Guiccioli (gwe-chō'lē), Countess Teresa

Born miles southwest of London. It has important in Italy about 1801: died at Rome, March 26, 1873. An Italian lady, the daughter of Count Gamba, celebrated on account of her relations with Lord Byron. She married Count Guiccioli when she was about 16 years old, and met Byron a few months later. After about a year the count objected to her intimacy with Byron, and she went back to her father's house. From this time until Byron's death she maintained her relations with him. After this she is said to have returned to her husband. In 1851 she married the Marquis de Boi y, and in 1868 published in French "My Recollections of Lord Byron." Guichard (ge-shar'), or Guischard, Karl Gottlieb: pseudonym Quintus Icilius. Born at Magdeburg, Pru ia, 1724: died at Potsdam, Pru ia, May, 1775. A German soldier and military writer. He entered the military service of Holland, attaining the rank of captain; withdrew and went to England in 1754; and in 1758 entered the service of Frederick the Great, under whom he rose to the rank of colonel. He wrote "Mémoires mil it a ires sur les Grecs et les Romains" (1757), "Mémoires critiques et historiques sur plusieurs points d'anti quités mil it a ires” (1773). Guicowar's Dominions. See Baroda . Guider i us (gwi-dēʼri-us). In Shakspere's "Cymbeline," a legendary prince, the son of Cymbeline of Britain. He is disguised under the name and state of Polydore, the son of Morgan. Guidi (gwe'dē), Carlo A le andro. Born at Pavia, Italy, June 14, 1650: died at Frascati, Italy, June 12, 1712. An Italian lyric poet, grain trade. It is a very old town, and has a Norman keep. Population (1891), 14,319. Guildhall (gild'hal). The council hall of the City of London, founded in 1411, and restored after the fire of 1666. The great hall measures 153 by 48 feet, and is 55 high it has a handsome open-framed roof, modern colored-gla windows, and the two legendary colo al wooden figures of Gog and Magog. Along the walls are placed statues of famous men. The crypt, with its clustered columns, is of the original construction, and is interesting. See Gog and Magog. Guilford (gil'ford). A village and town in New Haven County, Connecticut, situated on Long Island Sound 16 miles east of New Haven. Population (1900), town, 2,785. Guilford, Earl of. See North Guilford Court House. A place about 5 miles from Greens borough, Guilford County, North Carolina. Here, March 15, 1781, the British (about 2,400) under Cornwall is defeated the Americans (abont 4,400) under Greene. The British lo was about 600; the American, about 400. Guillaume. See William and Wilhelm . Guillaume de Lorris (gē-yōm'dėlo-rēs'). Born at Lorris, Loiret, France: died about 1240 (1). A French poet, author of the first part of the "Roman de la Rose." About 4,670 of the 22,800 OF more lines were written by him. See Roman de la Rose. Guillaume de Palerne (dė pä-larn'). An early French roman d'aventure. It was translated very IMG:content-0563.png:[blocks in formation] Gumti the district of Gujranwala, situated in lat. 32° 10′ N., long. 74°14′ E. Population, about 20,000. Gujrat (guzh-rät'), sometimes written Guzerat. 1. A district in the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 32° 40′ N., long. 74° E. Area, 2,051 square miles. Population (1891), 760,875. ated in lat. 32° 35' N., long. 74° 7' E. Here, Feb. 22, 1849, the British under Gough defeated the Sikhs. land, 40 miles north of York. The first alum--2. The capital of the district of Gujrat, situ- works in England were established here about 1600. Population (1891), 5,623. Guiscard, Robert. See Robert Guiscard. Guischard, Karl Gottlieb. See Guichard. Guise (güez). A town in the department of Guillim (gwil'im), John. Born at Here ford about 1565: died at London, May 7, 1621. An English writer on heraldry. He published "A Aisne, France, situated on the Oise 23 miles Display of Heraldrie"(1610: sometimes ascribed to John Barkham). Guillotin (ge-yō-tan'), Joseph Ignace. Born at Saintes, France, May 28, 1738: died at Paris, March 26, 1814. A French physician, wrongly regarded as the inventor of the guillotine. As deputy to the Constituent A embly, 1789, he proposed that all capital punishment should be by decapitation, a