GRAMOPHONE

2 machine capable ' of recording sounds such as human speech, music, etc., in such a manner that they can again be reproduced at will, by the same machine which made the record, or one similar to it. It was invented by Emile Berliner, at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1888, and consisted of a cylinder with its axis horizontal, rotatfing at a constant speed, over which was placed a hollow cylinder of wax or similar substance; this was the blank or ‘record.’ A sharp steel stylus, fastened to a thin diaphragm rested against the cylinder and was moved forward at a constant rate so as to scribe a helix on the wax cylinder. A horn terminated in a small chamber in which the diaphragm was placed. Any sound produced in front of the bell of the horn was concentrated in the diaphragm chamber and caused the diaphragm to vibrate in accordance with the sound waves. This vibration was transferred to the stylus, thus resulting in the production of a groove of varying depth on the record. if after finishing the record, the stylus was again run through the same groove, its varying depth caused the stylus and its connected diaphragm to vibrate, and the original sounds were faithfully reproduced. ‘This device has been highly perfected by various companies, Phonographs are now sold under many names. Superficially these products do not resemble the original gramophone, but the principle of operation is the same. The same principle is used in the Dictograph. See Dicroj@RaPH. The most radical improvement made has been in the records; many of those now in use are discs, although ‘some cylinders are still used (as in the dictograph). ‘The records are of hard, wear-resisting material and are made by a highly developed and accurate system. W.), mountain range, Central Scotland, stretching N.E. to S.W. from counties of Banff and Aberdeen to Argyll and ey semana; highest summit. Ben Nevis, called the ‘killer whale,’ is a large member of Dolphin family, sometimes attaining 30 ft. in length; color is black, with white underparts, and a white streak above and behind eye, and dorsal fin is very high; is the fiercest and most voracious member of Dolphin family, and is found chiefly in northern waiters. extensive region, Argentine Republic, S. America, comprising Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil; traversed by Pilcomayo, Bermejo, and other affluents of Paraguay; surface mostly flat, with sandy deserts and large tracts a oe ators aewontt to periodical