-brother, Henry of Trastamara,} whose descendants ruled Castile badly for a century. Isabella of Castile (d. 1504), who secretly married Ferdinand of Aragon, 1469, succeeded her half-brother, Henry IV. in 1474. Ferdinand (d. 1516)| became King of Aragon in 1479, the two great Span. Kingdoms thus firmly united. The reign of ‘Catholic kings’ is memorable. They unified Spain; they captured Granada, the Moor’s last stronghold, 1492; pelled the Moors and Jews, introduced the Inquisition, and under Ximenes’ guidance kindled Span. bigotry; sent out Columbus and inaugurated Spain’s conquest of the New World. Naples and Sicily were conquered, 1504, Navarre annexed, 1515. In Italy Ferdinand was defeated at Ravenna, 1512, by French. Ferdinand Isabella had no son; of their daughters, Isabel had married the Prince Portugal; Catherine had marricd Henry VIII. of England; Joanna, the Mad had married Philip of Austria, and their son, Carlos I., 1516-56, inherited all Spain, Burgundy, Netherlands, the Two Sicilies, and Sardinia. Carlos was soon elected Emperor Charles V. At Villalar, 1521, against the Habsburg king, and despotism was firmly established. conquests Great were made in Amer ica— Mexico, Peru, Chile, W. Indies, Florida, 1230), 1520-40. France was humbled and Moors| Francis 1. captured at Pavia, 1525. death. | Charles Was crowned King of Italy, had 1529; Tunis was taken, 1535; Charles a abdicated, 1556, and died, 1558. a] In tha reign of his son, Philip IL., del 1556-98, husband of Mary, Queen of England, Spain's glory _was further enhanced. Portugal, with its oversea under po e ions, was incorporated, 1580 on had failure of the male line of the royal from house; the French were defeated at St. 13th Quentin, 1557, and Grave lines, and made under peace of Cateau-Cambresis, 1559; the ‘Turks were crushed at Lepanto by Span. were] In Cervantes and Velasquez Span. liter a in| ture and art were at their zenith. The | fanatical King of Spain was recognized as champion of Catholic Christen dom— sworn enemy, therefore, of Protestant to| England. The signs of approaching | downfall, however, were not lacking: up| under Alva’s regency the Netherlands | revolted, 1568, and the United Provinces | were formed, 1581; the Grand Armada royal| Was destroyea, 1588, and Cadiz burned 16th| by the English, 1596. The southern the| provinces of the Netherlands were made ally,|@ separate kingdom under Philip’s his| nephew, Archduke of Austria.; Under Philip IIl., 1598-1621, Spain’s | power waned. The expulsion of Moriscos, 1609, greatly reduced pop. in numbers had| and industry. Under Philip IV., 1621- | 65, the Netherlands renounced allegiance, | 1621. Heavy taxation for Fr. wars and,Olivares’s attempts to impose and| Castilian institutions on rest of Spain were] provoked civil war; Portugal set up house of Braganza, 1640; Catalonia also rebelled, 1640; French | Won Victories at Rocroi, 1643, Dunkirk, ~ ex1658, etc.; by Treaty, of Westphalia | (ending Thirty Years’ War) Spain Nether they lands, 1648; Jamaica was captu red by English, 1655. The feeble-mindeg Charles II., 1665-1700, continued Wars, Fr, and dying without bequeathed i ue, and to his succe or the War of the Spanish Succe ion, 1701-14. The Fr. candidate, Philip V., 1700and of had opposed Philip’s claim, retained Gibraltar, taken in 1704. The Quadruple Alliance (Britain, France, Austri Span. minister Alberoni’s schemes. After exhausting wars in Italy, Two Sicili es, 1735, from Austrians, reforms were 1 introduced. British cap-| sured Manila and Havana, and helped | to repel Span. invasion of Portugal, | other 1762. Gibraltar triumphantly resisted | Port. combined Fr. and Span. siege, 1779-82, | and Rodney defeated Span. fiest off | Cape St. Vincent, 1780. Charles IV.,| tion 1788-1808, waged war against France, | 1793-95, then with France and Holland | V707. At Trafalgar, 1805, Pr. and Span. Dr = abi re Po nice: Berka in sit. bt Ban Ss: ve a an prone ease et. " erdinand V., on his restoration, 1814, | abolished new constitution framed at | An Cadiz, 1812, and _reinstituted the quisition. The 19th cent. saw Spain’s | gama’ Veneaumiaahe aiGiaiada) and and Bolivia: Chile became independent an 4322 ‘Mexico in--1825. Meanwhile civil war shook Spain at home, 1820-23 With Fr. support Ferdinand suppre ed rome d i revolution and established despotism; | and on birth of daughter, Isabella 1830, abolished Salic Law (established 1713). On Ferdinand’s death, 1833, ae broke out between supporters | civil | of Isabella Il, 1833-68, and Car lists, who upheld claims of Don Carlos, Ferdinand’s brother; Car lists, strong in pe N., were subdued, 1840. Queen mother, Maria Cristina, acted as regent till 1841, Espartero till 1843, when Isabella came of age. reached a head, 1868, when Prim troubles Serrano led revolution which ended | and in Isabella’s flight to France. After a Savoy, son of Victor Emmanuel, was chosen. king, 1870, only to abdicate, 1873, owing to Car list insurrections. A republic was declared, 1873, during _ Car list War, 1872-76, on behalf ja second Don Carlos’s son, but in 1875 Bourof were restored, Tsabella’s son, pons Alfonso XII., 1875-86, becoming king; consittutional monarchy was establ ished, Alfonso XIII., 1886, Alfonso XII.’s | 1876, posthumous son, came of age in 1902, Maria Cristi na, acting as his mother, hile. Insur recti ons arose | regent meanw in Cuba, 1895, refusing United States ’ | ment, and Spain Cuban independence, the | demand for Spanish-American war broke out, 1898- | last of Spain’ s great overse a 99, when the (Cuba and Philippine s) were po e ions Alfonso mar i rince | lost. In 1906 Eugenie, daughter of Princ e | Victoria Henry of Batten be rg. In 1909 campaigns in Morocco, religious, labor, and troubles retarded progre , and revolution, 1910, encouraged republican hopes in Spain; Car lists anticipated a republic, followed by rest or a of monarchy and establishment of Car list aynasty in the person of Don ae: a 1, the situation in Morocco oanelont the indisuscotl can a France at this action was quite overshadowed by the sensation caused when became known that Germany had sent warship to Agadir. Labor troubles in Spain broke out in Sept., 1911. Martial was proclaimed throughout the country, and by a royal decree the constitutional guarantees were suspended attempt on the king’s life in 1913 vas In-|Genounced alike by ou arch i was Socialists natch ate a gpain Yemained neutral during the World War, in spite of Ger. propaganda the submarine campaign. A general strike called in 1916 led to proc i amation of martial law; strikers were compelled to accept arbitration. Social 4, adopting a revolution a attitude. After considerable cannes changes, Count Romano serious nes formed riots an in administration, but IMG:map242.jpg: