turn, tourne, tournen, torne, turne, turnen

t. & i. [French tourner; O. Fr. torner, turner to turn, from Latin tor no to turn in a lathe, to turn, from torn us =a lathe, a turner's wheel; cogn. with Gr. tornos a carpenter's tool to draw circles with, compa es; torneuō to turn work with a lathe; Sp. & Port. tornar; Italian tornare; A. S. tyrnan; O. Icel. turn a; O. H. Ger. turnen; Irish tour =a turn; Wel.turn; Gael. turn a =a spinning-wheel. From the same root come tour, tournament, and tourniquet.] A. Transitive : 1. To cause to move round on a center or axis, or as on a center or axis; to make to move round or revolve; to cause to rotate or revolve. "Turn the giddy round of Fortune's wheel." Shakesp.: Rape of Lucrece, 952. 2. To form or fashion by revolving motion in a lathe; to shape or fashion, as wood, metal, or other substance, to any figure, by means of a lathe. "The whole lathe is made strong, because the matter it turns, being metal, is heavier than wood."- Moxon : Me chanical Exercises. 3. Hence, to form, fashion, or shape in any way. "His whole person is finely turned , and speaks him a man of quality."- Tatler . (Todd.) 4. To cause to go, move, aim, point, look, or the like in a different direction, or toward a different point; to direct or put into a different or opposite way, course, road, path, or channel; to change the direction or course of; to cause to leave a certain course or direction. "But could they persuade any to be of their opinion? Yes, they turned several out of the way."-Bunyan: Pil grim's Progre , pt. ii. 5. To shift or change, with respect to the bottom, sides, front, back, top, or the like; to reverse; to put the upper side downward, or the one side in the place of the other; to invert. "Make mouths upon me when I turn my back." Shakesp.. Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 6. To bring the inside of outward. "A pair of old breeches, thrice turned ."- Shakesp .: Tam ing of the Shrew , iii. 2. 7. To change or alter from one purpose or effect to another; to apply or devote to a different purpose or object; to divert. "Great Apollo, turn all to the best." Shakesp.: Winter's Tale, iii. 1. 8. To apply, to devote, to direct. "He turned his parts rather to books and conversation, than to politics."- Prior . (Todd.) 9. To change to any opinion, side, or party; to change with respect to belief, opinions, sentiments, or feelings; to convert, to pervert. 10. To change or alter the state, nature, or appearance of in any way; to transform, to metamorphose, to transmute, to change. "Mountains turned into clouds." Shakesp.: Midsummer Night's Dream, iv 1. 11. To give a different form of expre ion to; to translate, to construe, to paraphrase. "To turn a wise saying of some ancient sage into the terms of a terse English couplet."- Blackie: Self Culture, p. 18. 12. To pa , go, or movo round. "Turning a corner in Lambeth on Saturday." - London Daily Chronicle. 13. To transfer; to put or place in different hands; to hand over. "Our inhoritance is turned to strangers, our houses to aliens."- Lamentations , v. 2. *14. To reserve, to repeal 265 IMG:content-1563.png:[blocks in formation] meditate on. (Often followed by about or over.) "Turn these ideas about in your mind."- Watts . 17. To change from a fresh, sweet, or natural condition; to cause to ferment, turn sour, or the like; as, Hot weather will turn milk. 18. To put, bring, or place in a certain state or condition. "So truly turned over and over in love." Shakesp.: Much Ado about Nothing , v. 2. 19. To make suitable, fit, or proper; to adapt. (Rare, except in the pa. par.) "However improper he might have been for studies of a higher nature, he was perfectly well turned for trade." -Add is on. B. Intransitive : 1. To have a circular or revolving motion; to revolve or move round, as on an axis, center, or the like. "The world turns round." Shakesp.: Taming of the Shrew, v. 2. 2. To move the body, face, or head in another direction; to direct the face to a different quarter. "From the one side to the other turning ." Shakesp.: Richard II ., v. 2. 