PERU

[s. 601] : A republic of South America, which lies between the Pacific Ocean on the west and Brazil and Bolivia on the east, Ecuador on the peculiarities the north, and Chile on the south. It contains three distinctive physical divisions the coast region, the region of the Andes, and the tropical forests within the valley of the Amazon. Its area is 695,733 square miles, divided into eighteen — departments and two provinces (Cholos and Zambos). Every variety of climate is found in Peru, on account of the difference in elevation in various parts. The population in 1876, when Peshawar the last census was taken, was 2,660,881. The Geographical Society made an estimate of the population in 1896, which showed the total number of inhabitants as 4,600,000, besides an unknown number of uncivilized Indians. In the census of 1876 the population was composed of whites, 13 per cent.; negroes, 1 per cent.; Indians, 58 per cent.; 26 per cent, mixed blood, and 2 per cent. Asiatics. The chief cities are Lima, the capital (100,000), Callao (16,000), Are quip a (35,000), and Cuzco (20,000). The total working length of railways (1902) is 1,035 miles, with about 45 miles in construction. There is also a steamboat service on Lake Titicaca. Roads are poor and few. The constitution, proclaimed in 1856 and revised 1860, provides that a president and a congre of two houses shall be elected every four years. The constitution prohibits the public exercise of any other religion than the Roman Catholic, tho in reality there is a certain amount of tolerance, since Anglican churches and Jewish synagogues are found in Callao and Lima. Education is compulsory, and is free in the municipal public schools. The American Bible Society through its colporteurs prosecutes the only Protestant work so far in Peru, by distributing the Bible translated into Spanish. The principal agent of the Bible Society is an Italian minister, who has been holding church services in Callao, where he gathered a congregation of over a hundred, to whom he preached in Spanish. His succe in making converts roused the opposition of the priests, who viewed with unconcern the services in English, but saw that preaching in Spanish was likely to prove a potent means of enlightening the people, and on the 25th of June, 1890, Mr. Penzotti, the minister, was arrested and put in prison, charged with violating the law. He having been acquitted, his persecutors appealed, and finally carried the case to the Supreme Court. They thus obtained an interpretation of the law in favor of Mr. Penzotti, and general religious liberty, altho they had hoped for something quite different. Again, in 1895, the Roman Catholic clergy tried to prevent Bible circulation, and the result was a decree from the Government under which the circulation of the Bible is freely allowed. The constitution prohibits the public exercise of any religion but Roman Catholicism. But in fact there is a certain amount of tolerance, and the Independent and the ME, the Baptist Mi ionary movement have 5 stations, with both chapels and schools, in Peru. RBMU Markham (C. R.), Peru, London, 1880; Adams (W. H. D.), The Land of the Incas, London and Boston, 1883 and 1885; York, 1877. Sqiiier (E. G.), Peru, New PESHAWAR A town and British military post: in the Northwestern Frontier Province of India, and capital of a district of the same name which was formerly a part of Afghanistan. It is situated about 88 miles W. N. W. of the great British fortre of Rawal Pindi, and 18 miles from the east entrance to the celebrated Khaibar Pa on Under British rule the pros the road to Cabul. perity of the town is reviving and the appearance The town of the suburbs is much improved. has small architectural pretensions, the houses being generally built of mud bricks, held together by a frame of wood. Except the main thoroughfares the streets are narrow and crooked. Sanitary arrangements are good, and water The fruit gardens of the environs are a plenty. Alt i favorite pleasure-ground of the people. itself I’etcliatjTiTee Pliilippine Islands Population (1901) 95,147, of tude, 1,180 feet. whom 70,000 are Mohammedans, 17,500 Hindus, and 5,500 Sikhs. Station of the CEZ (1882), with (1903) 5 women mi ionaries, 12 native worlcers, 3 day schools, 1 boarding school, 2 dispensaries, 1 hospital, and 15 Zenana pupils. Station also of the CMS (1885), with (1903) 4 mi ionaries, two of them with their wives; 4 native workers, 2 outstations, 2 day schools, 1 boarding school, 1 dispensary, 1 hospital, and 94 profe ed Christians, of whom 35 are communicants. Station also of the WMS, with (1903) 1 mi ionary, 3 native workers, 4 places of worship, 1 Sunday school, and 57 profe ed Christians. A PETCHABUREE: town in Siam, on the west side of the Gulf of Siam, 85 miles southwest of Bangkok, with which it is connected by railroad. Has 10,000 inhabitants. Station of the (1861), with (1903) 3 mi ionaries and their wives, 1 woman mi ionary, 5 native workers, 2 outstations, 1 place of worship, 1 Sunday school, 1 day school, 2 boarding schools, 1 dispensary, 1 hospital, and 97 profe ed Christians. PN PETERSBURG A town in Cape Colony, South Africa, 6 miles S. S. W. of King William’s Town. Station of the Berlin Mi ionary Society (1856), with (1903) 2 mi ionaries, 1 woman mi ionary, 9 native workers, and 478 profe ed Christians, of whom 128 are communicants (including Emdigeni in these statistics).: PETROPOLIS: A German colony in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. It is the summer residence of the rich inhabitants of the city. Station of the MES (1895), with (1903) 3 women mi ionaries, 49 native workers, South America, 28 miles N. of outstations, 1 place of worship, 1 Sunday school, 3 kindergartens, and 106 profe ed Chris- 2 tians. 602