privilege till then reserved for the nobility, and suggested that decapitation could be most quickly and humanely performed by a machine. The device actually adopted as a result of this suggestion was prepared by a German mechanic named Schmidt under the direction of Dr. Antoine Louis, perpetual secretary of the Academy of Surgery, and was first used April 25, 1792, for the execution of a highwayman named Pelletier. The machine was first named louis on or louisette, but after a while Guillotin's name was attached to it. Guillotin was not, as has been a erted, executed in his own machine, but died a natural death. Guimarães, or Guimaraens (gē-mä-rīns'). A town in the province of Minho, Portugal, situated on the Ave 30 miles northeast of Oporto. The castle is a battlemented ruin with a huge central keep, inacce ible save by a wooden bridge, and square angle-towers connected by curtains. Population, about 8,000. Guinart (ge-närt'), Roque. A noble in Cervantes's "Don Quixote." He was a real character, his name being Pedro Rocha Guinarda. Guinaus. See Guaynos . Guinea (gin'i). [Formerly Ginnie , Ginny , etc.; F. Guinée, Sp. Guiné , etc.: named from the African Ginnie , or Jinnie , a town and kingdom in the Niger district.] That part of western Africa which lies along the coast from Cape Roxo (or about lat. 12° N.) to Cape Negro (or about lat. 16° S.), and extends indefinitely inland. It includes, besides native states, British, French, German, and Portuguese colonies, Liberia, and part of the Kongo Free State. It is divided into Upper or North Guinea, and Lower or South Guinea (separated by the Kamerun Mountains or the equator). The name is sometimes used in a more restricted sense. See Liberia , Gold Coast , etc. Guinea, Gulf of. That part of the Atlantic Ocean on the western coast of Africa comprised between Cape Palmas on the north and Cape Lopez on the south. Gui negate, or Guinegatte (gen-gät'). A village in the department of Pas-de-Calais, northern France, near St.-Omer. Here the French were twice defeated: (1) by Maximilian I. (then archduke of Austria) in August, 1479; (2) by Henry VIII. of England and Maximilian (his ally) in August, 1513. See Spurs , Bat tle of the . Guines (gen). A town in the department of Pas-de-Calais, France, 7 miles south of Calais. It was an ancient seat of counts, and was held by England in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. Population (1891), commune, 4,502. Guinevere (gwinʼe-vēr), or Gui never (gwin'ever), or Guenever (gwen'e-ver), or Geneura, or Ganore (gä-nor'). The wife of King Arthur in the Arthur i an cycle of romance. She was the daughter of Leodegraunce, king of Camel yard, and loved Lance lot of the Lake. See Lance lot . This prince (Geneura) is described as the finest woman in the universe her stature was noble and elegant; her complexion fair, and her eyes the finest blue of the heavens; the expre ion of her countenance was lively yet dignified, but sometimes tender; her understanding, nat urally just, was well cultivated; her heart was feeling, compa ionate, and capable of the most exalted sentiments. Dunlop, Hist. of Prose Fiction, I. 224. Guinevere. One of the "Idylls of the King" by Tennyson, published in 1859. Guingamp (gan-gon'). A town in the department of Côtes-du-Nord, Britt any, France, situated on the Trieux 19 miles west-northwest of St.-Brieuc. Its church of Notre Dame is one of the principal Breton pilgrim resorts. Population (1891), commune, 9,196. Guipúzcoa (gē-pöth'kō-ä). One of the three Basque provinces of Spain. Capital, San Sebastian. It is bounded by the Bay of Biscay on the north, France on the northeast, Navarre on the east, Navarre and Alava on the south, and Biscay on the west. Area, 728 square miles. Population (1887), 181,856. Guiríor (gē-rē'or), Manuel. Born at Aviz de Ugarte, Navarre, March 21, 1708: died at Madrid, Nov. 25, 1788. A Spanish naval officer and north of Laon. It gave name to the ducal house of Guise. It was the birthplace of Camille Des moulins. Population (1891), commune, 8,153. Guise, Cardinals and Dukes of. See Lorraine . Guise, Duchy of. A former duchy of northeastern France, which took its name from the town of Guise, and corresponded to the northern part of the department