promontt

[ A promont jutting out into the dropping South. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. 151. prom on to rio us (prom-on-tōʻri-us), a . [ prom ontor-y + -ous .] Resembling a promontory; high; projecting: conspicuous. The ambitious man's mountain is his honour; and who dares find fault with so prom on to rio us a celsitude? Rev. T. Adams, Works, II. 497. promontorium (prom-on-toʻri-um), n.; pl. pro montoria (-a). [ promontory (prom'on-to-ri), n. and a. [= F. prom on to ire = Sp. Pg. It. prom on to rio, Like one that stands upon a promontory , And spies a far-off shore where he would tread. Shak ., 3 Hen. VI., iii. 2. 135. The city Ragusa occupied a peninsula, sheltered on the one hand by the mainland, on the other by another prom ontory forming the outer horn of a small bay. E. A. Freeman , Venice, p. 235. 2. In an at., a prominent or protuberant part; a prominence, eminence, or protuberance. ( a ) Of the sacrum, the bold salient angle between the first sacral and last lumbar vertebra, bounding the brim of the true pelvis this posteriorly, and especially pronounced in man the inner wall of the tympanic cavity, expre ing the jection of the first whorl of the cochlea. It is situated be tween the fenestræ, and its surface is furrowed by branches of the tympanic plexus of nerves. II. a . Resembling a promontory; high; projecting. He found his flockes grazing vpon the Promontorie Mountaines. Greene, Menaphon, p. 23. ( Davies .) Who sees not that the clambering goats get upon rocks and promontory places, whiles the humble sheep feed in the bottoms and dejected valleys? Rev. T. Adams, Works, I. 428. promorph (pro'môrf), n. [ pro morphological (pro-môr-fo-loj'i-kal), a. [ The idea of the antimere is omitted, as being e entially a pro morphological conception. Encyc. Brit ., XVI. 843, IMG:content-1074.png:[blocks in formation] pro morphologically (prō-môr-fo-loj'i-kal-i), 3t. The act of informing; the laying of an in- adv . Upon considerations of or according to pro morphology. IMG:content-1075.png:[blocks in formation] From darkne to promote me, or here place In this delicious garden? Milton , P. L., x. 745. Steps in this false spy, this promoting wretch; Closely betrays him that he gives to each. For where a lover think eth him promote , Envy will grucche, repining at his wele. promote ment (prō-mōt'ment), n . [ promote + -ment . ] Promotion. Evelyn . promoter (prō-mō'tėr), n . [ promoteur = Sp. Pg. promotor = It. promo tore , pro- motor , a promoter, promovere , promote: see promove , promote .] 1. One who or that which promotes, forwards, or advances; an encou- rager: as, a promoter of charity. To be on one's promotion. (a) To be in the line of pro- motion; have the prospect or right of promotion in case of vacancy. (b) To be on good behavior or diligent in duty with a view to recommending one's self for promotion. Rawdon. "I remember when you liked 'em, though," answered the husband. "That was when I was on my promotion, Goosey,” she said. promotive (prō-mō'tiv), a . [ promote + -ive . ] Tending to promote, advance, or encourage. In the government of Ireland, his [Str afford's] admin is- tration had been equally promotive of his master's inter- est and that of the subjects committed to his care. Of trades and tillage, under laws and peace, Begun by him, but settled and pro moved By the third hero of his name. B. Jonson, Prince Henry's Barriers. Without Christ we can do just nothing but lie be- calmed and unable to move or promove . Rev. S. Ward, Sermons and Treatises, p. 171. 2. To incite; encourage. Those works of ours are greatest in the sight of God that conduce most to the pro moving of others to glorify God. Donne , Sermons, viii. promoventt (prō-mö'vent), n. [ promo- ven (t-)s, ppr. of promovere , move forward: see promove .] The plaintiff in the instance court of the admiralty. promo vert (prō-mö'vér), n . [ promove + -er1.] A promoter. For bok is & heresies, as they call goddis worde, be pro- hibited, pre ed downe, & burned with all the promouers thereof. Joye , Expos. of Daniel vii. prompt (prompt), a. [ prompt , prompt = Sp. pronto = Pg. prompto = It. pronto , prompt us , promtus , visible, ap- parent, evident, at hand, prepared, ready, quick, prompt, inclined, disposed, pp. of promere , take or bring out or forth, produce, bring to light, pro , forth, forward, + emere , take, take, acquire, buy: see emption .] 1. Ready; quick to act as occasion demands; acting with cheerful alacri- ty; ready and willing: as, prompt in obedience or compliance. Very discerning and prompt in giving orders. Clarendon, Great Rebellion. Good temper; spirits prompt to undertake, And not soon spent, though in an arduous task. Cowper , Task, i. 400. A natural and prompt alacrity I find in hardne . 3. To dictate; suggest to the mind; inspire. And whisp'ring angels prompt her golden dreams. Pope , Eloisa to Abelard, 1. 216. By these Steps I strive to climb up to Heaven, and my Soul prompts me I shall go thither. Howell , Letters, I. vi. 32. 41. To remind; put (one) in mind. Soft and delicate desires, All prompting me how fair young Hero is, Saying I liked her ere I went to wars. 2. Information suggested or prompted. Few [children in schools] will not give, and not many will not take prompts , or peep in their books. We find in ourselves some prompter called a desire; and, the more e ential the action, the more powerful is the impulse to its performance. H. Spencer , Social Statics, p. 30. Specifically -2. A person stationed behind the scenes or in a covered box at the front of the stage in a theater, for the purpose of a ist- ing the actors when they are at a lo by re- peating to them the first words of a sentence; also, any person who aids a public speaker, etc., by suggesting words he may be at a lo for. No without-book prologue, faintly spoke After the prompter , for our entrance. The play is done; the curtain drops, Slow falling to the prompter's bell. IMG:content-1076.png:[blocks in formation] The highest promotion that God can bring his unto in this life is to suffer for his truth. Latimer , Misc. Selections. Many fair promotions Are daily given to ennoble those That scarce, some two days since, were worth a noble. Shak., Rich. III., i. 3. 80. I was too hasty to condemn unheard; And you, perhaps, too prompt in your replies. To which the Grecians are most prompt and pregnant. Shak., T. and C., iv. 4. 90. prompt (prompt), v. t. [ prompten ; prompt , a.] 1. To move or excite to action; incite; instigate. Murderer, do the worst Thy base unnoble thoughts dare prompt thee to! I am above thee, slave! Beau , and Fl ., Woman-Hater, v. 5. His wish and mine both prompt me to retire. Cowper , Retirement, 1. 390. 2. To a ist (a learner or speaker) by suggest- ing something forgotten or imperfectly learned or known, or by pronouncing the words next in order: as, to prompt a pupil; to prompt an actor. IMG:content-1077.png:[blocks in formation] Ames , Works, II. 271. A good judgment combines promptne with deliberateJ. Sully, Outlines of Psychol., p. 409. ne . prompt-note (prompt'not), n. In com ., a note of reminder of the day of payment and sum due, etc., given to a purchaser at a sale of merch an- dise. See prompt , n. prompt-side (prompt's id), п . See stage . Bid Naddo think, at Mantua, he had but To look into his promptuary , put Finger on a set thought in a set speech. promuscis (prō-mus'is), n.; pl. promuscides (-i- dēz). [NL., L. promuscis , a corrupt form for proboscis , proboscis: see proboscis .] In entom ., a proboscis; a beak or rostrum of various in- sects: originally applied by Illiger (1806) to the mouth-parts of bees; applied by Kirby and Spence (1818) and subsequent authors to the oral instrument of hemipterous insects, in which the ordinary trophi are replaced by a sheath containing four hair-like lancets or scalpella. Punctures the cuticle with a proboscis (a very short three-jointed promuscis ) springing as it were from the breast, but capable of being greatly porrected. ratus. - Pronator radii teres, a pronator and flexor of the forearm. It arises chiefly from the inner condyle of the humerus, and pa es acro obliquely in front, to be insert- ed in the outer side of the radius near its middle. Also called pronator teres, and round or terete pronator. See cut under muscle . prone (pron), a. [F. prone = Sp. Pg. It. pro no , pronus , bent, leaning forward, pro , for- ward: see pro- .] 1. Bending forward with the face downward; inclined; lying flat; not erect. A creature who, not prone And brute as other creatures, but endued With sanctity of reason, might erect His stature. And roofs embattled high, Fall prone . promycelium (prō-mi-sē'li-um), n. [NL., pro , before, + NL. mycelium , q. v.] In bot . , a short and short-lived filamentous product of the germination of a spore, which bears sporidia and then dies. Also pro mycele . IMG:content-1078.png:[blocks in formation] exactly as secure a foundation as the Copernican theory of the motions of the heavenly bodies did at the time of its promulgation . Huxley , Amer. Addre es, p. 90. 2. In law : ( a ) The first official publication of a law which has been pa ed, or of an ordinance or a proclamation. (b) More strictly, the final order of the sovereign power which puts an en- mulgateur = Sp. Pg. pro mulga dor = It. promul- gatore , promulgator , one who publishes or proclaims, promulgare , pp. promulgatus , pub- lish, make known: see promulgate .] One who promulgates or publishes; one who makes known or teaches publicly. An old legacy to the promulgators of the law of liberty. War burton, Sermons, xi. ( Latham .) promulge (prō-mulj'), v . t .; pret. and pp. pro- mulged , ppr. promulging . [= F. promulguer = Sp . Pg . promulgar = It. promulgare , mulgare , publish, make known: see promulgate .] To promulgate; publish; teach publicly. Extraordinary doctrines these for the age in which they were promulged . pronaos (prō-nā'os), n . [ πρόνεως , before a temple, πρό , before, + ναός , a temple, a cella: see naos .] In arch .: (a) An open vestibule or IMG:content-1079.png:[blocks in formation] pronate (pro'nat), v . t .; pret. and pp. pronated , ppr. pronating . [ pronatus , pp. of pro- nare , bend forward, bow, (the hand) so that its palmar surface faces in the same direction as the posterior surface of the ulna. pronation (pro-na's hon), n. [= F. pronation = Sp. pronacion = Pg. pronação = It. pronazi- one , pronare , pp. pronatus , bend forward, bow: see pronate .] The act or result of pronat- ing; the prone position of the fore limb, in cro ed, and the palm of the hand is turned downward: the opposite of supination . Pronation and its reverse movement, supination, are free and perfect in man and in some other mammals which use their fore paws as hands. In pronation the bones of the forearm are cro ed; in supination they lie parallel to each other. The fore limbs of most quadrupeds are permanently fixed in the state of pronation, with the palmar surface or sole of the fore foot downward or backward, and the knuckles or convexities of the joints of the digits upward or forward; supination is absent, and the ulna is often reduced to a mere appendage of the radius, ankylosed at the upper end of the latter. pronator (prō-nā'tor), n.; pl. pronatores, pro- nators (pro-na-tō'rëz, prō-nā'torz). [= F. pro- nateur = Sp. Pg. pronador = It. pronatore , pronare , pp. pronatus , bend forward, bow: see pronation .] A muscle of the forearm whose action pronates the hand or a ists in pronation: opposed to supinator . - Pronator quadratus, a flat ing from the ulna to the radius. Also called cubit orad i a- lis , quadrate pronator , and more fully pronator radii quad- date insect. muscle on the lower part of the forearm in front, pa IMG:content-1080.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-1081.jpg:[graphic] IMG:content-1082.jpg:[blocks in formation] But, being his domesticke friend, expell me With forks and prongs , as one insene'd with ire. Heywood , Dialogues (Works, ed. Pearson, 1874, VI. 164). 3. A fork or branch of a stream or inlet. [Southern U. S.] -4. A prawn (?). They speed their way through the liquid waste; Some are rapidly borne along tals. I fancy them guarded by grooms of the chamber with flaming silver forks with which they prong all those who have not the right of the entrée. Thackeray , Vanity Fair, li. IMG:content-1083.png:[blocks in formation] pronoun (pronoun), п. [Not found in ME.; appar. altered (to suit the earlier noun ) pronom = Sp. pronombre = Pg . pronome = It. pronome , pronomen , a word standing in place of a noun, pro , for, + nomen , a noun: see noun .] In gram ., a word used instead of a noun to avoid the repetition of it; a demonstra- tive word, pointing to a person or thing, but not describing it otherwise than by designating position, direction, relation to the speaker, or the like; one of a small body of words, in Indo- European and other families of language, com- ing from a few roots, different from those from which come in general verbs and nouns, and having the office of designating rather than de- scribing: they are believed to have borne an important part in the development of inflective structure in language. They are divided into various cla es: personal (doubtle originally demonstrative), as I , thou , he , etc.; po e ive , which are the adjective forms of the personal, as my , thy , his , etc.; demonstrative , as this , that , etc.; interrogative , as who , what , etc.; relative (which are always either demonstratives or interrogatives with changed office, implying an antecedent to which they re- fer or relate), as that , which, who, etc.; and indefinite , which are of various meaning, and shade off into ordinary nouns, as each , either , some , any , such , etc. Abbreviated pronounce (pro-nouns'), v .; pret. and pp. pro- nounced , ppr. pronouncing . [ pronouncen , prononcer = Sp. Pg. pro- nunciar = It. pronunciare , pronunziare , nuntiare , proclaim, publish, pro , forth, + nun- tiare , announce, nuntius , that makes known: see nuncio . Cf. announce , denounce , enounce , re- nounce.] I. trans . 1†. To declare; make known; announce; proclaim. I will pronounce this bloudie deede, And blotte thine honor so. Gas coigne , Philomene, p. 100. ( Arber .) 2. To form or articulate by the organs of speech; utter articulately; speak; utter; spe- cifically, to give a word its due recognized sound in uttering it. Then said they unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Judges xii. 6. Yet sometime "Tarquin" was pronounced plain, But through his teeth, as if the name he tore. Shak ., Lucrece, 1. 1786. 3. To utter formally, officially, or solemnly. I do beseech your lordship, for the wrongs This man hath done me, let me pronounce his punishment! Beau , and Fl . , Woman-Hater, v. 5. An Idol in the form of a Dog or Wolf, which was wor- shipped, and is said to have pronounc'd Oracles at this place. Maundrell , Aleppo to Jerusalem, p. 36. 4. To speak or utter rhetorically; deliver: as, to pronounce an oration: The things that mount the rostrum with a skip, And then skip down again; pronounce a text pronityt (pro'ni-ti), n . [= It. pronità (cf. Sp. proneidad = Pg. proneidade ) , pronita ( t- ) s , inclination, pronus , bent, inclined: see prone .] 5. To declare or affirm. And I knew you a Pro notaries boy, That wrote Indentures at the toune house doore. O gentle Romeo, If thou dost love, pronounce it faithfully. Syn. Enunciate , Deliver, etc. See utter . II. in trans . 1. To speak with confidence or pronounced nounce , v .] cided. Our friend's views became every day more pronounced . Thackeray . The outline of the tower is not unlike that of the Para- but the central belt is more sur ames war a temple, pronounced . J. Fergu on , Hist. Indian Arch., p. 438. Wolsey was too great a man, and More too good a man, to be tools of Henry, especially after the inclination to- wards tyrannic caprice became more pronounced . pronouncer (prō-noun'sėr), n . One who pro- nounces, or utters or declares. pronouncing (prō-noun's ing) , p.a . [Ppr. of pro- nounce , v .] Pertaining to, indicating, or teach- ing pronunciation: as, a pronouncing dictionary. pronubial (prō-nū bi-al), a . [ pronubus , pertaining to marriage, pro , for, + nubere , marry, wed: see nubile .] Presiding over mar- riage. Congreve . [Rare.] pronuclear (prō-nū klē-är), a . [ pronucle - us + -ar3.] Pertaining to a pronucleus, or having its character. pro nun cia blet (prō-nun'si-a-bl), a . [= It. pro- nunziabile , pronuntiare , pronunciare , pro- nounce (see pronounce ) , + -able .] Pronounce- able. Vowels pronunciable by the intertexture of a consonant. Jer. Taylor , Works (ed. 1835), I. 54. pronuncial (prō-nun's ial), a . [ pronun- tiare , pronunciare , pronounce (see pronounce ) , + -al .] Pertaining to pronunciation. pronunciamento (pro-nun"si-a-men′tō), п. Same as pro nun cia mien to . pro nun cia mien to (Sp. pron. pro-nön-the-i- mien'tō), n. [Sp., = E. pronouncement .] A manifesto or proclamation; a formal announce- ment or declaration: often applied to the dec- declare one's self. authority; make declaration; utter an opinion; larations of insurrectionists. Also pronuncia- Nor can [I] pronounce upon it whether The habit, hat, and feather, Or the frock and gipsy bonnet, Be the neater and completer. Asked what she most desired, she pronounced for a spe- cial providence of tea and sugar. First Year of a Silken Reign , p. 22. Among the Irish peerage there are more than a dozen who have either pronounced for the principle of Home Rule or are not hostile to it if a fair scheme be devised. Contemporary Rev. , LII. 314. 2. To utter words; specifically, to articulate words correctly. pronounceable (prō-noun'sa-bl), a . [ pro- nounce + -able . Cf. pronunciable .] Capable of being pronounced or uttered. Its first syllable, "Pen," Is pronounceable ; then Come two LLs and two HHs, two FFs and an N. Barham , In golds by Legends, I. 65. Dryden , Def. of Epil. to second part of Conq. of Granada, ii. pronunciation Pronunciation of Greek and Latin. (a) Continental pronunciation or system of pronunciation , a system of pronunciation of Latin or Greek conforming or approximating to that in use on the continent of Europe, especially in the vowel-sounds. As each of the principal nations in western Europe pronounces Latin, and the most of them Greek also, in the main after the analogy of its own language, it is only in their chief points of agreement that a usage which can justify this epithet continental exists. The system of pronunciation known as continental retains, for the most part, the English sounds of the consonants, and pronounces the vowels as in German or Italian. There is a stricter form of continental pronunciation of Latin, approaching the Roman, and a modified form, approaching the English. The continental system of pronouncing Greek is often called Erasmian , as closely resembling the modified or modern Erasmian pronunciation used in Germany. (b) Eclectic pronunciation ( of Greek ), a system of pronunciation of ancient Greek which seeks to approximate to the actual ancient pronunciation. It agrees on the whole with the stricter continental system, and pronounces the diphthongs so that each element can be heard separately. (c) English pronunciation ( of Greek ), a system of pronouncing Greek with the English sounds of the corresponding Latin letters. This system is now little used in the United States. (d) English pronuncia tion ( of Latin ), a system of pronouncing Latin which follows, with some exceptions, the general analogy of the modern pronunciation of English. The Latin rule of accentuation determines the place of the accent; but the vowels are given their long or short English sounds without regard to their Latin quantity. The English long sounds are used at the end of a word (but final a is usually obscure, as in coma ) , before another vowel, and at the end of an accented penult or of any unaccented syllable (except penultimate i). The English short sounds are used in a syllable ending with a consonant (except final es , os ), before two consonants (not a mute and liquid) and x (= cs ), and (excepting u) in an accented antepenult before a single consonant, if not followed by two vowels the former of which is e, i, or y. C, s, and t , succeeding the accent, are equivalent to sh, and a is sounded like ksh, before two vowels the former of which is an unaccented i or y , unle s, t , or a precedes. Initial is pronounced z. If the second of two initial consonants is not h , l , or r, the first (if not s) is silent. Initial chth and phth are pronounced th. There are no silent vowels. Different authorities vary these rules somewhat, or acknowledge various exceptions to them. The English system of pronunciation of Latin regulates the pronunciation in English of all proper names which have not altered their Latin spelling, and of all Latin words and phrases which have become