Augmentation

in Heraldry, an additional on a coat-of-arms, bestowed by the Crown a mark of honour. Augsb (cla ic August a Vindelicurum), a in Bavana, Germany, the capital of the circle Suabia and Neuberg, situated at the confluence 281 of Munich. and Europe. on mitted and temporary the former in one published of ments, cathedral Ulric’s townhall Fuggerei, sixteenth The finest up by princes, June the principal Church private tion, tion, read the pared (pub. commentary functionary pret, alleged heavens, disinclination of of and Many and wore border, was at magistrates by it it calendar. is U.S.A., river, railway Augsburg Confe ion. ( 253 the Lech and Wertach, 36 miles W.N.W. of It was founded about 14 B.c. by August us, grew to be one of the most powerful cities in In 1531 the famous Augsburg Confe ion, which the Luther an Church is based, was sub to the Emperor Charles V. in the cathedral, in 1555 the Peace of Augsburg brought about a understanding between the Reformers and Romanists. Though not so prosperous as in days, Augsburg is only second to Frankfort financial importance. The All gem eine Zeitung, of the chief political organs in Germany, was there until 1882. There are manufactories cotton, linen, silk, watches, mathematical instruand large dyeing and bleaching works. The dates in part from the tenth century; St. Church boasts a splendid tower; the is a fine Renai ance building; and the a group of almshouses built early in the century, offers many features of interest. Maximilian-Stra e is regarded as one of the and most picturesque of streets. Augsburg Confe ion, a document drawn by Me lanch thon with Luther's approval, signed the Elector of Saxony and other German and read at the diet of Augsburg, 25th, 1530. Part I. stated the doctrines of Reformers, while Part II. enumerated the seven abuses complained of in the Roman (communion in one kind, clerical celibacy, ma es, confe ion, the admi ion of trad i monastic vows, and indulgences). A refutaaA cone by Roman Catholic theologians, was at the Diet in September, but not accepted by Reformers. Me lanch thon had meanwhile pre an Apology for the Augsburg Confe ion 1531), which is an elaborate defence of and upon it. Augur (Lat. avis, «a bird), in ancient Rome a whose duty was to observe and inter according to certain rules, the auspices or natural signs of the future—signs in the in the flight of birds, in the eagerne or to feed of fowls kept for the purpose divination, and the like. The college or board augurs at Rome traced its foundation to Numa, was eventually increased to 16 by Julius Casar. distinguished men, including Cesar himself Mark Antony, were members of it. The augurs the sacerdotal toga, with a broad purple and carried a curved rod (lituus) which made use of in their ritual. Their function the a umption of office by the consuls and other has given rise to the term “inaugurate.” August, the eighth month of the year, so called the Emperor August us, who gave it his own name, having been previously known as the Sextilis, as was the sixth month according to the Roman In England the first Monday in August always a bank holiday. [BANK HouLipAys.] August a, (1) the capital of the State of Maine, stands on the right bank of the Kennebec 43 miles from its mouth. It is connected by with Canada to the N.E. and the Atlantic ) Augustine. states to the S.W. The state house and the arsenal are the chief public buildings. A great fire did much damage to the city in 1865. (2) The capital of Richmond county, Georgia, U.S.A., is a handsome town on the Savannah river, 127 miles N.W. of Savannah, with a station on the Charleston and Milledgeville Railway, ‘The August a canal made in 1815 supplies water-power for many flour and cotton mills, and the neighbouring district grows an abundance of cotton and tobacco. August a, 2 name given by the Romans to many cities in honour of August us or some of his imperial succe ors. In some cases, ey. Aosta, Agosto, Sarago a (Cewsarea August a), Augst, Augsburg, Aoust-en-Diois, the ancient title survives, but frequently the local or tribal name alone remains as in So is sons (August a Sue ionum), 'Tréves (4. Trevirorum), Merida (A.Amerita), Turin (A. Taurinorem), Other towns like London (August a Trinobantum) have entirely changed their appellation. Augustine, 8t. AURELIUS AuGuST IN US, the most eminent father of the Latin Church, was the son of a Pagan father, and a Christian mother, Monica. He was born at Tagaste in Numidia in 3864 A.D. Though he received a good education, his youth was spent in di ipation, from which his pious mother vainly tried to di uade hin. In 371 he was sent to Carthage, where he is said to have given up his immorality after reading Cicero's Hortenains, and to have attached himself to the Manichwan sect. He taught rhetoric there till 383, when he went to Rome and lectured with great succe , Settling a few years later in Milan he was converted and baptised by St. Ambrose in 387. Returning to Africa he was ordained by Valerius, Bishop of Hippo, in 391, and became that bishop's coadjutor and ultimate succe or in 895. Here he spent the rest of his life in the zealous discharge of his duties, training youths for the priesthood, denying himself for the sake of the poor, and composing the great works which served as a basis for scholastic theology. He wrote much in opposition to the doctrines of the Manichwans, Pelagians, and Donatists. His own views were dogmatically stern, for he denied all future hope to those who did not share through Christ in divine grace. But to his personal opponents, saving the Donatists, he was gentle and courteous. By far the most interesting of his many works are the Confe ions and Ltctractations. In the first he gives a history of his early life; in the last he manfully reviews his writings and opinions, withdrawing everything that his maturer judginent rejected. His greatest, production, De Civitate Dei, on which he spent thirteen years, contains an elaborate confutation of Paganism, and an eloquent roclamation of the reign of Christ. Besides these be left commentaries on the Psalms, on St. John’s Gospel, treatises on Grace and Free Will, on the Creed, on True Religion, and on various controversial topics, with soliloquies, sermons, and homilies, letters amounting to several hundreds. His style is rugged but powerful, and is marked constantly by touches of simple tenderne and pathos. He seizes on the ethical and dialectical side of questions under discu ion, and brings to bear on them 282 Augastiné. ( 254 aed spiritualised common-sense rather than erudition or authority. He died in 430 whilst the Vandals were besieging Hippo, escaping thus the horrors that attended the capture of the city.