Freyr

See Frey. Freytag (frī'täg), Georg Wilhelm Fried rich. Born at Lüneburg, Pru ia, Sept. 19, 1788: died at Bonn, Pru ia, Nov. 16, 1861. A German Orientalist, author of a "Lexicon ArabicoLatinum" (1830-37), etc. Freytag, Gustav. Born at Kreuzburg in Silesia, Germany, July 13, 1816: died at Wiesbaden, April 30, 1895. A German novelist and dramatic writer. He became docent of the German language and literature at the University of Berlin He resigned this position, however, in 1844, and went to Leipsic and Dresden. In 1848 he returned to Leipsic, where with Julian Schmidt he engaged in editorial work on the "Grenzboten," which he conducted until 1861, and again from 1867 to 1870. In the latter year he was sum Friar's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." It is the story of a summoner who, when he was riding to oppre a poor widow, met a foul fiend and entered into a compact with him. The fiend finally carries him off. Hubert, the friar who tells the tale, is a "limit our" - that is, one licensed to hear confe ions and perform offices of the church within a certain district. He is "wanton and merry, a full festive man." Friar Tuck. See Tuck. Frias (frē'äs), Tomás. Born in Potosí, Jan. 14, 1805: died in La Paz, Aug., 1884. A Bolivian statesman. He was repeatedly secretary of state; held various important diplomatic posts; and was acting president Nov., 1872, to May, 1873; vice-president 1873; and, after the death of Ballivian, president from Feb., 1874, to May, 1877. His term was quiet and progre ive. Fribble (frib'l). 1. A haberdasher in Thomas Shad well's comedy "Epsom Wells." He is surly, conceited, and proud of his submi ive but deceitful wife, though he pretends to domineer over her. 2. In Garrick's play "Mi in her Teens," a weak-minded fop. Garrick played the character himself. In the reign of George II. any one who affected the extreme of fashionable folly was called a "fribble." Fribourg (fre-bör'), G. Freiburg (frī'börg). A canton of Switzerland, bounded by Bern on the northeast and east, Vaud on the south and west, and the Lake of Neuchâtel on the northwest. The chief occupation is agriculture, the prevail. ing religion Roman Catholic, and the language 69 per cent. French and 31 per cent. German. Fribourg sends 6 members to the National Council. It was admitted to the Swi Confederation in 1481. A liberal constitution was adopted in 1831. Area, 644 square miles. Population (1888), 119,155. Fribourg, G. Freiburg im Üchtlande (fri' börg im ücht'län-de). The capital of the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, on the Saane 17 miles southwest of Bern. It is on the border between French and German Switzerland. It consists of a lower and an upper town. The cathedral, begun in 1283, is an interesting church with a late-Pointed tower, 280 feet high, and a curiously sculptured portal. The organ has long been celebrated as one of the best existing. The Suspension suspension-bridge bridge cro ing cro ing the gorge of the the Saane santabas was the stream 168. Four wire cables are carried over its two end towers, which have the form of simple arches of masonry, flanked by coupled Doric pilasters, and crowned by an entablature and a low attic. Population (1888), 12,244. Frickthal (frik'täl). A territory in Switzerland, in the northern part of the canton of Aargau, with which it was incorporated in 1803. Friday (frīdā). [From Frigga , a Teutonic godde , in part identified with the Roman Venus , ÁS. Frige dæg , etc., being a translation of the Roman name of this day, dies Veneris , or Veneris dies .] The sixth day of the week. Friday is the Mohammedan Sabbath, or "day of a embeen bly." established It is said in by the divine Mohammedan command as traditions a day of worship to have for Jew and Christian alike, as being the day on which Adam was created and received into paradise, the day on which he was expelled from it, the day on which he repented, and the day on which he died. It will, according to the same traditions, be the day of the resurrection. In the Roman and Eastern and Anglican churches, all Fridays except Christmas day (when it occurs on Friday) are generally observed as fasts obligation or abstinence, in memory of the crucifixion of Christ, an event which is especially commemorated annually on Good Friday. In most Christian nations Friday is popularly regarded with superstition, and is considered an unlucky day for beginning any enterprise. To spill more or le salt on Friday is considered an especially bad omen. Until recently it was common for criminals under sentence of capital punishment to be executed on Friday: hence Friday is sometimes called hangman's day . Friday. The native attendant of Robinson Crusoe, in