TEXTILE MANUFACTURING

the spinning and weaving of a variety of fabrics from raw wool, cotton, silk, flax, hemp, jute, straw and _ other vegetable fibres, and their manufacture into many articles of wearing apparel and household conveniences. Other materials, such as paper and wood pulp, leather, feathers, bone and asbestos also enter into textile manufacturing. The American industry is chiefly centered on the manufacture of cotton, hosiery and knot goods, other textile products ranking next in importance being those of silk, woolen and worsted, felt (hats), dyeing and finishing trades, and cordage and wine making. The industry also embraces the production of cotton small wares, cotton lace, carpets and rugs, wood shoddy, wool pulling and wool scouring, jute and linen goods, dre ed flax and hemp, mats and matting from cocoa fibre and gra , and sponging and finishing cloth. In 1919 there were 61,312 establishments engaged in the textile industries in the Urited States, with a capital of $4,635,149,885, and an output of goods worth $12,438,890,851, compared with 55,364 plants in 1909 which produced goods valued at $3,937,617,891 on a capital of $1,696,754,345. The number of spindles in operation the world’s textile irdustries in 1922 in was estimated at 154,555,267, of which 56,605,176 were worked in Great Britain and 36,943,000 in the United States. The world’s spirdles require about 15,000,000 American bales of cotton annually. Unlike the United States, not only provides its own raw which cotton, but is the world’s leading supplier of that material, Great Britain depend on imported cotton to has to her enormou s cotton industry, sustain output is largely exported. She whose d more than 750,000,000 pounds importe cotton in 1918. While Great of raw grows much wool, she imports Britain two-thirds of her needs ard \ about ) about the flax she uses in her en half ae dustries. The United pee is | importer of wool and ax. |] 4 |a large American textile industry's pring are in New Englan d and the centers n States, The comp at ative export | Souther of the two countries in the two trade |leading textile industries (cotton and manufactures) is indicated in woolen for 1921, namely: value of | the figures exports of cotton manufactures the United States, $117,234,542; manufactures, $1,836,005; value of ports of cotton manufactures Great Britain, $685,661,490; wool factures, $275,448,840. TEXTILE PRINTING. See PRINTING. TEXTUAL CRITICISM, that of literary science which deals with actual verbal condition of documents. Before the invention of printing texts were either MSS. or inscriptions; inscriptions could be and often defaced, and the skill and knowledge of the textual critic had to be called to supply what was wanting (¢.e. so as it could be supplied). When are examined it will generally be that if there are several MSS. given work they differ in a number of points, po e ing different readings. It is often po ible to divide into groups or families; sometimes several will be seen to be derived a lost copy or ‘ancestor’; a pedigree of MSS. can then be constructed, and thence the original document can be reconstructed. Often there various complications Which render reconstruction. of the original extremely different; (e.g.), known will contain readings from a number of different sources. Sometimes important works of and Rom. writers are preserved only a few very late MSS., or even in a one. There are, however, nany tunities left open for error and tion. Thus a scribe may misunderstand @ rare word, and put a more intelligible one in its place; what is written in margin may get incorporated in text. Sometimes when the same occurs twice running it will be omitted, or conversely the same will be twice over. Words may get transposed, er be divided wrongly; whereas, with ancient MSS., there is any space left between words; pa ages may be interpolated to fill up there seems so meting wanting. 53’ E.), town, on Brahmaputra, Darrang district, A am, India; PEACE (1811-63), Brit. novelist humorist; b. at Calcutta; f. was Company’s service; educated Charter house and Trinity Coll., Cambridge; married (1836) Isabella Shawe, who came insane, and long survived husband; abandoned law for journalism; from studied painting in Paris; pub. Paris wool Sketch Book, 1840; Irish Sketch Book, ex1843. With Vanity Fair, 1848, he at from tained celebrity as a novelist; Pen dennis manufollowed (1850), Henry Hsmond (in 18th cent. style, 1852), The New comes, 1855; Virgin i ans, 1858. _Other works under are Hoggarty Diamond, Book of Snobs 1848; Barry Lyndon, and an unfinished story, Denis Duval; lectures on English branch Humorists of Eighteenth Century, 1851; the and The Four Georges, 1855; ed. Cornhilé Magazine, 1860-2, and was earlier 2 all contributor to Punch. were THAIS, a celebrated A then i an courtesan, who accompanied Alexander ths in Great on his expedition into Asia. far