3. To change the posture or position of the body, as in bed; to shift or roll from one side to another. "As a man in a fever turns often, although without any hope of ease, so men in the extremest misery fly to the first appearance of relief, though never so vain." -Swift : Intelligencer. 4. To retrace one's steps; to go or come back; to return. "Ere from this war thou turn a conqeror." Shakesp.: Richard III ., iv. 4. 5. Not to fly; to face or confront an enemy; to show fight. "Turn, slave, and fight." Shakesp.: Troilus and Cre ida, v. 7. 6. To change direction; to take an opposite or a new course, direction, or line. "Now doth it turn and ebb back." Shakesp.: Henry IV ., Pt. II., v. 2. 7. To take a particular direction, course, or line; to direct one's self; to have recourse; as, I know not where to turn . 8. To be changed or altered in appearance, form, or condition; to be transformed, changed, metamorphosed, or converted. "In some springs of water if you put wood, it will turn into the nature of stone."- Bacon. 9. To be altered or changed in character, nature, inclination, sentiments, disposition, opinions, use, or the like; to be converted or perverted; hence, to become, to grow. "You will turn good husband now." --Shakesp .: Measure for Measure, iii. 2. 10. Specifically : (1) To change from a fresh, sweet, or natural condition; to become sour or spoiled, as milk, meat, . "A es' milk turneth not so easily as cows'."- Bacon . (2) To become inclined in a particular direction. "If the scale do turn but in the estimation of a hair." Shakesp.: Merchant of Venice , iv. 1 (3) To become giddy, dizzy, or light in the head; to reel; hence, to become infatuated, mad, or the like. IMG:content-1564.png:[blocks in formation] 11. To have a consequence or result; to result, to terminate. "Let their pride set them on work on something which may turn to their advantage."- Locke On Education. 12. To change one's exercise or action. "Forthwith from dance to sweet repose they turn." Milton: P. L., v. 630. 13. To take form on the lathe; to undergo the proce of turning on the lathe; as, Ivory turns well. To turn signifies in general to put a thing out of its place in an uneven line; we turn a thing by moving it from one point to another; thus we turn the earth over; to distort is to turn or bend out of vulsions. The same distinction holds good in the moral application: We turn a person from his design; we distort the meanings of words so as to give them an entirely false meaning. 1. To turn about : To turn the face in another direction; to turn around. 2. To turn adrift : To expel or drive out from some safe or settled place or position; to cast off; to throw upon one's own resources. 3. To turn again: To return; to go or come back. "Tarry with him till I turn again." Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus, v. 2. IMG:content-1565.png:[blocks in formation] (2) Intransitive : (a) To turn the face in an opposite or another direction; to avert one's looks. "He turns away."- Shakesp .: Coriolanus , v. 3. (b) To leave a straight or former course; to turn aside; to deviate. "When the righteous man turneth away from his wickedne ."- Ezekiel xviii. 24. 7. To turn a barrel organ , mangle or the like : Το put into work or action; to work. 8. To turn a cold shoulder to (or on): To treat with marked neglect or contempt. 9. To turn a penny (or the penny): To keep one's money in brisk circulation; to give and take money more or le rapidly in busine ; to increase one's capital by busine . 10. To turn a summersault : [SOMERSAULT.] 11. To turn a thing up: To give it up. ( Slang .) 12. To turn an enemy's flank, line, position , or army : To manœuver so as to pa round his forces, and attack him from behind, or on the sides; hence, fig., to turn one's flank: To attack one on a weak or unexpected point; to outwit one. 13. To turn back: (1) Transitive: ( a ) To cause to return or retrace one's steps; hence, to drive off or away. *(b) To send back; to return. "We turn not back the silks upon the merchant When we have spoiled them."" Shakesp.: Troilus and Cre ida , iii. 2. (c) To fold back; as, to turn a leaf back . (2) In trans.: To go or come back to return; to retrace one's steps. "Gentle, my lord, turn back." Shakesp.: Measure for Measure , ii. 2. 