An English poet, son of Charles Church ill, rector of Rainham, Essex

He was ordained a priest in 1756, and became curate at Rainham, and in 1758 of St. John's, Westminster; was for a time a teacher in various schools; was separated from his wife (Feb., 1761), with whom he had contracted a Fleet marriage at the age of seventeen; and thereafter devoted himself to literature, becoming famous as a satirist through his "Ros ciad" (1761) (which see). He also published "The Apology: addre ed to the Critical Reviewers" (1761), "Night: an Epistle to Robert Lloyd" (1762), "The Ghost," in which Johnson is ridiculed in connection with the Cock Lane ghost (1762-63), "The Prophecy of Famine: a Scots Pas toral" (1763), "The Duellist," an a ault on the enemies of Wilkes (1763), "The Author" (1763), "Gotham," a poet ical statement of his political opinions (1764), "The Candidate" (1764), etc. He was a friend of Wilkes, and a colaborer with him on the "North Briton." Thomas Churchyard was an inferior sort of Gas coigne, who led a much longer if le eventful life. He was about the Court for the greater part of the century, and had a habit of calling his little books, which were numerous, and written both in verse and prose, by alliterative titles playing on his own name such as "Churchyard's Chips," "Churchyard's Choice," and so forth. He was a person of no great literary power, and chiefly noteworthy because of his long life after contributing to Tottel's "Miscellany," which makes him a link between the old literature and the new. Saints bury, Hist. of Elizabeth an Lit., p. 18. Churruas. Same as Charruas . Churubusco (chö-rö-bös'kō). A village about 5 miles south of the city of Mexico. During the Mexican war, Aug. 20, 1847 (after the battle of Contreras, which see), about 8,000 United States troops under Scott defeated there a force of 20,000-25,000 Mexicans under Santa Anna. An old convent in the village, garrisoned by about 800 Mexican troops under General Pedro Maria Anaya, was attacked by about 6,000 United States soldiers under Generals Twiggs, Smith, and Worth. The strong convent walls served as a fortre , and it was only carried after a severe battle, the ammunition of the defenders being exhausted. The lo es were: United States, 1,053; Mexico, about 7,000 (including the battle of Contreras). Churwalden (chör väl-den). A town, noted as a health-resort, in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, 5 miles south of Coire. Chusan (chö-sän'). The largest island of the Chusan group, situated in the China Sea in lat. 30° 10' N., long. 122° 10′ E. It was taken by the English in 1840 and 1860. Capital, Ting-hai. Chusan Archipelago. The group of islands of which Chusan is the chief. Chutia Nagpur. See Chota Nagpur . Chutterpur (chut-ter-pör'), or Chattrpur (chat-tr-pör'). A city in Bund elk hand, British India, in lat. 24° 52′ N., long. 79° 38′ E. Chuuichupa (chö-we-chöpä). [Opata.] The wild and scarcely explored region of the sources of the Yaqui River in the Sierra Madre, near the confines of Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. Chuzzlewit (chuz'l-wit), Anthony. The shrewd and cunning father of Jonas, in Charles Dickens's "Martin Chuzzlewit." Chuzzlewit, Jonas. An unscrupulous, selfish, and overreaching fellow, the cousin of Martin and son of Anthony Chuzzlewit, in Charles Dickens's "Martin Chuzzlewit." His slyne , selfish ignorance, and brutality finally culmiChuzzlewit, Martin. The grandfather of Mar Church ill, John, first Duke of Marl borough. Born at Ashe, Musbury, Devons hire, probably nate in murder. June 24, 1650: died near Windsor, June 16, 1722. A famous English general and statesman. He tin Chuzzlewit, in Charles Dickens's novel of served for a time as page of honor to the Duke of York (afterward James II.), and in 1667 obtained a commi ion as ensign in the Foot Guards. He served under Mon mouth in the French army in Flanders in 1672 and subsequently, He joined William of Orange in Nov., 1688, was inade earl of and commanded under Fever sham at Sedgemoor Marl borough in 1689, served on the Continent and in Ireland 1689-91, and in 1692 was removed from his offices and imprisoned for complicity in Jacobite intrigues. He was restored to favor by William III. in 1698, and was ap pointed commander-in-chief in Holland in 1701, and caарtain-general of all the British