rearward1f (rerward)

[Early mod. E. rere ward; The standard of the camp of the children of Dan set forward, which was the rereward [ rearward , R. V.] of all the camps. Num. x. 25. The God of Israel will be your rereward [ rearward , R.V.]. Isa. lii. 12. it was bootle e for them [the Turks] to a aile the forefront of our battell, they determined to set vpon our rereward . Hakluyt's Voyages , II. 20. Hence-2. Any company or body of persons bringing up the rear; the rear. Because He. speaks to the tune of a country lady, that comes B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1. ever in the rearward or train of a fashion. rearward2 (rēr'wärd), adv. [ Rearward extended the curtain of mountains, back to the Wolkenburg. Long fellow , Hyper i on, i. 1. rearward2 (rēr'wärd), a. and n. [ II. n. Place or position at the rear; the part that comes last; rear; end; conclusion; wind up. 'A came ever in the rearward of the fashion. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2. 339. IMG:content-1711.png:[blocks in formation] Milton , P. L., iii. 20. Add is on. reascension (rē-a-sen's hon), n . [ re- + ascen sion .] The act of reascending; a remounting. reascent (re-a-sent'), n . [ re- + ascent .] A rise of ground following a descent. He mounts aloft and reascends the skies. Hence the declivity is sharp and short, And such the reascent . Cowper , Task, i. 327. reason1 (rē'zn), n. [ And be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you. 1 Pet. iii. 15. Give you a reason on compulsion! If reasons were as plentiful as blackberries, I would give no man a reason upon compulsion. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4. 264. 2. A fact, known or supposed, from which another fact follows logically, as in consequence of some known law of nature or the general course of things; an explanation. No sooner sighed but they asked one another the reason ; no sooner knew the reason but they sought the remedy. Shak., As you Like it, v. 2. 39. Not even the tenderest heart, and next our own, Knows half the reasons why we smile or sigh. Keble , Christian Year, 24th Sunday after Trinity. 3. An intellectual faculty, or such faculties collectively. (a) The intellectual faculties collectively. (b) That kind and degree of intelligence which distinguishes man from the brutes. And at the end of the days I Nebuchadnezzar lifted up mine eyes unto heaven, and mine understanding returned unto me, and I ble ed the most High. At the same time my reason returned unto me. Dan. iv. 36. O judgement! thou art fled to brutish beasts, And men have lost their reason . Shak., J. C., iii. 2. 110. Milton, P. L., ix. 239. For smiles from reason flow, To brute denied. (c) The logical faculties generally, including all that is subservient to distinguishing truth and falsehood, except sense, imagination, and memory on the one hand, and the faculty of intuitively perceiving first principles, and other lofty faculties, on the other. The knowledge which respect eth the Faculties of the Mind of man is of two kinds: the one respecting his Understanding and Reason , and the other his Will, Appetite, and Affection; whereof the former produceth Position or Decree, the later Action or Execution. The end of Logic is to teach a form of argument to secure reason , and not to entrap it; the end of Morality is to procure the affections to obey reason , and not to invade it; the end of Rhetoric is to fill the imagination to second reason , and not to oppre it. Bacon , Advancement of Learning, ii. But God left free the will; for what obeys Reason is free, and reason he made right, But bid her well be ware, and still erect; Lest, by some fair-appearing good surprised, She dictate false, and misinform the will To do what God expre ly hath forbid. Milton , P. L., ix. 352. We may in reason discover these four degrees: the first and highest is the discovering and finding out of proofs; the second, the regular and methodical disposition of them, and laying them in a clear and fit order, to make their connection and force be plainly and easily perceived; the third is the perceiving of their connection; and the fourth is a making a right conclusion. Locke , Human Understanding, iv. 17, § 3. (d) The faculty of drawing conclusions or inferences, or of reasoning. When she rates things, and moves from ground to ground, The name of reason she obtains by this; But when by reason she the truth hath found, And standeth fix'd, she understanding is. Sir J. Davies , Immortal. of Soul, § 25. The Latins called accounts of money rationes, and accounting ratiocinatio; and that which we in books of accounts call items they call nomina, that is, names; and thence it seems to proceed that they extended the word ratio to the faculty of reckoning in all other things. The IMG:content-1712.png:[blocks in formation] (e) The faculty by which we attain the knowledge of first principles; a faculty for apprehending the unconditioned. Some moral and philosophical truths there are so evident in themselves that it would be easier to imagine half mankind run mad, and joined precisely in the same species of folly, than to admit anything as truth which should be advanced against such natural knowledge, fundamental rea son, and common sense. Shaftesbury . Reason is the faculty which supplies the principles of knowledge a prior i. Kant , Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Müller, p. 11. 