Anglicized. (e) Erasmian pronunciation ( of Greek ), a system the earliest champion of which was Erasmus in his treatise "De Recta Latini Græcique Sermon is Pronunciatione" (Basel, 1528). The pronunciation universally in use at that time was the modern Greek as used in the middle ages and supported by Byzantine scholars at the time of the revival of letters. Investigation led to a general conviction among scholars in the west of Europe that the Erasmian theory of the ancient pronunciation was correct; and by the end of the sixteenth century-after considerable controversy, embittered by the fact that the traditional or modern pronunciation was favored by supporters of the papacy, and the Erasmian system by the Reformers-the Erasmian system had come into general use, and the Byzantine method of pronouncing Greek as a living language - also called the Reuchlinian , from Johann Reuchlin, the first great representative of Greek scholarship in Germany became obsolete in the western schools. In its original form the Erasmian pronunciation was distinguished from the Reuchlinian by giving most of the vowels the sounds which they have in Latin as pronounced by most of the western nations, the Italians, Germans, etc., and by pronouncing the diphthongs so that each vowel in them should preserve its own sound. As, however, this pronunciation closely approached that of the modern western languages in the sixteenth century, it became practically the usage that every nation should pronounce Greek after the analogy of its own language, and, as this has gradually changed in each country, the pronunciation of Greek has varied with it. In England, in the time of Henry VIII., the pronunciation of vowels was nearly the same as in continental languages. This is evident from the fact that the relation of the Greek vowels, as pronounced by the Erasmian system, to those in the Latin alphabet, as used in the vernacular, is treated by writers of that time as identical in England and on the continent. In England, accordingly, the Erasmian system of pronunciation was insensibly transformed into what is now called the English pronunciation of Greek. The system known as the continental is a partial revision of the Erasmian; that designated as the eclectic restores the Erasmian with some alterations. (f) Modern Greek pronunciation , the pronunciation of Greek, ancient and modern, actually in use in Greece at the present day. The change from the ancient to the present pronunciation was very gradual. The first signs of its prevalence are found in the Bœotian dialect and among Hellenists. Confusion of eι with became general about 200-100 в. с., but good speakers still made some difference between these sounds till after 200 A. D. The vowel η began to be frequently confounded with about 250-150 B. C., but persons of culture retained the sound of a Latine (English) for it till 500 A. D. or later. The diphthong at became identical in sound with e about 150-200 A. D., and somewhat later οι was pronounced like v (i). The vowel v was distinguished from till late Byzantine times. After about 150-200 A. D. αν, εν came to be sounded as av, ev, and later as af, ef before surds. During the Roman imperial period distinctions of quantity fell more and more into disuse, and merely accentual poetry began as early as the fourth century. In Egypt and other countries outside of Greece these changes of pronunciation began very early, and even the older manuscripts are accordingly full of their effects ( iotacismns ). This system of pronunciation prevailed throughout the middle ages not only in the East, but in the West till the time of the Reformation. Also called iotacism, itacism, Reuchlinian pronunciation. (g) Reuch linian pronunciation ( of Greek). Same as (f). See (e). (h) Roman pronunciation ( of Latin ), a system of pronunciation of Latin which seeks to approximate to the actual ancient pronunciation. It differs from the stricter continental system chiefly in the sounds given to æ, a, c, and 4772 Continental. proof from the fly-wheel of an engine, or transmitted by shafting. The principle of this apparatus is the same in all of its forms. In the accompanying illustration, which represents a form of the apparatus used in laboratories, e is a shaft provided with a winch e, and supported in bearings d in a frame h; j is a lever having a scalepan suspended from the point m near the extremity of the longer arm as shown at b, on which, when in use, a weight or weights i are placed; a is a counterpoise; f is a chain connected at its ends to tightening-boltsk, k; lind i IMG:content-1084.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-1085.png:[ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small] V IMG:content-1086.png:[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small] IMG:content-1087.png:[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small] In all these systems κ, λ, μ, ν, π, ρ, σ, τ, φ, and respectively have the same sounds as k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, and ps. The sounds given in parentheses represent the stricter continental pronunciation. 