Austria, HISTORY

OF. In 796 the territory between the Ens and Raab was made a margraviate; in 12th cent. it was joined to the Mark above the Ens, and made a duchy. It became the po e ion of the House of Hapsburg 1282, and rapidly increased in power and extent of territory. Albert V., 1404-1439, obtained Bohemia and Hungary, and was elected to the imperial throne, which from 1438 was held by this house. A. was made an archduchy by Frederic III.; the Netherlands were acquired by Maximilian I., whose son Philip married Johanna of Spain. His son Charles V. was elected emperor 1519, and abdicated in favor of his brother Ferdinand 1558. On his death, the inheritance was divided among his three sons, Maximilian II. receiving the imperial crown, with A., Hungary, and Bohemia. All these his son, Rudolf II., was forced to cede to his brother Matthias, who became emperor 1612, and concluded the long wars with the Turks by a 20 years' truce. Matthias ceded Bohemia and Hungary to his cousin Ferdinand, afterward emperor, who undertook to root out Protestant ism from his dominions, thus beginning the Thirty Years' War. Under Leopold I. Vienna was rescued by John Sobieski from the Turks called in by Hungary. Hungary was reduced and declared a hereditary kingdom. The War of Spanish Succe ion, 1702-13, ended with the peace of Utrecht, which secured to A. part of the Netherlands and po e ions in Italy; some of these were soon lost. With Charles VI. (d. 1740) the male line of the Hapsburgs expired. The succe ion of Maria The res a was maintained by the aid of Hungary. She was forced to yield Silesia to Frederic the Great after a vain effort to recover it by the Seven Years' War. Her husband was elected emperor as Francis I. 1745. Her son, Joseph II., made unsucce ful efforts at reform in his dominions. War with France followed the French Revolution 1792; by the treaty of Campo Formio, 1797, A. lost Lombardy and the Netherlands, receiving Venice; war renewed 1799, ending in the peace of Luneville 1801. Francis II. declared himself hereditary emperor of A. 1804, and abdicated the imperial throne of Germany 1806. The alliance with Napoleon by his marriage with Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis, did not hinder Francis from aiding in his downfall. A. gained territory by the peace of Vienna. Her influence was henceforth commanding in Europe, and adverse to constitutionalism. Opposition to her rule was brought to a crisis by the events of 1848, which resulted in war with Hungary, and ended with the triumph of conservatism, though feudalism disappeared. In 1850 A. was excluded from the German confederation. Her rivalry with Pru ia was ended by the war of 1866, which caused the lo of Venetia. In 1867 a constitution was adopted, and the emperor proclaimed King of Hungary. In 1878 Bosnia and Herzogovina were added to this vast and mongrel empire, a congeries of countries, races, and religions, of which two of the largest and most populous provinces, Galicia and Bohemia, have not equal or adequate rights.