temperance movement

Hist.: A movement designed (1) to minimize or (2) to abolish the use of alcoholic liquors as beverages. In the first sense the word "temperance" is used strictly, i . e ., the aim at moderation in the use of liquors; in the second sense it is equivalent to total abstinence. The Jewish Nazarites and Rechabites acted on total abstinence principles (Num. vi. 1-21, Jer. xxxv. 1-6) [RECHABITE (1)], as did the Encratites (q.v.) the second Christian century. Most of the higher Hindoo castes and all the Mohammedans nominally abstain from intoxicating liquor. The earliest modern temperance order was that of St. Christopher, founded in Germany in 1517, the members of which were pledged not to drink more than seven goblets of liquor at a meal, except in cases where this measure was not sufficient to quench thirst." In 1600 the Landgrave of He e established another temperance order. America was earlier than Britain in the modern temperance movement. In 1651 the people of East Hampton, Long Island, endeavored to limit the sale of intoxicating drinks. In 1760 the religious societies began to protest against drinking at funerals; in 1789 a resolution was pa ed by farmers to abstain from liquor during that season; and in 1790 medical men, led by Dr. Rush, protested against the use of spirits, and four years later he recommended total abstinence. The first total abstinence pledge was drafted by Micaiah Pend let on of temperature 4. Not violent or exce ive in opinions or views; moderate. "He belonged to the mildest and most temperate section of the Puritan body." - Macaulay : Hist . Eng ., ch. iv. 5, Moderate as regards the amount of heat; not liable to exce of heat or cold; mild. "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate ." Shakesp.: Sonnet 18 *6. Chaste; not hot-blooded. "She is not hot, but temperate as the morn." Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, ii. *7. Proceeding from temperance; as, temperate sleep. temperate-zones, s. pl . Physical Geog .: The spaces on the earth between the tropics and the polar circle, where the heat is le than in the tropics, and the cold le than in the polar circles. [ZONE.] *těm-per-āte, v. t . [TEMPERATE, a.] To temper, to moderate. "In the deep vase, that shone like burnished gold, The boiling fluid temperates the cold." Pope: Homer's Ody ey, xix. 453. těm'-per-ate-ly, *tem-per-at-ly, adv . [Eng. temperate ; -ly.] 1. In a temperate, cool, or quiet manner; without heat or pa ion; calmly, quietly. IMG:content-0888.png:[blocks in formation] *3. Moderately; not exce ively. "By winds that temperately blow, The bark should pa secure and slow." Add is on. ( Todd .) těm-per-ate-ne , *tem-per-ate-ne e, subst . "The increased temperatene in the language of teetotallers."-London Daily Telegraph. 2. Temperance; moderation or self-restraint as regards the indulgence of the natural appetites or desires. *3. Freedom from exce ive heat or cold. "By reason of this hayle the ayre was brought into a good tempera ten e e ." - Berners: Froi art; Chronicle, vol. ii., ch. clxxi. *těm-per-ā-tive, a . [Eng. temper at (e); -ive.] Having the power or quality of tempering. "The air drawn in and sent forth by the breath, which is temperative of the heart's heat."-Granger: On Eccles., р. 15. cities. Great Britain, Canada and Australia, Ha- [Eng. 1. The temperate ; quality or -ne .] state of being temperate; moderation; absence of heat or pa ion; calmne , Madagascar and South Africa, have also organized, quiet. nation. This society is the lineal descendant of the great Temperance Crusade of 1873-4, and is a union of Christian women for the purpose of educating the young; forming a better public sentiment; reforming the drinking cla es; and securing the entire abolition of the liquor traffic. In its political aspect the temperance question has in this country become one of grave importance, and has formed an i ue in more than one political campaign in several states of the Union. Its advocacy has a umed different forms, ranging from partial restriction [LOCAL OPTION] to total prohibition [PROHIBITION]. In Maine, under the earlier efforts of the apostles of total abstinence, prohibition was carried as a measure of state policy, and the Maine liquor law formed the basis of subsequent similar enactments in other states. In several of the states local option exists, and in one-South Carolina-the state has a umed a monopoly of the liquor traffic, allowing no liquor to be sold except through the medium of dispensers appointed by the Boards of Control, said Boards of Control in turn being appointed by the Governor with the consent of the Legislature. To enforce this law the Gov. ern or has authority to employ special constables, whose pay shall be $2 per day. Iowa has a prohibition law the provisions of which, especially that portion relating to "original packages" has occasioned much litigation. It is a significant fact that, in the localities in which women are allowed to vote, prohibition is most firmly established as a matter of governmental policy, and intemperance and its consequent evils are at a minimum. temperance-society, s. (q. v.).] 1. Not swayed by pa ion; exercising self-re- straint; cool, calm, self-restrained. těm'-për-a-ture, s. [Fr., from Lat. temperatura = due measure, proportion, temperature; Sp. & Ital. temperatura.] I. Ordinary Language : *1. Moderation; freedom from immoderate heat or pa ion. *2. Constitution, state; degree of any qualities. "Memory depends upon the consistence and the tem perature of the brain."- Watts . *3. Mixture, combination; that which is made by mixture; a compound, a combination. "Now the first of these, and the foundation of all the rest, is a proper temperature of fear and love; two affections, which ought never to be separated in thinking of God."-Secker: Sermons , vol. ii., ser. 1. *4. The temper of metals. "Taking thereby the due temperature of stiff steel."P. Holland: Plutarch , p. 95. *5. Moderate degree of atmospheric heat; temperatene of climate. "If, instead of this variation of heat, we suppose an equality or constant temperature of it before the deluge, the case would be much altered."-Woodward: Nat. Hist. 6. In the same sense as II. II. Physics: Intensity of radiant heat. The temperature of any body is the extent to which it tends to impart sensible heat to other bodies. The temperature of a body may be altered by adding to it or withdrawing from it a certain amount of radiant heat. A cupful of boiling water taken from a boiler remains for a short time at as high a temperatur. as that in the larger ve el, but the limited amount of heat which it can radiate has a much le effect in raising that of other bodies. The temperature of any given body is determined by its specific heat (q. v.). For very high temperature it is usually measured by a pyrometer (q. v.), for ordinary temperature, by a thermometer (q. v.). (For the causes which regulate the temperature of the several countries. see Climate and Isothermal.) Temperature is often used in connection with the animal body. In the warm-blooded animals, birds. and sin, as; expect, Xenophon, exist. ph = f. temperature-alarm mammals, the temperature of the body remains constant at 35° to 40° C., whatever be the heat of the air. The temperature of man is about 37-6° C. (99-7° Fahr.); in the wolf it is said to be as low as 35.24° C., while in the swallow it is 44° C. In the cold blooded animals it is but slightly raised above the surrounding air. In the frog it is rarely more than '04° to '05° C. above that of the atmosphere, and in a species of python it is 12° C., while Huber found that in the beehive it rose at times to 40° C. Plants as a rule do not greatly vary in temperature, from the surrounding atmosphere, except atmosphere, except when they flower, when their heat rises some degrees. The probable cause is the increased absorption of oxy. gen and the formation of a large quantity of carbon dioxide. Minerals and rocks vary in their radiant heat, partly as they are exposed to external heat, partly according to the nature of chemical changes, if any, which they are undergoing. "How much the temperature of the air varies here, I myself could sensibly perceive." -Cook: Third Voyage, bk. i., ch. ii. temperature-alarm, subst . A mechanical contrivance which automatically makes a signal when the temperature of the place where it is located exceeds or falls below a determinate point.