Defoe's novel of that name. He was so named by his master because the latter had saved him from death on that day. Friday Club, The. A club instituted at Edinburgh by Sir Walter Scott in June, 1803. Fri des wide, Fri the swith, or Fredeswitha. Died po ibly in 735. An English saint. She was a royal prince , according to the legend, and fled from the importunities of her lover to Oxford, where she founded the monastery of St. Fri des wide. She is commemorated on Oct. 19. in 1887. Friar Bacon, The Famous History of. A popular legend concerning Roger Bacon. It was published in a prose tract, in London, in 1627 (reprinted in Thom's "Early Prose Romances "). No earlier edition is known, but that it is much older is evident from the fact that Greene's "Honorable History of Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay," which was founded on it, was played at Devons hire House in 1591. It was first printed in 1594. Friar Gerund. See Fray Gerundio. Friar Rush. See Rush. Fridigern. See Fritigern . Friedberg (frēd'berg). A town in Upper Bavaria, situated on the Ach 5 miles east-southeast of Augsburg. Here, Aug. 24, 1796, the French under Moreau defeated the Austrians under Latour. Population (1890), 2,679. Friedberg. A town in the province of Upper He e, He e, on the Usa 16 miles north of Frankfort-on-the-Main: formerly a free imperial city. Here, July 10, 1796, the French under Jourdan defeated the Austrians under War tens leben. Popula tion (1890), 5,276. Fried eric i a. See Fred eric i a . Friedewald (frē'de-vält). A small town in the province of He e-Na au, Pru ia, 33 miles south-southeast of Ca el. Friedewald, Treaty of. A treaty concluded at Friedewald, Pru ia, Oct. 5, 1551, between France and the League of Smalkalden, for the Fries land purpose of liberating Philip, landgrave of He e, who was held as a prisoner of state by the emperor. His freedom was secured by the Peace of Pa au, July 16, 1552. Fried land (frēd'länt). A town in Bohemia, on the Wittich 64 miles north-northeast of Prague. Its castle belonged to Wal lens tein, duke of Fried land. Population (1891), commune, 5,282. Fried land. A town in the province of East Pru ia, Pru ia, situated on the Alle 26 miles southeast of Königsberg. Here, June 14, 1807, the French (70,000 to 80,000) under Napoleon defeated the Ru ians and Pru ians (55,000 to 70,000) under Bennigsen. The lo of the French was about 7,000 to 8,000; that of the Allies, over 25,000. Fried land. A town in the grand duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Germany, 43 miles northwest of Stettin. Population (1890), 5,646. Friedländer (frēd'len-der), Fried rich. Born Jan. 10, 1825: died June 14, 1901. An Austrian genre painter, a pupil of Waldmüller. Friedländer, Julius. Born at Berlin, June 25, 1813: died there, April 4, 1884. A German numismatist, keeper of the royal collection of ancient coins. Friedländer, Ludwig. Born at Königsberg, July 16, 1824. A German scholar, profe or of cla ical philology and archæology at Königsberg 1858-92. He published works on Homer and the Homeric question, and on Roman antiquities. Fried rich rod a (frēd'rich-rō-dä). A small town in Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, in the Thu ring i an For est 9 miles southwest of Gotha. Fried rich sha fen (frēd'richs-hä-fen). A small town in the Danube circle, Würtemberg, on the Lake of Con stance 14 miles east of Con stance. Friedrichsruh (frēd'richs-rö). The residence of Prince Bismarck, about 17 miles southeast of Hamburg. Friendly (frend'li), Sir John. In Vanbrugh's play "The Relapse," a country gentleman. Sheridan metamorphosed him into his Colonel Townly in the "Trip to Scar borough." Friendly Islands. See Tonga Islands . Friend of Man, The. [F. L'Ami des hommes . ] A surname ironically given to Mirabeau (father of the orator), from the title of his work "L'Ami des hommes." Friendship in Fashion. A comedy by Thomas Otway, produced in 1678. Fries (fres), Bernhard. Born at Heidelberg, Baden, May 16, 1820: died at Munich, May 21, 1879. A German landscape-painter, younger brother of Ernst Fries. Fries, Elias Magnus. Born at Femsjö, near Wexiö, Sweden, Aug. 15, 1794: died at Upsala, Sweden, Feb. 8, 1878. A Swedish botanist. He was profe or of practical economy 1834, and of botany 1851, and director of the botanical museum and garden, at Upsala. His works include "System a orb is vegetabilis (1825), "Observationes my colog ice" (1815-18), "Summa vegetabilium Scand in aviæ" (1846-49). Fries, Ernst. Born at Heidelberg, Baden, June 22, 1801: died at Karlsruhe, Baden, Oct. 11, 1833. A German landscape-painter. Fries, Jakob Fried rich. Born at Barby, Pru ian Saxony, Aug. 23, 1773: died at Jena, Germany, Aug. 10, 1843. A German