Bonheur, Rosalie

( bon - her ',) (called Rosa,) an artist unrivalled among her own sex for the minute and spirited delineation of the various forms of animal life, was B. at Bordeaux, 1822. The daughter of a French artist of some distinction, she indulged her own particular tastes in the choice of objects for study, with some difficulty; deriving her early instruction from a study of such animal life as could be seen by her in the streets and abattoirs of Paris. In 1841 she entered upon her career by exhibiting two pictures, Chevres et Moutons, and Les Deux Lapins, which established her reputation. These were followed by a succe ion of highly-finished compositions, among which may be cited the celebrated Labour age Nivernais, which was completed in 1849, and has been added to the collection in the Luxembourg. Her Horse Fuir formed the chief attraction at the French exhibition of pictures in London during the season of 1855, and almost monopolized for a time the attention of artists and connoi eurs. In 1855 she sent to the Universal Exhibition in Paris a new landscape of large dimensions, the Haymaking Season in Auvergne. B. has evinced in her works a wonderful power of representing spirited action, which distinguishes her from other eminent animal painters of the day, and which endows her pictures as compositions with extraordinary interest. Several of her productions have been engraved, and are well known. Since 1849 she has directed the gratuitous School of Design for Young Girls at Paris. She was decorated with the cro of the Legion of Honor, in June, 1865. Bon Homme, in South Dakota, a village of Bon Homme co., on the Mi ouri river, 36 m. E. by S. of Yankton. Bon Homme, in Mi ouri a suburb of St. Louis. Bon Hommes, or GOOD MEN, n. pl. ( Eccl . Hist .) An order of friars established in England in 1283. They followed the rule of St. Augustine, and wore a blue habit. - The Paulicians called themselves "Good Men," or Los Bos Homos. Boni, ( bo - ne ',) an independent State of the island of Celebes, in the South Pacific Ocean, with a town of the same name. This is the most powerful State in the island. Pop . Unascertained. Lat. between 40 20 and 5° 20′ S.; Lon. between 119° 35' and 120° 30′ E. Boni, (GULF OF,) separates the two S. peninsulas of Celebes, and is 200 m. in length, by from 40 to 75 in breadth. Boniface I., ( bon'i - face ,) was elected pope after the death of Zozimus, 418, and was maintained in the pontifical chair by the Emperor Honor i us, against his rival Eulalius. D. 422. BONIFACE II. succeeded Felix IV. in 530. He was born at Rome, his father being a Goth. He compelled the bishops in a council to allow him to nominate his succe or, and accordingly he named Vigil; but another council disavowed the proceedings of the first. D. 532. BONIFACE III. succeeded Sabin i an us in 607, and died a few months after his election; but he obtained from the Emperor Phocas the acknowledgment that the See of Rome was supreme over all other churches. BONIFACE IV. was the son of a physician, and came to the tiara in 608. He converted the Pantheon into a church. D. 615. BONIFACE V. succeeded Adeodatus in 617, and D. 625. BONIFACE VI. succeeded For mos us in 896, and D. 18 days after his election. BONIFACE VII., whose surname was Franc one, a umed the chair after murdering Benedict VI. and John XIV. He was acknowledged sovereign pontiff in 974, and died in 984. His corpse was exposed in the public streets, and trodden under foot. BONIFACE VIII., in 1294, terrified his predece or Celestine into a resignation, by denouncing to him, at midnight, eternal damnation if he did not quit the pontifical chair. The credulous pope, thinking this a supernatural voice, obeyed the command next day, and the crafty cardinal was elected. He commenced his pontificate by imprisoning his predece or, and laying Denmark under an interdict. He also behaved in a haughty manner toward the Colonnas, a distinguished Roman family, who protested against his election, and called a council to examine the charge. Boniface excommunicated them as heretics, and preached a crusade against them. He incited the princes of Germany to revolt against Albert of Austria; and also i ued a bull, in which he a erted that God had set him over kings and kingdoms. Philip the Fair caused this bull to be burnt at Paris; on which Boniface laid France under an interdict. Philip appealed to a general council, and sent his army into Italy, which took Boniface prisoner. The pontiff's behavior on this occasion was bold enough; for, putting on the tiara, and taking the keys and the crosier in his hands, he said, "I am a pope, and a pope I will die." D. at Rome, a few months afterwards, in 1303. He wrote several works. His persecuting qualities are alluded to by Dante, in the 27th chapter of the "Inferno." BONIFACE IX. was a Neapolitan by birth, and of a noble family. He was made cardinal in 1381, and pope in 1359, D. 1404. Bon'iface, (ST.,) a saint of the Roman calendar, and a native of England, who was sent by Gregory II. to convert the Germans. Gregory III. made him an archbishop. B. in Devons hire, 680; slain by some peasants in Fries land, in 755. His letters were printed in 1616. Bonifacio. ( bo-ne- fah'cho ,) a fortified seaport town of the island of Corsica, on the strait which bears its name, 45 m. S S.E. of Ajaccio; Lat. 41° 23′ 11′′ N., Lon. 9° 9 16" E. - Its port is one of the best in the Mediterranean, but its entrance being not more than from 80 to 90 yards broad, it is rendered difficult of acce . Pop . 3,798. Bonifacio, (Cape,) the SE. point of the island of Corsica. Bonifacio, (Strait of,) the Fretum Gallicum of the Romans, lies between Corsica and Sardinia. At the narrowest part it is only 7 m. wide. The navigation is difficult, owing to the great number of rocks, which, however, are favorable to the production of coral. The coral and tunny fisheries are actively prosecuted. Bonifa'ti, a town of S. Italy, prov. Cosenza, 4 m. S.E. of Belvidere; pop . 3,661. Bon'iform, n. [Lat. bonus , good, and form a , shape, form. Of a good form or kind. (o.) Bonin, or ARZOBISPO ISLANDS, ( bon in , ) three groups in the North Pacific, known individually as the Parry, the Baily, and the Peel and Kater Islands. On the Peel Islands there are a few English and other Europe ans settled, engaged in the whale-fishery. Lat. between 26° 30 and 27° 44′ N.; Lon. between 142° and 143° E. Bon'ing, n. ( Masonry and Curp .) The art of making a plane surface by the guidance of the eye; joiners try up their work by boning with two straight edges, which determine whether it be in or out of winding ; that is to say, whether the surface be twisted or a plane. Bonita, in Minnesota , a village of Otter Tail co., near Otter Tail Lake. Bonito, ( bon'e -to.) [Sp.] ( Zool .) A name applied to several fishes belonging to the fam. Scombrid a . There are three varieties, - the Thynnus pelamys, the Felamys sard a , or Belted Bonito, and the Auris vulgar is , or Plain Bonito. The T. pelamys resembles the tunny, and is not unlike a large mackerel. In tropical climates it is found in large numbers, and is well known to sailors as one of the fishes constantly seen in pursuit of the flying-fish. It is a very pretty fish, of a rich blue color, with four dark lines stretching from the pectorals to the tail, on either side of the belly. Its average length is about two feet, and it is generally caught with an imitation flying fish as a bait. The Belted B. is common in the Mediterranean and Black Sea. The plain B. is also found in the Mediterranean, where its flesh is salted or pickled and used for food; but it is never eaten when fresh.