2 is y before γ, κ, ξ, χ (y1 being y elsewhere); gh represents the corresponding sonant to ch (nearly as German g in Wagen as pronounced by most Germans). In the Modern Greek system x is ch as in German ich, and y is y before a and è sounds (e, t, etc.); γκ is ngg, μπis mb, and vr is nd. The strict continental system and the Modern Greek pronounce by the written accent, while the English and the modified continental accent Greek by the rule for accent in Latin. The two last-named systems generally make a and long in open syllables and short in closed syllables (the English pronunciation treating them as a and i i in Latin), but v is always long. IMG:content-1088.png:[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small] In all these systems b, d, f, h, k, l, m, n, p, ph (= f), q ( qu = kw ), r, t, th (in thin ), have their ordinary English sounds. C2 and g2 represent c and g before e, æ, æ, i, and y; cl and gl represent cand g before other letters than these. The short vowel-sounds are used in the English and in the modified continental system in closed syllables, and the long vowel-sounds in open syllables, regardle of the ancient quantity. The Roman system gives the same quality of sound to a short vowel as to a long, but makes it more rapid in pronunciation. In continental pronunciations is by some pronounced z between two vowels, and in the modified system final es is pronounced az, and final os ōs. For the pronunciation of c, s, and tas sh, and of x as ksh or z, see (d). Pronounce ü as in German, or as French u. pronunciative (prō-nun'si-a-tiv), a. [= It. pro nunziativo, The confident and pronunciative school of Aristotle. Bacon , Pro me the us. pronunciator (prō-nun'si-a-tor), n . [= Sp. Pg. pronunciador = It. pronunziatore , pronun tiator , pronunciator , a reciter, a relater, pro nuntiare , pronunciare , publish, proclaim: see pronounce .] One who pronounces. pro nun cia tory (pro-nun si-ā-to-ri), a . nunciator + -y1.] Relating to pronunciation. Prony's dynamometer. named after its inventor, much used for obtaining data for computing the power delivered by turbines and other water-wheels, or [ pro A dynamometer, IMG:content-1089.png:[ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small] cates wooden brake-shoes, which, by tightening the chain f, can be made to pre strongly against the projecting end of the shaft e; g, g ' are stop-rests, which limit the motion of the lever, used only for convenience in applying the brake, and not e ential to its action. In the determination of the power transmitted through the shaft e, moving in the direction shown by the arrow, the counterpoise is first adjusted to counterbalance the long arm of the lever and the empty scale-pan. The chain ƒ is then tightened and the scale-pan loaded, so that at a given velocity the lever is by the friction of the brake held away from the rest g ', but not in contact with g. Under conditions so established, if L = the perpendicular distance in feet of the point I from the axis of e, S = the weight in pounds placed in the pan, r = the radius in feet or fractions of a foot of the shaft e, and M = the moment of torsion in pounds, then will LS/r = M, and 2rM = the power transmitted in foot-pounds during each turn of the winch. Also called Prony's brake. proemiac (prō-ē'mi-ak), a. [ The 104th [Psalm] is the Proæmiac , because it commences Vespers. J. M. Neale , Eastern Church, i. 856. proœmium, proœmion (pro-ē'mi-um, -on), п. [ L. proæmium, Forgetful how my rich proœmion makes Thy glory fly along the Italian field, In lays that will outlast thy Deity. Tennyson, Lucretius. In his proæmium he plainly intimates that he is putting forth a kind of commonplace book of historical anecdotes. Encyc . Brit ., XXIV. 41. 2. In rhet . , the exordium. proof (pröf), n . and a . [Early mod. E. proofe , profe , proof , prouff , profe , also (whence early mod. E. prief , preef ) preef , preeve , preve , preove , prove , proeve , preuve , F. preuve = Pr. prova , proa , a proof, probo prob a , a proof, probare , prove: see prove .] I. n . 1. Any effort, act, or operation made for the purpose of ascertaining any truth or fact; a test; a trial: as, to make proof of a person's trustworthine or courage. The verray preeve sheweth it indede. Chaucer , Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 163. Here and se, and sey thou nought, Than schall thou not to profe be brought. Babees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 23. Madam, you may make Proof of him, and if your Ladyship find him too saucy or wasteful, you may return him whence you had him. Howell , Letters, I. v. 36. Let there be Once every year a joust for one of these; For so by nine years' proof we needs must learn Which is our mightiest. Tennyson, Lance lot and Elaine. 2. Evidence and argumentation putting the conclusion beyond reasonable doubt; demonstration, perfect or imperfect. Trifles light as air Are to the jealous confirmations strong As proofs of holy writ. Shak ., Othello, iii. 3. 324. They [miracles] are not private, but public proofs ; not things to be done in a corner, for the sake of single persons, but before multitudes, and in the face of the sun. Bp . Atterbury , Sermons, I. xii. Credulous enough To swallow much upon much weaker proof . Cowper , Conversation, 1. 722. 