philosophical writer, profe or at Heidelberg and later (of philosophy) at Jena. He was deprived of his office for political reasons in 1819, but was appointed to the chair of physics and mathematics in 1824. He wrote "Neue Kritik der Vernunft" (1807), etc. Friesians (frēzianz), or Frisians (friz'ianz). The natives or inhabitants of Fries land; the Low German people who were the ancestors of the present inhabitants of Fries land. Friesic (frēzik). The language of the Friesians: in its oldest form specifically called Old Friesic. It is a Low German dialect formerly spoken in the northern part of Germany in the district which in cludes the present Fries land. Old Friesic, with Old Saxon and Anglo-Saxon, constituted the main part of what is collectively called Old Low German, of which the present modern Friesic in its local variations, North, East, and West Friesic, and Dutch, Flemish, and Low German in its restricted sense (Platt-Deutsch), are the modern continen tal remains. Fries land (frēz'land), or Vriesland (frēs'länt). [L. Frisia , F. Frise .] A province of the Netherlands, capital Leeuwarden, bounded by the North Sea on the north, Groningen and Drenthe on the east, Overy el on the south, and the Zuyder Zee on the southwest and northwest. Its surface is generally flat. Fries land formerly included a much larger territory. It was under the counts of Holland, but became independent early in the 15th century. In 1515 it was incorporated with the Hapsburg dominions, and it became one of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands. It is also called West Fries land. Area, 1,282 square miles. Population (1891), 336,442. IMG:content-0516.png:[blocks in formation] Frigga, or Friga (frig'ä). [Latinized forms of Frigg.] Same as Frigg . Frigid us (frij'i-dus). A small river, tributary of the Isonzo, which it joins near Görz in Austria: the modern Wipbach. It is noted for its coldne . In its valley, near the Birnbaumer Wald, Theodo Frimaire (fre-mar'). [F., 'the sleety.'"] The sius defeated the forces of Eugenius and Arbogast in 394. name adopted in 1793 by the National Convention of the first French republic for the third month of the year. It consisted of 30 days, commencing with Nov. 21 in the years 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, with Nov. 22 in 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, and with Nov. 23 in the year 12. Frimont (frē-môn'), Johann Maria Philipp, Count of, Prince of Antrodocco. Born at Finstingen, Lorraine, Jan. 3, 1759: died at Vienna, Dec. 26, 1831. An Austrian general. He entered the Austrian army in 1776, and was commander-in-chief of the Austrian troops in Upper Italy when he invaded France in 1815. He quelled, in accordance with the decrees of the Congre of Laybach, the liberal insurrection at Naples in 1821, and was made president of the council of war at Vienna in Nov., 1831. Frio (frē'ō), Cape. A promontory in Brazil, about 50 miles east of Rio de Janeiro: light Brant, house in lat. 23° 0′ 42′′ S., long. 42° 0′ 1′′ W. Frisches Haff (frishʼes häf). [G., 'Fresh Bay.'] A body of water north of the provinces of East and West Pru ia, extending from near Königsberg southwestward about 53 miles. Its average width is about 5 miles. It is separated by a tongue of land (Frische Nehrung) from the Baltic, with which it communicates by the Pillauer Tief. Frischlin (frish'lēn), Nikodemus. Born at Balingen, Würtemberg, Sept. 22, 1547: died near the fortre of Hohenurach, Würtemberg, Nov. 29-30, 1590. A German philologist and Latin poet. Frisco (fris'kō). A colloquial abbreviation of San Francisco . Friscobaldo (fris-kō-bal'dō). In Dekker and Middle ton's "Honest Whore," the father of Bell a front. Frisian Islands, North. See North Friesian Islands . Frisians. See Friesians . Frith, or Fryth (frith), John. Born at Wester ham, Kent, in 1503: executed at London, July 4, 1533. An English Reformer and martyr. He took the degree of B. A. at King's College, Cambridge, in 1525, and in the same year became a junior canon of Cardinal College (afterward Christ Church), Oxford. He went abroad in 1528 to avoid religious persecution, resided for a time at the University of Marburg, and was a ociated with Tyndale in his literary work. He returned to England in 1532, was arrested for heresy by order of Sir Thomas More, and was burned at the stake in Smith field, London. During his imprisonment he wrote " A Boke made by John Fryth, prysoner in the Tower of London, answerynge to M. More's Letter," etc. (1533). Frith, Mary. See Cutpurse , Moll . Frith, William Powell. Born at Studley, near Ripon, England, 1819. An English painter. He studied art at Sa 's academy at London, and in 1839 exhibited a portrait at the British