4. Intelligence considered as having universal validity or a catholic character, so that it is not something that belongs to any person, but is something partaken of, a sort of light in which every mind must perceive.-5. That which recommends itself to enlightened intelligence; some inward intimation for which great respect is felt and which is supposed to be common to the ma of mankind; reasonable measure; moderation; right; what mature and cool reflection, taking into account the highest considerations, pronounces for, as opposed to the prompting of pa ion. You shall find me reasonable; if it be so, I shall do that that is reason . Shak ., M. W. of W., i. 1. 218. Reason is the life of the law; nay, the common law itself is nothing else but reason . Sir E. Coke , Institutes. To subdue By force who reason for their law refuse, Right reason for their law, and for their King Me iah, who by right of merit reigns. Milton , P. L., vi. 41. Many are of opinion that the most probable way of bringing France to reason would be by the making an attempt upon the Spanish West Indies. Add is on , Present State of the War. 6. A reasonable thing; a rational thing to do; an idea or a statement conformable to common sense. And telle he moste his tale as was resoun , By forward and by composicioun, As ye han herd. Chaucer, Prol. to Knight's Tale (ed. Morris), 1. 847. It is not reason that we should leave the word of God and serve tables. Acts vi. 2. Men cannot retire when they would, neither will they when it were reason . Bacon , Great Place. 7. The exercise of reason; reasoning; right reasoning; argumentation; discu ion. Your reasons at dinner have been sharp and sententious. Shak ., L. L. L., v. 1. 2. I follow'd her; she what was honour knew, And with obsequious majesty approved My pleaded reason . Milton, P. L., viii. 510. 8. The intelligible e ence of a thing or species; the quiddity. That other opinion, that a erts that the abstract and universal rationes, reasons , of things, as distinct from phantasms, are nothing else but mere names without any signification, is so ridiculously false that it deserves no confutation at all. Cudworth, Eternal and Immutable Morality, iv. 1. 9. In logic , the premise or premises of an argument, especially the minor premise. A premi placed after its conclusion is called the Rea son of it, and is introduced by one of those conjunctions which are called causal: viz., "since," "because," . Whately, Logic, i. § 2. By reasont. (a) For the reason that; because. 'Tis not unusual in the A embly to revoke their Votes, by reason they make so much hast. Selden , Table-Talk, p. 108. (b) By right or justice; properly; justly. And, as my body and my beste ouzte to be my liegis, So rithffully be res on my rede shulde also. Richard the Redele , Prol. By reason of, on account of; for the cause of. And by res on of gentill fader ought come gentill i ue. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 660. The days of our years are threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years, yet is their strength labour and sorrow. Ps. xc. 10. Mr. Bradford and Mr. Collier of Plimouth came to Boston, having appointed a meeting here the week before, but by reason of foul weather were driven back. reason O God! a beast, that wants discourse of reason , Would have mourn'd longer. Shak . , Hamlet, i. 2. 150. Discursive reason, reason in the sense 3 ( d ); the diano- etic faculty, or faculty of drawing conclusions and infer- ences. Compare intuitive reason , below. Whence the soul Reason receives, and reason is her being, Discursive or intuitive ; discourse Is oftest yours, the latter most is ours, Differing but in degree, of kind the same. Milton , P. L., v. 487. Diversity of reasont. See diversity . - Ens of reason. See ens.- False reason, an inconclusive reason. - Feast of reason. (a) Delightful intellectual discourse. There St. John mingles with my friendly bowl The feast of reason and the flow of soul. Pope, Imit. of Horace, II. i. 128. (b) [ caps.] In French hist., an act of worship of human reason, represented by a woman as the godde of Reason, performed on November 10th, 1793, in the cathedral of Notre Dame, and also in other churches (renamed temples of Reason) in France on that and succeeding days. The worship of Reason was designed to take the place of the suppre ed Christian worship; recognition of the Supreme Being was restored through the influence of Robes pierre. Generative reason. See generative. - In reason. (a) In the view or estimation of reason; reasonably; justly; properly. His unjust unkindne , that in all reason should have quenched her love. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1. 