3t. Athing proved or tried; truth or knowledge gathered by experience; experience. Out of your proof you speak; we, poor unfledged, Have never wing'd from view o' the nest, nor know not What air's from home. Shak ., Cymbeline, iii. 3. 27. 4. The state of having been tested and ap- specifically proved; firmne , hardne , or impenetrability: cifically applied to arms or armor of defense, to note that they have been duly tested and are impenetrable. IMG:content-1090.png:[blocks in formation] 5. In law: (a) The convincing effect of evidence; the manifestation of the truth of a proposition by presenting the reasons for a enting to it; such an array of evidence as should determine the judgment of the tribunal in regard to a matter of fact. In criminal cases, to be effectual as proof, the evidence must satisfy beyond a reasonable doubt. In civil cases it is enough that the evidence preponderates. Evidence is the medium of proof; proof is the effect of Judge Dan forth, 108 N. Y., 73. evidence. (b) pl. In equity practice, the instruments of evidence in their documentary form, as depositions, deeds, etc., received in a cause. (c) The presentation of sufficient evidence: as, the burden of proof lies with the plaintiff. Proof is either written or parole. The former consists of records, deeds, or other writings; the latter of the testimony of witne es personally appearing in court or before a proper officer, and, as a rule, sworn to the truth of what they depose. In this sense the word is used to designate either the task of going forward with the giving of evidence at the trial or the task of satisfying the minds of the jury. Owing to the different functions of the judge and the jury, the distinction is of great practical importance, be cause when the plaintiff has given evidence which would entitle him if unanswered to go to the jury, it is proper for him to tell counsel that the burden of proof is on defendant, meaning that if the defendant adduces no evidence the plaintiff will be entitled to have the case submitted to the jury; but it is error for him thereupon, whether defendant offers evidence or not, to tell the jury that the burden of proof is on defendant to contradict plaintiff's case, for, considered as a task of satisfying the jury, the burden of proof remains upon the plaintiff throughout. The burden of proof is never on the defendant in this sense, except in respect to an affirmative de fense in avoidance as distinguished from a denial. (d) In Scots law, the taking of evidence by a judge upon an i ue framed in pleading. Sometimes disputed facts may be sent to a jury, but, except in actions of damages, a proof is almost invariably the course adopted. The evidence as the proof is taken down in shorthand, and counsel are heard at the close. Henry Goudy. 6. A test applied to manufactured articles or to natural substances prepared for use; hence, the state of that which has undergone this test, or is capable of undergoing it satisfactorily. Compare armor of proof.-7. In alcoholic liquors, the degree of strength which gives a specific gravity of 0.920. See II., 2. Liquors lighter than this are said to be above proof, and heavier liquors are below proof.. See overproof and underproof. The expre ions "20 per cent over proof," "20 per cent under proof," mean that the liquor contains 20 volumes of water for every 100 volumes over or under this fixed quantity, and that, in order to reduce the spirit to proof , 20 per cent of water by volume must be subtracted or add. ed as the case may be. Spons ' Encyc . Manuf ., I. 215. 8. In printing, a trial impre ion from composed type, taken for correction. Generally a number of succe ive proofs are read before the matter is ready for the pre , corrections being made first in the printing-office until what is technically called a clean proof can be submitted to the author. The final proof is called a pre - proof or a foundry - proof, the first being used of letterpre work, and the latter of plate-work. Lap . What says my printer now? Gal . Here's your last proof , sir. [Giving proof-sheet.] You shall have perfect books now in a twinkling. Fletcher ( and another ?), Nice Valour, iv. 1 (circa 1625). 9. In engraving and etching , an impre ion taken from an engraved plate to show its state during the progre of executing it; also, an early and superior impre ion, or one of a limited number, taken before the title or inscription is engraved on the plate, and known as proof before letter . There may be first, second, and third proofs, marking succe ive states of the work. See also artist's proof, India proof, proof with open letters, and proof with remarque, below. 10. În numis., any early impre ion struck at the mint from a coin-die used for producing the current coins of the realm. Proofs are often dis. tinguished from the coins struck off for actual currency by having their edges left plain instead of being milled or inscribed. They ar are also often struck in a metal of greater or le value than that which is proper to the current coin: thus, there are gold, silver, and bronze proofs of the Eng. lish copper farthing i ued by George III. in 1799. Compare pattern, 8. 