Institution, which was followed in 1840 by "Othello and Des demon a" and "Malvolio before the Counte Olivia" at the Academy. He was elected a royal academician in 1852. Among his more notable paintings are “The Village Pastor," "The Derby Day," and "The Railway Station." He has published "My Autobiography and Reminiscences" (1887) and "Further Reminiscences" (1888). Frithigern. See Fritigern . Frithjof's (frēt'yofs), or Fridthiof's (frēt'yofs), Saga. An Icelandic saga, a igned to the 14th century, relating the adventures of the Norwegian hero Frithjof (or Fridthiof). It is the subject of a poem by Tegner, "Frith i of's Saga," pubFritigern (frit'i-gern), or Frithigern, or Fridigern. Died in 381 A. D. A king of the West lished in 1825. Goths. He commanded a band of Christian West Goths who, when their race was expelled from Dacia by the Huns in 376, took refuge in Mæsia by permi ion of the emperor Valens. Disputes with the Roman officials at the pa age of the Danube led to war, and Fritigern with 200,000 men defeated and killed Valens at Adrianople in 378. Fritsch (fritsh), Gustav. Born at Cottbus, Germany, March 5, 1838. A German naturalist and traveler. After graduating in natural sciences and medicine, he made a succe ful exploration of South Africa 1863-68, traveling from Cape Town through the Orange Free State, Natal, and Bechuana-land as far as the Ba-Mangwato tribe. His work "Die Eingeborenen Südafrikas" (Breslau, 1873) is still the best contribution to the anthropology of the Bantu, Hottentot, and Bushman races. In 1874 he became profe or at the University of Berlin. From 1881 to 1882 he traveled in Egypt and the Orient, making special researches on electric fishes; and in 1890 he published, at Leipsic, "Die elektrischen Fische." Fritz (frits), Der Alte. [G., ‘Old Fritz.'] A IMG:content-0517.png:[blocks in formation] March 20,1728. A Jesuit mi ionary. The greater part of his life was spent among the Amazonian Indians, and he established the Omaguas and other mi ions. He repeatedly traversed the whole length of the river. In 1707 his map of the Amazon was first published at Quito, and it long remained the authority for this region. Fritz, Unser. [G., Our Fritz.'] A nickname given given by Germans to Frederick William, crown prince of Germany, and later emperor. Fritzlar (frits Fritzlar (frits'lär). A small town in the province of He e-Na au, Pru ia, on the Eder 16 miles southwest of Ca el. It is noted for its cathedral and as the first seat in He e of Christianity, which was introduced by St. Boniface about 732. Friuli (frēʼö-lē). [F. Frioul , G. Friaul : from the town Forum Julii .] A district north of the Adriatic Sea, mainly comprised in the modern province of Udine, Italy, and in the crownland Görz and Gradiska, Austria-Hungary. It became a Lombard duchy in the 6th century, and was ruled by dukes and margraves in the middle ages. Austrian Friuli was acquired by the house of Hapsburg in 1500, and Venetian Friuli was acquired from Venice in 1797. Both portions were lost by Austria in 1805 and 1809, and regained in 1815. Venetian Friuli was ceded to Italy in 1866. eral years spent in travel, Froi art decided to enter the church. The period of his activity as a chronicler extends from 1367 to 1400. His great work is the "Chronique de France, d'Angleterre, d'Éco e et d'Espagne," relating the events of history from 1325 till 1400. It was published before the close of the 15th century, and was thus among the first books to be printed. One of the 6 editions of the 16th century was by Denis Sauvaye, historian to Henry II. of France. The best editions in modern times are by Kervyn de Let ten hove, in 25 volumes (1867-77), and by Siméon Luce, incomplete, in 8 volumes (1869-88). Froi art, though inferior to Lescurel, and though far le remarkable as a poet than as a prose writer, can fairly hold his own with Des champs and Machault, while he has the advantage of being easily acce ible. The later part of his life having been given up to history, he is not quite so voluminous in verse as his two predece ors. Yet, if the attribution to him of the "Cour d'Amour" and the "Trésor Amoureux" be correct, he has left some 40,000 or 50,000 lines. The bulk of his work consists of long poems in the allegorical courtship of the time, interspersed with shorter lyrical pieces in the prevailing forms. One of these poems, the "Bui on de Jonece," is interesting because of its autobiographical details; and some shorter pieces approaching more nearly to the Fabliau style, "Le Dit au Florin," "Le Débat du Cheval et du Lévrier," etc., are sprightly and agreeable enough. Saints bury , French Lit., p. 104. Frolic (frol'ik), Sir Frederick. A character Griesheim, an educational institution