14. To turn down: (1) To fold or double down. "Is not the leaf turned down?" Shakesp.: Julius Cæsar, iv 2. IMG:content-1566.png:[blocks in formation] The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia IMG:content-1568.png:[blocks in formation] (1) Transitive : (a) To deflect, to divert; to turn aside. "The institution of sports was intended by all governments to turn off the thoughts of the people from busying themselves in matters of state."- Add is on : Freeholder. (b) To dismi or put away with contempt; to discharge, to discard. "Have turned off a first so noble wife." Shakesp.: All's Well that Ends Well , v. 3. (c) To give over; to resign. "We are not so wholly turned off to that reversion, as to have no supplies for the present." - Decay of Piety. (d) To accomplish, to perform, to complete, to turn out; as, The printers turned off 1,000 copies. (e) To shut off, as a fluid, by means of a stop cock, valve, ., so as to prevent the working, operation, effect, or pa age of; to stop or withdraw the effective supply of; as, to turn off gas, steam, water, . *(f) To hang: to execute, as a criminal. (g) To marry. ( Slang.) (h) To give a different meaning or effect to; as, to turn off a joke. (2) In trans.: To be diverted; to deviate from a straight course; as, The road turns off to the left. 19. To turn on: (1) Trans.: To open a pa age to, or admit, as a fluid, by means of a stop-cock or valve, so as to allow to do the required work, or have the desired effect; as, to turn on water, gas, steam, or the like. (2) Intransitive : (a) To show anger, resentment, or hostility by directing the look toward; to confront in a hostile manner; to become hostile, unfriendly, or opposed to another. "Turn on the bloody hounds." Shakesp.: Henry VI ., Pt. I., iv. 2. (b) To depend on; to hinge on; as, The whole point turns on this. 20. To turn one's hand: To apply or adapt one's self. 21. To turn one's head (or brain ): (1) To make one giddy or dizzy. (2) To make one insane, infatuated, wild, or the like; to deprive of reason or judgment; to infatuate. "There is not a more melancholy object than a man who has his head turned with religious enthusiasm."Add is on. 22. To turn out: (1) Transitive: (a) To drive out; to expel. (Used with of before an indirect object.) "I'll turn you out of my kingdom."- Shakespeare : Tempest, iv. (b) To drive or put out of office or power. "[They) would have trooped into the lobby, and supported them rather than let them be turned out."-London Daily Chronicle. (c) To put out to pasture; as, He has turned out his cattle and horses. (d) To produce as the result of labor or any proce of manufacture; to send out finished. "Me rs. turn out somewhere about 5,000 tons weekly."- Field , Feb. 19, 1887. (e) To bring the inside of to the outside; to re verse; hence, to bring to view, to show, to expose, to produce; as, Turn your pockets out. (f) The same as To turn off (1) (e) (q. v.). (2) Intransitive : (a) To bend, point, or be directed outward; as, His toes turn out. (b) To come abroad; to leave one's residence; to appear in public. "Of the eight who turned out for the Autumn Handi. cap."-London Daily Chronicle. (c) Specif., of workmen, to throw up work and go on strike. (d) To get out of bed; to rise; as, We turned out early. ( Colloq .) (e) To prove in the result or i ue; to i ue, to terminate, to prove, to occur, to happen. "Information that turns out to be hardly correct." Field , April 4, 1885. IMG:content-1569.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-1570.png:[blocks in formation] " Turn thy back, and run." Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet , i. 1. 28. To turn the back on (or upon ): To withdraw one's favor, friendship, or a istance from; to treat with disfavor, anger, resentment, contempt, or the like; to desert; to leave in the lurch. 29. To turn the corner: To have pa ed the worst part of; to improve. "The doctors hope I have now turned the corner, which has been a sharp one." --St . James's Gazette , Dec. 19, 1887, *30. To turn the die (or dice ): To change fortune. 