11. In bookbinding, the rough uncut edges of the shorter leaves of a trimmed book, which prove that the book has not been cut down too much. -12. In arith., an operation serving to check the accuracy of the calculation. Acroamatic proof. acroamatic. A prior i proof. (a) Proof deduced from principles. (0) Proof independent of experi 300 4773 ence. - Armor of proof, armor which has been proved trustworthy, or which is known to be trustworthy, as against ordinary weapons. Artist's proof, in engraving, a first impre ion taken from an engraved plate or block after its completion. - Burden of proof. See burden and def. 5 (c). - Composite proof, direct proof. See the adjectives. - Dogmatic or discursive proof. Same as acroamatic proof. Empirical proof, proof from actual experience. - Foul proof, imperfect proof. See the adjectives. - India proof. See India. Indirect proof, in logic, same as apagoge, 1 (b). - Irregular proof, a proof the external form of which is different from the standard form of logic. - Making proof, under United States land laws, furnishing to the proper officer the requisite affidavits of actual residence, etc., to entitle a marked.-Mathematical proof, proof from construction settler to a patent for his land. Marked proof. See of concepts, from a diagram or its equivalent. Mixed Mono syllogistic proof, a proof consisting of a single proof, a proof partly analytic and partly synthetic.syllogism. Ontological, ostensive, positive proof. See the adjectives. - Proof before letter, an early proof of a plate taken before the title or explanatory letter ing has been engraved. - Proof by notoriety. Same as judicial notice (which see, under notice ). - Proof of gunpowder, a test of strength, one ounce of powder being used with a 24-pound ball, which must be driven a distance of not le than 250 yards. -Proof of ordnance and small arms, tests by means of hydraulic pre ure and the firing of heavy charges. - Proof with open letters, or open letter proof, an early proof of an engraving, on which the title is engraved in letters that are merely outlined.Proof with remark, or remark proof, a proof of an engraving or etching in which the early state is denoted by one or more croquis or fanciful marks traced on the margin, or by the absence of certain lines in different parts of the plate. These remarks are sometimes used to denote the different states of the plate up to the point of completion. - Pure proof. See purel. - To the prooft, to the quick; so as to touch a vital part. But now I'll speak, and to the proof , I hope. Marlowe , Edward II., i. 1. We must be patient: I am vex'd to the proof too. Fletcher, Wild goose Chase, iii. 1. =Syn. 1. Experiment, e ay, ordeal.-2. Testimony , etc. (see evidence and inference ), demonstration, certification. II. a . [Elliptical for of proof : see proof , n., 4.] 1. Impenetrable; able to resist, physical- ly or morally: as, water - proof , fire- proof , shot- against before the thing resisted. proof , bribe- proof : often followed by to or Now put your shields before your hearts, and fight, With hearts more proof than shields. Shak., Cor., i. 4. 25. IMG:content-1091.png:[blocks in formation] I do not know... a task so difficult in human life as to be proof against the importunities of a woman a man loves. Steele , Spectator, No. 510. If James had not been proof to all warnings, these events would have sufficed to warn him. Macaulay , Hist. Eng., vi. 2. Noting alcoholic liquors which have the specific gravity 0.91984, usually considered as 0.920, which is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. Such spirits contain 0.495 of their weight, or 0.5727 of their volume, of absolute alcohol. The strength is usually determined by a hydrometer. See alco holometry, overproof, and underproof. 3. Of excellent quality: said of land. Halli well. [Prov. Eng.] - Proof strength. See the quo tation. Men . She is a handsome wench. Leu. A delicate, and knows it; And out of that proof - arms herself. Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, ii. 3. Same as armor proof-armor (pröf'är"mor), n . of proof (which see, under proof ). proofed (pröft), a . [ proof + -ed2.] Made proof; specifically, made water-proof: as, proofed silk. [Trade term.] proof-fult (pröf ful), a . [ proof + -ful .] veying proof; bearing testimony. Had you been so blest To give such honour to your captains' counsels As their alacrities did long to merit Con A cylindrical gla In gun - manuf ., a proof-house (pröf hous), n. building in which gun-barrels are proved or tested for flaws or defects by firing them with critical test-charges of a definite weight of a standard powder, and also by hydraulic pre ure. See proof, n., 6. In London a proof-house is established by law, to which gun-barrels of different makers can be sent for proof. Gun-barrels which meet the test are then stamped with authorized proof-marks. proof-leaf (pröf'lēf), n. A proof; a proof-sheet. They appear printed in a few proof - leaves of it in my Boswell, Johnson, I. 204. [ po e ion. proofle (pröf'les), a. Lacking sufficient evidence to constitute proof; not proved. Such questionable, not to say altogether proof - le conceits. Boyle , Works, II. 290. pro of les sly (pröf'les-li), adv. Without proof. The maxim Locus conservat locatum... has been Boyle, Works, IV. 390. proof -le ly a erted.