which was removed to Keilhau, near Rudolstadt, in 1817; and in 1837 founded a kindergarten at Blankenburg in Thu ring i a. His chief work is "Die Menschenerziehung" (1826). Fröbel, Julius. Born at Griesheim, near StadtIlm, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, July 16, 1805: died at Zurich, Switzerland, Nov. 6, 1893. A German politician, traveler, and author, nephew of Fried rich Fröbel. He took part in the revolution ary movement at Vienna in 1848, and in 1867 founded at Munich the "Süddeutsche Pre e," which he conducted until 1873. He was appointed consul of the German Empire at Smyrna in 1873, and held a similar post at Algiers 1876-89. His chief works are "System der sozialen Politik" (1847), "Aus Amerika" (1857-58), "Theorie der Politik" (1861-64), "Die Wirthschaft des Menschenge. schlechts" (1870-76), "Die realist is che Welt an sicht die utilitarische Civilisation" (1881), and "Ein Lebens lauf (1890-91). Frobisher (frō'bish-ėr), Sir Martin. Died in 1594. An English navigator. He was of a family of Welsh origin settled at Altofts in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He commanded an expedition in search of the northwest pa age in 1576, on which he discovered the bay since known as Frobisher Bay. One of his sailors having brought home a piece of ore supposed to contain gold, he was sent out again in command of two expeditions in search of gold, 1577-78. On both occasions, however, the ore which he brought home proved to be worthle . He fought with distinction against the Great Armada in 1588. Frobisher Bay. An arm of the ocean extending about 200 miles into Baffin Land, between Hudson Strait and Cumber land Sound. It was until recently called Frobisher Strait. Frog (frog), Nicholas or Nic. A nickname for the Dutch in Arbuthnot's "Law is a Bottomle Pit," in "The History of John Bull." Frog more (frog'mor) Lodge. A mansion near Windsor Castle, England. It was the residence of Queen Victoria's mother, and in the grounds is the mausoleum erected by the queen to her husband. He [Sir Frederick Frolic] is a man of quality, who can fight at need with spirit and firmne of nerve, but whose customary occupation is the pursuit of pleasure without dignity and without reflection. Go e, Seventeenth Century Studies. Frolic, The. A British sloop of war taken in 1812 by Captain Jacob Jones in the American sloop of war Wasp. Frollo (frol'lō). In "Arthur," an English Arthur i an legend of the first half of the 15th century, a French knight. Arthur kills him in single combat, with his great sword Brown steel, when on his way to take Paris. Frollo (F. pron. fro-lo'), Claude. An arch deacon, one of the leading characters in "Notre Dame de Paris," by Victor Hugo. Heis absorbed in alchemy and is reputed holy, but he falls in love with and persecutes Esmeralda, a gipsy. After her death he is killed in revenge by Quasimodo, who throws him from the top of the tower of Notre Dame. Frollo, Jehan. A scholar in "Notre Dame de Paris," by Victor Hugo. Frome, or Frome Selwood (fröm sel'wud). A manufacturing town in Somerset, England, 11 miles south of Bath. Population (1891), 9,613. From ent in (fro-mon-tań'), Eugène. Born at St.-Maurice, near La Rochelle, Oct. 24, 1820: died there, Aug. 27, 1876. A noted French genre painter, a pupil of Rémond and Cabat. He visited Algiers 1846-48 and 1852-53, and brought home many sketches from which he painted his characteristic pictures of Oriental life. He was also the author of "Domenique," a succe ful romance, and of works on art and travel. He was awarded a second-cla medal in 1849 and 1867, and a first-cla in 1859. He became a member of the Legion of Honor in 1859. Fronde (frond), The. [F., lit. 'a sling.'] In French history, the name of a party which during the minority of Louis XIV. waged civil war against the court party, on account of the humiliations inflicted on the high nobility and the heavy fiscal impositions laid on the people. The movement began with the resistance of the Parliament of Paris to the measures of the minister Mazarin, and was tophanes. It was exhibited in 405 B. c., and obtained the first prize. The plot [of "The Frogs"] is separated into two parts: first, the adventures of Dionysus on his journey to Hades in search of a good poet, Sophocles and Euripi des being lately dead; and secondly, the poetical contest of Æschy lus and Euripi des, and the final victory of Æschylus. These subjects are logically though loosely connected together, but remind us strongly of the dramatic economy of the very poet whom Aris toph anes is here attacking so vehemently. No analysis can reproduce the real brilliancy piece, which consists in manner of comic tions, repartees, parodies, and unexpected blunders.