forces in 1702. During the War Cicacole judges who condemned Gonzalo Pizarro and Carvajal to death. From Jan., 1550, to Sept., 1551, he governed Peru as president of the audience. Cibalæ (sib'a-lē), or Cibalis (-lis). In ancient geography, a town in Pannonia, near the modern E eg in Slavonia. Here, in 314, Const an tine defeated Licinius. Cibao (se-bä'ō). [Probably from the Indian word ciba , a stone or rock.] A mountainous region in the central part of the island of Santo Domingo. At the time of the conquest it was included in the province of Maguana, governed by Caonabo. The Indians told Columbus that gold was found there, and he supposed it to be the Cipango (Japan) of Marco Polo. Ojeda entered this region in March, 1494, and a considerable amount of gold was obtained there. Cibber (sib'er), or Cibert (sē'bert), Caius Gabriel. Born at Flensborg, in Holstein, 1630: died at London, 1700. A Danish sculptor, resident in England, the father of Colley Cibber. Cibber, Colley. Born at London, Nov. 6, 1671: died there, Dec. 12, 1757. An English actor and dramatist, son of the sculptor C. G. Cibber by his second wife, Jane Colley. He began his career as an actor about 1690, his first recorded appearance being in 1691 at the Theatre Royal, and subsequently played a large number of parts, of many of which he was the original. Among his plays are "Love's Last Shift" (1694), "She Would and She Would Not" (1702), "The Carele Husband" (acted 1704), "The Double Gallant" (1707), "The Provoked Husband" (1728), "The Non-Juror" (acted 1717), etc. He altered and adapted "Richard III." and "King Lear," and other plays, the former keeping the stage for a century. In 1730 he was appointed poet laureate. Pope attacked him under the name of "Dulne " in the "Dunciad" (1741). His "Apology for his Life" was published in 1740. Cibber, Mrs. (Susannah Maria Arne). Born at London, Feb., 1714: died at Westminster, Jan. 30, 1766. A noted English actre and singer, wife of Theophilus Cibber and sister of Thomas Arne. Her first appearance was at the Hay market in 1732, in the opera "Amelia" by Lumpé, and her reputation was for several years chiefly founded upon her singing. In 1736 she made her début as a tragic actre in the part of Zarah, in Hill's version of Voltaire's "Zaïre," and rapidly became famous. Cibber, Theophilus. Born Nov. 26, 1703: perished in a shipwreck in the Irish Channel, Oct., 1758. An English actor and dramatist, son of Colley Cibber. He wrote "The Lover" (1730), "Patie and Peggy, or the Fair Foundling" (1730), "The Harlot's Progre , or the Ridotto al Fresco" (1733), "The Auction" (1757), etc. He published an alteration of "Henry VL." In famous as an actre . She abandoned him a few years later. Cibber was a man of unsavory reputation. Cibobé (se-bo-bā'). [Tehua of northern New Mexico.] A mythical place, probably some spring or lagoon in southern Colorado, where, according to the traditions of the Tehuas, their ancestors i ued from the interior of the earth to begin their wanderings over its surface. It is the mythical cradle of the tribe. 1734, he married Susannah Maria Arne, afterward Cibola (sē' bō-lä). [Origin unknown.] The name given by Fray Marcos of Nizza to the cluster of villages occupied by occupied by the Zuñi tribe in 1539. He heard the word in Sonora, and it may have been a corruption of Shiuona , the Zuni name for the range held by that tribe. Cibot (se-bō'), François Barthélemy Michel Edouard. Born at Paris, Feb. 11, 1799: died at Paris, Jan. 10, 1877. A French painter, noted especially for historical subjects and landscapes. Cibot, Pierre Martial. Born at Limoges, France, 1727: died at Peking, China, Aug. 8, 1780. A French Jesuit, mi ionary in China. He was the author of many di ertations and treatises, comprised in the "Mémoires concern ant l'his to ire des let tres, sciences et arts de la Chine." Cibrario (che-brä'rē-ō), Count Giovanni Antonio Luigi. Born at Turin, Feb. 23, 1802: died at Salo, Brescia, Italy, Oct. 1, 1870. An Italian jurist, historian, and politician, cabinet minister 1852-56. He wrote "Storia dell a monarch i a di Savoia" (1840-47), "Origin i e progre i delle instituzioni dell a monarch i a di Savoia" (1854-55), "Della economia politic a del Medio Evo" (1842), etc. Cibyra (sib'i-rä). [Gr. Κίβυρα .] An ancient town of Phrygia, Asia Mi Minor, the modern Khorzum: called Cibyra Magna , to distinguish it from a smaller town of the same name in Pamphylia. Its ruins comprise an odeum, 175 feet in diameter, with thirteen tiers of seats visible above ground. The front wall is noteworthy, and is practically complete: it has five arched doorways between two square ones. There is also an ancient theater of some size and considerable interest, and a stadium, in part excavated from a hillside. There are twenty-one tiers of seats in marble, which remain in place around the curved end. There was a monumental entrance, consisting of three lofty arches. Cicacole (sik-a-kōl'), or Chica cole(chik-a-kōl'). A town in the district of Ganjam, Madras, British India, situated on the Nagavulli in lat. 18° 20′ N., long. 83° 52′ E. Cicely Homespun Cicely Homespun. See Homespun . Cicero. A surname given to Johann, elector of Brandenburg 1486-99, on account of his elo quence. Cicero (sis'e-rō), Marcus Tullius. Born at Arpinum, Italy, Jan. 3, 106 B. c.: a a inated near Formicæ, Italy, Dec. 7, 43 в. с. A celebrated Roman orator, philosopher, and states man. He served in the Social War in 89; traveled in Greece and Asia 79-77; was questor in Sicily in 75; асcused Verres in 70; was edile in 69; pretor 66; and as consul suppre ed Cat i line's conspiracy in 63. He was banished in 58, living in The alonica, and was recalled in 57. He was proconsul of Cilicia 51-50; joined the Pompeians in 49; lived at Brundisium, Sept., 48, Sept., 47; pronounced the Philippics against Antony 44-43; and was proscribed by the Second Triumvirate and slain in 43. Of his orations 57 are extant (with fragments of 20 more), including "Against Verres" (six speeches, 70 B. C. five of these were never delivered), "Against Cat i line" (four speeches, 63 B. C.: see Cat i line ), "For Archias" (62 B. c.), "Against Piso" (55 B. C.), “For Milo" (52 в. с.), "For Mar cell us" (46 B. C.), and "Philippics" (which see). His other works include "Rhetoric a," "De oratore," "De republic a," "De legibus," "De finibus bonorum et malo rum," "Tusculanæ dis put at i ones," "De natura deorum," "Cato major," "De div in at i one," "Lælius," 3," "De officiis" (see these titles), etc. There are, besides, four collections of his correspondence. He also wrote poetry, including an epic on Marius. Cicero, Quintus Tullius. Born about 102 B. C.: killed 43 B. C. A Roman commander, younger brother of Marcus Tullius Cicero, distinguished in Gaul in 54. Cicero's younger brother, Quintus (a. 652/102-711/43), took much interest in literature, especially in poetry, and seems to have resembled his facility of composition, but he never attained any distinction. He undertook an annalistic work, and translated tragedies of Sophokles and the like. We po e by him the Comment a rio lum petition is, a mi ive addre ed to his brother Marcus, composed early in 690/64, and a few letters. Teuffel and Schwabe , Hist. Rom. Lit. (tr. by G. C. W. [Warr), I. 324. Cicogna (che-kōn'yä), Emmanuele Antonio. Born at Venice, Jan. 17, 1789: died at Venice, Feb. 22, 1868. An Italian historian and archæ ologist. He wrote "Delle inscrizioni Veneziane" (1824-53), etc. Cicognara (che-kōn-yä'rä), Count Leopoldo. Born at Ferrara, Italy, Nov. 17, 1767: died at Venice, March 5, 1834. An Italian antiquarian and diplomatist, author of "Storia dell a scul tura" (1813-18), etc. Cid (sid; Sp. pron. theTH), The: called also El Campeador (käm-pe-ä-dor') (Ruy or Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar). [ Cid , Sp., representing Ar. Seyyid, master: el Campeador , Sp., the champion or challenger.] Born at the castle of Bivar, near Burgos, Spain, about 1040: died at Valencia, Spain, July, 1099. The principal national hero of Spain, famous for his exploits in the wars with the Moors. The title of Cid , by which he is almost always known, is often said to have come to him from the remarkable circumstance that five Moorish kings or chiefs acknowledged him in one battle as their Seid , or their lord and or conqueror and the title of camp adenitis Champion a umed to have been given to him as a leader of the armies of Sancho the Second, has long since been used almost exclusively as a mere popular expre ion of the admiration of his countrymen for his exploits against the Moors. At any rate, from a very early period he has been called El Cid Campeador , or The Lord Champion.