31. To turn the edge of : [TURN, v . , A. 15.] 32. To turn the key: To lock or unlock a door. " Turn you the key, and know his busine ." Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, i. 5. 33. To turn the scale (or balance ): To make one side of the balance go down; hence, fig., to decide in one way or another; to give superiority or suc ce . "A mote will turn the balance." Shakesp.: Midsummer Night's Dream, v. 34. To turn the stomach of : To cause nausea, disgust, or loathing in; to make qualmish, sick, or the like. 35. To turn the tables: To alter the superiority or advantage; to give a formerly succe ful opponent the worst of it; to overthrow or defeat a previous conqueror or rival; to reverse positions. 36. To turn the trencher, to twirl the trencher: A game in which the players are seated in a circle, each player a uming a name or number. One of the party twirls a wooden trencher upon its edge, and, leaving it spinning, calls upon the name or number of one of the circle, who, under penalty of a forfeit, must prevent the trencher from falling It then becomes his turn to twirl. [WHIFFLING-PIN.] 37. To turn to : (1) To be directed or move toward; as, The needle turns to the pole. (2) To apply or betake one's self to; to direct one's mind, attention, or energy to. 38. To turn to a right: Law : A term used when a person's po e ion of be recovered by an action at law. property cannot be restored by entry, but can only 39. To turn turtle : To turn topsyturvy: to turn completely over. (A metaphor taken from the usual method of taking turtle-turning them over on their backs and rendering them incapable of moving.) "We had not steamed two miles from that berg when it split in three portions with thunderous sounds, and every portion turned turtle ."-London Daily Telegraph. 40. To turn under : To bend double, or fold down ward or under. 41. To turn up : (1) Transitive : ( a ) To bring to the surface; to bring from below to the top; as, to turn up the soil. (b) To bring or place with a different surface or side uppermost; to place with the face upward. "The deal is completed, and the trump card turned up."- Field , Oct. 17, 1885. (c) To tilt up; to cause to point upward; as, to turn up one's nose. (d) To refer to in a book; as, to turn up a pas sage. (2) Intransitive : turn (a) To point upward; as, His nose turns up. (b) To come to the surface; hence, to come to light; to transpire, to happen, to occur, to appear; to make one's appearance. ( Colloq .) 42. To turn upon : (1) Trans.: To cause to operate on or against; to cast back; to retort; as, to turn the arguments of an opponent upon himself. (2) Intransitive : (a) To become or appear hostile, opposed, or unfriendly; to turn on. (b) To depend on; to hinge on; to turn on. 43. To turn up one's toes: To die. turn-again gentleman, s. Bot.: Lilium martagon. (Britten & Holland ) türn, *tourne, *turne, 8. [TURN, v. ] I. Ordinary Language : 1. The act or state of turning; motion or movement about, or as about a center or axis: revolution, rotation. 2. Movement from a straight line; movement in an opposite direction; change of direction; as, the turn of the tide. 3. A point, spot, or place of deviation from a straight line, course, or direction; a winding, a bend, a curve, an angle. "Fear misled the youngest from his way; But Nisus hit the turns." Dryden: Virgil's Æneid , ix. 522. 4. A winding or flexuous course. 5. A walk in a more or le winding direction; a walk to and fro; a stroll; a short walk or promenade. "Come, you and I must walk a turn together." Shakesp.: Henry VIII ., v. 1. 6. Alteration of course or direction; new direction or tendency; change of order, position, or aspect of things; hence, change generally; vici itude. "O world, thy slippery turns!" Shakesp.: Coriolanus, iv. 4. 7. Succe ive course; opportunity enjoyed in alternation with another or others, or in due rotation or order; the time or occasion which comes in succe ion to each of a number of persons, when anything is to be had or done; due chance, time, opportunity, or order. "Would sing her song, and dance her turn." Shakesp.: Winter's Tale , iv. 4. 