of Aisne. It was situated in the government of Picardy. Formerly it was a county. It was famous in the 16th and 17th centuries as a duchy in the hands of the Guise family, a branch of the house of Lorraine. aquil. Guise (giz), Martin. Died Jan. 21,1829. An English naval officer who in 1818 entered the service of Chile, under Cochrane, as captain. He did efficient service in the war for independence, and on the retirement of Cochrane (1821) was appointed to organize the navy of Peru. By blockading the port of Callao he forced the surrender of the last Spanish post, Callao Castle, Jan. 19, 1826. Admiral Guise was killed in the attack on GuayGuiteau (ge-tō'), Charles. Born about 1840: hanged at Washington, June 30, 1882. An American a a in. He was a pettifogging lawyer of French Canadian descent at Chicago, and on Garfield's election to the presidency went to Washington to seek the office of American consul at Marseilles, which he did not obtain. Excited by this failure, and by the political conflict between Garfield and Roscoe Conkling, he shot the President fatally at Washington, July 2, 1881. Guizot (ge-zō or güe-zō'), Madame (Elisabeth Charlotte Pauline de Meulan). Born at Paris, Nov. 2, 1773: died at Paris, Aug. 1, 1827. A French writer, first wife of F. P. G. Guizot, whom she married in 1812. She wrote "Education domestique, ou lettres de famille sur l'éducat i on" (1826), etc. Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume. Born at Nîmes, Oct. 4, 1787: died at Val-Richer, in Normandy, Oct. 12, 1874. A distinguished French historian and statesman. At the age of 12 he left his native city for Geneva, and in 1805 he took up the study of law in Paris. In 1812 he became a istant profe or of literature at the Sorbonne, and later was called to the new chair of modern history. His early public at tions are "Du gouvernement représent at if et de l'état actuel de la France" (1816), "Des conspirations et de la justice politique" (1821), "Des moyens de gouvernement et d'opposition dans l'état actuel de la France" (1821), "De la peine de morte en mat ière politique" (1822), etc. These pamphlets brought about his resignation from his profe orship. Devoting himself exclusively to historical research, he published his "His to ire du gouvernement représent at if," "E ais sur l'his to ire de France," "Collection des mémoires relatifs à la révolution d'Angle terre," "Collection des mémoires relatifs à l'his to ire de France," "His to ire de la révolution d'Angleterre depuis lavénement de Charles I. jusqu'à la restauration de Charles II.," etc. His courses of lectures at the Sorbonne, delivered 1828-30, appeared under the titles "Cours d'his to ire moderne," "His to ire générale de la civilisation en Europe," and "His to ire générale de la civilisation en France." In 1830 he was elected to the Chamber of Dep uties. After the revolution of July, 1830, he became minister of the interior, and, with the exception of a few months in the year 1840 spent as French amba ador to England, remained almost continuously minister in various capacities until he fell from power, Feb. 23, 1848, on the eve of Louis Philippe's abdication. He had been prime minister for the 8 years preceding his downfall, but had made himself so unpopular that he failed to be elected to the National A embly of 1848. The latter part of his life was spent in retirement. Besides the works already mentioned, Guizot translated Shakspere, and published "Washington" (1840), "De la démocratie en France" (1849), "Discours sur l'his to ire de la révolution d'Angle(1850), "Médita tions et études morales" (1851), "L'Amour dans le mariage" (1855), "Guillaume le Con quérant," "Édouard III. et les bourgeois de Calais," "Me. moires pour servir à l'his to ire de mon temps" (1858-68), "L'Église et la soc iété chrétienne en 1861" (1861), "Discours académiques" (1861), "Trois générations" (1861), "His to ire parlement a ire de France" (1863), "Médita tions sur l'e ence de la religion" (1864), "Médita tions sur l'état actuel de la religion chrétienne" (1865), "Mélanges biographiques et littéraires" (1868), "La France et la Pru e res pons ables devant l'Europe" (1868), "Médita tions sur la religion chrétienne dans ses ses rapports avec l'état actuel des soc iétés et des esprits" (1868), "Mélanges politiques et historiques" (1869), "Le duc de Broglie" (1872), Louis, Calvin" (1873, incomplete), and "His to ire de France racontée à mes petits-enfants" (1870-75). Gujarat. See Guzerat. Gujranwala (guzh-ran-wä'lä). 