250. The Oath which binds him to performance of his ought in reason to contain the summ of what his chief trust and Office is. Milton , Eikon ok las tes, vi. (b) Agreeable to reason; reasonable; just; proper: as, I will do anything in reason. - Intuitive reason, reason in the sense 3 (e); the noetic faculty, or sense of primal truth. See quotation under discursive reason. - Logical reason, discursive reason. Objective reason. See objective. Out of reason, without or beyond reason; devoid of cause or warrant. If we desyre no redre e of dedis before, We may boldly vs byld with bostis out of Reason . Destruction of Troy (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2222. Practical reason. See practical. Principle of sufficient reason, the proposition that nothing happens without a good and sufficient reason why it should be as it is and not otherwise. This doctrine denies, first, that anything happens by chance or spontaneity, and, second, that anything happens by irrational and brute force. It is inextricably bound up with the principle of the identity of indiscernibles. It requires that there should be a general reason why the constants of nature should have the precise values they have. It is in conflict with every form of nominalism, teaching that general reasons are not only real, but that they exclusively govern phenomena; and it appears to lead logically to an idealism of a Platonic type. It is not the mere statement that everything has a cause, but that those causes act according to general and rational principles, without any element of blind compulsion. The principle was first enunciated by Leibnitz in 1710, and has met with extraordinary favor, the more so as it has often been misunderstood. - Pure reason, reason strictly a prior i; reason quite independent of experience. See pure, 8. Reason is pure if in reasoning we admit only definitions and propositions known a prior i. Baumeister, Philosophia Definitiva (trans.), 2d ed., 1738, [§ 823. Pure reason is that faculty which supplies the principles of knowing anything entirely a prior i. Kant , Critique of Pure Reason, tr. by Müller, p. 11. Ratiocinant reason. (a) A reason or cause as it exists in the mind: opposed to ratiocinate reason I have not asked this question without cause causing, and reason truly very ratiocinant . Urquhart , Rabelais, III. vi. ( Davies .) (b) The human understanding; the discursive reason.Ratiocinate reason, a reason as an element of the quiddity of things, according to the Aristo tel i an conception: opposed to ratiocinant reason. - Reason of state, a political motive for a public act which cannot be accounted for publicly; a concealed ground of action by a government or a public officer in some matter concerning the state's welfare or safety, or the maintenance of a policy.Relation of reason. See relation. - Right reason, reason in sense 5, above. Rime nor reason. See rimel. Speculative reason, reason employed about super sensuous things. Subjective reason, reason which is determined by the subject or agent. - Sufficient reason. See principle of sufficient reason, above. - Theoretical reason, reason as productive of cognition. - There is no reason butt, there is no reason why not; it is inevitable; it cannot be helped. There is no reason but I shall be blind. Shak ., T. G. of V., ii. 4. 212. To do one reasont. (a) To do what is desired, or what one desires; act so as to give satisfaction. Lord Titus, by your leave, this maid is mine. [Iam] resolved withal To do myself this reason and this right. Shak., Tit. And., i. 1. 279. Strike home, and do me reason in thy heart. Dryden. (b) See dol . To have reason, to have reason or right on one's side; be in the right. [A Gallicism.] Foote , Commi ary, iii. 1. To hear reason, to yield to reasoning or argument; accept a reason or reasons adduced; act according to advice. Mr. Mechlin has reason . Con. You should hear reason. D. John. ance. What ble ing brings it? Con. If not a present remedy, at least a patient suffer Shak ., Much Ado, i. 3. 6. To stand to reason. See stand . Syn. 1. Inducement , etc. (see motive ), account, object, purpose, design. raisonner, raisnier, reason, argue, discourse, The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia reason speak, F. raisonner , reason, argue, reply, = Pr. razonar , rasonar = Cat. rahonar = Sp. razonar = Pg . razoar = It. ragi on are , reason, ratio ( n- ), reason, calculation: see reason1, n . Cf. are as on .] I. in trans. 1. To exercise the faculty of reason; make rational deductions; think or choose rationally; use in- tell i gent discrimination. He [the serpent] hath eaten and lives, And knows, and speaks, and reasons , and discerns, Milton , P. L., ix. 765. Irrational till then. 5. Moderate in amount or price; not high or dear: as, reasonable charges or prices; reason able goods.-6. In law , befitting a person of reason or sound sense; such as a prudent man would exercise or act upon in his own affairs: as, reasonable care; reasonable diligence; rea sonable cause.-7t. Calculable; computable; hence, detailed; itemized. And rekene byfore res on a res on able acounte, What one hath, what another hath, and what hy hadde bot he. Piers Plowman (C), xiv. 35. 8t. Talkative; ready in conversation. Lo! how goodly spak this knight I... gan me aqueynte With him, and fond him so tretable, Right wonder skilful and res on able .