8. Occasion; incidental opportunity. "An old dog, fallen from his speed, was loaded at every turn with blows and reproaches." - L'Estrange : Fables. *9. Occurrence, hap, chance. "All save the shepheard, who, for fell despight Of that displeasure, broke his bag-pipe quight, And made great mone for that unhappy turne ." Spenser: F. Q., VI. x. 18. 10. Incidental or opportune act, deed, office, or service; an occasional act of kindne or malice. "Each doth good turns now unto the other." Shakesp.: Sonnet 47. 11. Convenience, purpose, requirement, use, exigence, advantage. "If you have occasion to use me for your own turn." Shakesp.: Measure for Measure, iv. 2. 12. Prevailing inclination; tendency, fashion. 13. Form, cast, mold, shape, manner, character, temper. "The very turn of voice, the good pronunciation, and the alluring manner which some teachers have attained, will engage the attention."- Watts . 14. Manner of proceeding; change from original intention or direction. "While this flux prevails, the sweats are much diminished; while the matter that fed them takes another turn ." -Black more . 15 A piece of work requiring little time for execution; a short spell; a job. ( Colloq .) 16. A nervous shock, such as may be caused by alarm or sudden excitement. ( Colloq .) 17. The manner of adjustment of the words of a sentence. "The turn of words, in which Ovid excels all poets, is sometimes a fault or sometimes a beauty, as they are used properly or improperly."-Dryden. *18. A fall off a gallows ladder; a hanging, execution; from the practice of making the criminal stand on a ladder, which was turned over at a sig nal, leaving him suspended. "And make him glad to read his le on, Or take a turn for 't at the se ion." Butler: Hudibras. 19. A single round of a rope or cord. II. Technically: 1. Law : The same as TOURN (q. v.). 2. Med . ( pl .): Monthly courses; menses. 3. Mill .: A quantity of grist to be ground; as, a turn of meal. pine, pit, sire, sir, marine; gō, pot, 4. Mining : A pit sunk in a drift. 5. Music : An ornament in music formed by taking the adjoining notes above or below the principal note, according to the position of that note in the diatonic scale. Thus the common turn, which takes a higher note first in the change: そ should be performed The back-turn taking a lower note first in the change: should be performed 4227 3. That which is brought prominently forward or exhibited; hence, a showy or well appointed equipage. "I rather piqued myself on my turn-out."-Theodore Hook : Gilbert Gurney. 4. The net quantity of produce yielded; the outturn (q. v.). 5. A railway-siding for enabling one train to pa another. turn-over, 8. & a. A. As substantive: I. Ordinary Language: 1. The act or result of turning-over; an upset, 2. A kind of apple-tart in a semicircular form; made by turning over one-half of a circular crust upon the other. *3. A piece of white inen formerly worn by The turn must be performed in the time the note it cavalry soldiers over their stocks. alters would occupy without it. IMG:content-1571.png:[blocks in formation] "They feel by turns the bitter change Of fierce extremes; extremes by change more fierce." Milton: P. L. , ii. 598. 2. Done to a turn : Said of meat cooked to exactne ; hence, exactly. 3. In turn , In turns : In due order of succe ion. 4. To serve one's turn : To serve one's purpose; to help or suit one. "I have enough to serve mine own turn."-Shakesp.: Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 1. 5. To take turns : To take each other's place alternately. 6. Turn and turn about : Alternately, by turns, succe ively. 7. Turn of life : The period of life in women, between the ages of forty-five and fifty, when the menses cease naturally. *turn-again, a. & s. A. As adj.: Applied to a lane closed at one end; a cul-de-sac. B. As subst.: A turning back; change of course backward. "The manifold water, so called, bicause of the sundrie crinckling rills that it receuieth, and turn - againes that it selfe sheweth before it came at the Dou." - Holinshed: Discript. of Britaine , ch. xv. turn-bench, subst. A small portable lathe used upon a desk or bench by watch, model, and instrument makers.