1. A district in the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 32° 15′ N., long. 74° E. Area, 3,017 square miles. Population (1891), 690,169.-2. The capital of vies de quatre grands chrétiens français, Gula (gö'lä). In A yro-Babylonian mythology, the name of the wife of Adar, the god of war and the chase. She is styled "the great lady" who presides over and death. Those who break contracts are threatened with her vengeance. Nebuchadnezzar dedicated to her two temples at Babylon and three at Bor sippa. Gulf Stream, The. An oceanic current, originating from the Atlantic Equatorial Current, which is made up of two arms, one of them i uing through the Florida Strait from the Gulf of Mexico, the other running westward along the northern face of the island of Cuba. The united stream follows the Atlantic coast northeastward with a velocity of from 2 to 5 miles an hour, gradu. ally expanding in breadth and diminishing in depth, but distinctly perceived for many degrees beyond the eastern edge of Newfoundland. Its comparatively high temperature (10 to 20 degrees above that of the surrounding ocean), rapid motion, and deep-blue color make the Gulf Stream a most remarkable phenomenon, and even more interest. ing than the Kuroshiwo, the corresponding current on the Asiatic coast of the Pacific Ocean. The Gulf Stream, doubtle , exerts a certain influence in modifying the climate of the British Isles, France, and other parts of western Europe, but to what extent is not yet definitely known. On the other hand, it is certain that its effect is not so great as was formerly supposed, and that some of its a umed workings are rather to be credited to the regular oceanic drifts. See articles on Kuroshiwo and Sarga o Sea. Gülhanè. See Abdul - Medjid . Gulistan (gö-lis-tän'). [Pers., 'the rose-garden.'] The most celebrated and finished work of the Persian poet Sadi. It is a kind of moral work in verse and prose, consisting of 8 chapters on kings, dervishes, contentment, taciturnity, love and youth, decrepitude and old age, education, and the duties of society, the whole intermixed with stories, maxims, philosophical sentences, and puns. Gull (gul), Sir William Withey. Born at Thorpe-le-Soken, E ex, Dec. 31, 1816: died Jan. 29, 1890. A noted English physician, appointed physician extraordinary to the queen in 1872 (ordinary in 1887). He received a baronetcy for the skill with which he treated the Prince of Wales in 1871. Gullians (gul'ianz). A name sometimes given to the followers of William III. of England. Gulliver, Lemuel. The ostensible recounter of "Gulliver's Travels." Gulliver's (gul'i-vérz) Travels. A social and political prose satire, in the form of a book of travels, written by Jonathan Swift, and published in 1726. It consists of 4 voyages-to Lilliput, to Brobdingnag, to Laputa, and to the country of the Houyhnhnms. Lemuel Gulliver is an honest, blunt English sailor. travels, "Gulliver's Travels" owes most of its external shape to the "Vera Hist or i a" of Lucian, itself a travesty of lost works on geography. The French poet Cyrano de Bergerac (1620-1655) had written a "Voyage à la lune" and a "His to ire comique des états et empires du soleil," from which Fontenelle had borrowed some hints. Several slight points which Swift used he is said to have taken from a tract by Francis Good win, Bishop of Llandaff. There can be no doubt, moreover, that the particular narrative manner of Defoe, whose "Robinson Crusoe" had appeared in 1719, produced an effect upon Swift. All these critical speсиlations, however, are rather curious than e ential. Swift, always among the most original of writers, is nowhere more thoroughly himself than in his enchanting romance of Lemuel Gulliver. Whether we read it, as children do, for the story, or as historians, for the political allusions, or as men of the world, for the satire and philosophy, we have to acknowledge that it is one of the wonderful and unique books of the world's literature.