Guarinite

(Min.) A yellow transparent mineral found in small cavities in a grayish trachyte on Monte Somma. Sp.gr. 3-487. Comp. Silica 33-64, titanic acid 33-92, lime 28-01, oxide of iron and manganese a trace. Guar i samey, (wha-re-sai-ma',) a mining-town of Mexico, abt. 55 m. S.S.W. of Durango. Guarmey', a village of Peru, at the mouth of the Guarmey, abt. 158 m. N.N.W. of Lima. Guarua'po, in Venezuela, a river uniting the Apure and Portuguesa rivers. -Another river, which flows into the Orinoco River. Guasca'ma Point, a promontory on the W. coast of the Republic of Colombia, Lat. 2° 30′ N., Lon. 780 30 W. Guastalla (goo-as-tal'la), a fortified town of Italy, on the right bank of the Po, 16 m. N. E. of Parma, and 18 N. of Modena. Manuf . Silk fabrics and twist. Pop . 10,000. Guastata'ya, a town of Central America, about 35 m. E. N. E. of Guatemala. Guatavi'ta, a village of the Republic of Colombia, abt. 20 m. N.E. of Bogota. Previous to the Spanish conquest it was a town of great importance, and on the banks of the Lake of Guatavita near it are the ruins of many once magnificent and venerated Peruvian temples. Guatemala, or GUATIMALA, ( hwa -te- ma'la ,) a republic of Central America, extends between Lat. 14 and 17° N., and Lon. 89° and 94° W.; having N. Yucatan and Mexico, E. Honduras and San Salvador, and S. the Pacific Ocean. Area , 40,777 sq.m. The physical features of the country are mountainous throughout, and although no very distinct mountain chain traverses G., an elevated plateau occupies the central parts of the country, forming a kind of chain of communication between the Cordilleras of S. America and the mountain-ranges of Mexico. This plateau rises much more precipitously from the side of the Pacific than the Atlantic, the general slope of the country being to the N.E. The tableland averages perhaps 5,000 feet in height above the ocean, -the loftiest summits, which are either active or extinct volcanoes, being in that part of the Confederation. The Water Volcano, near G., so called from its frequently emitting torrents of hot water and stones, but never fire, is 12,620 ft. above the Pacific. There are two large plains those of Nicaragua and Comayagua, besides many of le size on the banks of the larger rivers, and along the shores; these principally consist of extensive savannas with rich pasturage interspersed with clumps of trees. All the larger rivers flow N.E. or E., the proximity of the high mountain range to the Pacific permitting but a short course to those flowing W. The Montagua is of considerable size, and useful for the conveyance of goods into the interior of G. The principal lakes are the Golfo-Dolce, and those of Leon or Managua, Peten, Atitan, and Am at it an. The GolfoDolce, 24 m. long by 10 broad, receives several rivers, and discharges itself by the Rio Dolce into the Bay of Honduras. The coast plains are subject to violent tropical heats, and are very unhealthy, especially those on the E. coast, on the Caribbean Sea, where fevers ince antly prevail. These are, chiefly inhabited by the Indian ram. The climate of the table-land varies according to its elevation, but an equable, moderate, and agreeable temperature may be obtained there all the year round, with a perfectly healthy climate. The dry season lasts from October to the end of May, during which N. winds prevail; and in the table-land, in Nov. and Dec., water exposed to the open air at night is sometimes, though rarely, covered with a thin pellicle of ice. The rest of the year is entitled the wet season; but the rains, though heavy, last only during the night, and the days are fair and cloudle . Earthquakes are very frequent. The forests yield many valuable kinds of timber, including mahogany, cedar, paio di maria , a species of wood well adapted for ship-building, . But the logwood-tree is by far the most valuable of the products of the forest. It is found here and in the adjoining peninsula of Yucatan in the greatest perfection, and is a most important article of export; a species of Brazil wood is also exported. Among the other vegetable products may be enumerated the dragon's-blood, mastic, palm a Christ i , and other balsamic, aromatic, and medicinal plants: with the sugar-cane, cocoa, indigo, coffee, tobacco, and cotton, which are extensively cultivated. The crops vary according to the elevation of the surface. Below the level of 3,000 ft., indigo, cotton, sugar, and cocoa are the principal. The last is chiefly grown along the shores of the Pacific. The district is also distinguished for the growth of indigo, to which the agriculturists devote their attention so exclusively as almost wholly to neglect the cultivation of articles of prime nece ity. Between the heights of 3,000 and 5,000 ft., the nopal, or cochineal plant, is a favorite object of cultivation, particularly in the neighborhood of Guatemala. Maize is generally grown, but wheat only in the high table-land in the N. Flax and hemp, though they flourish luxuriantly, receive little attention, owing to the superior facilities for growing and manufacturing cotton; and vanilla is suffered to run to waste for want of hands to gather and prepare it. Agriculture, and cattle and sheep-breeding, are the chief occupations of the people; but the manufactures are not quite unimportant. Coarse woollens are manufactured, together with some cotton cloths, caps, and hats. A good many hands are also employed in making earthenware, furniture, wooden articles in cabinet work, .; and an inland trade is carried on in mats, woven of different colors by the Indians, and used at G. as carpets.- Min . Gold is found in most of the river-beds, silver, salt, and saltpetre are mined, and lead, iron, copper, coal, quicksilver, zinc, ., occur, though little mining is done. Gov. The governing powers are: a president, a council of state, and a house of representatives, elected by universal suffrage. The Roman Catholic is the established religion, but complete religious toleration exists. The monastic orders have been wholly suppre ed. The Indians preserve to a great degree their aboriginal language and customs. The chief occupation of the settled tribes is agriculture. They live in great harmony with the whites, but entertain a dislike to the ladinos , a mixed breed between the whites and Indian tribes.- Hist . The N. E. coast of this region was discovered by Columbus in 1502. Most part of it was conquered by the Spaniards about 1524, and erected into a captain-generalship by the Emperor Charles V. in 1527. G., together with the other States of Central America, became independent in 1821. A confederation, which existed from 1824 to 1839, was overthrown by an uneducated but able Indian named Carrera, who founded the present republic and governed it until his death in 1865. General Barrios was president from 1871 to 1885, and under his iron rule the country made much progre . In 1897 G. became a member of a new confederation called the Greater Republic of Central America. Pop . estimated in 1897 at 1,550,000. GUATEMALA (NUEVA), the cap. of the above State, is situated 15 m. from San Salvador; Lat. 14° 37′ N., Lon. 90° 30′ W. It was founded in 1776, after the destruction of the old cap. by an earthquake, and is situated on a high, level, open plain, 4,372 feet above sea, 90 m. from the Pacific Ocean. It is by far the most important city of Central America, is regularly laid out in the style of our cities, and has a flourishing trade with Vera Cruz and Mexico. Pop . (1897) 45,660. Guatemala la Antigua, or OLD GUATEMALA, & city, and the former cap. of Guatemala, about 25 m. W.S.W. of Nueva Guatemala. It is situated at the base of the Volcan d'Agua, by an eruption of which it was overwhelmed in 1541. In 1773 it was again almost destroyed by an earthquake. Pop . 12,000. Guatey'cas, or GUAYTECAS, a bay and group of islands, in the Pacific Ocean, off the W. coast of Patagonia, the islands forming a part of Chonos Archipelago. Guatul'co, a seaport of Mexico, on the Pacific coast, about 105 m. S. E. of Oajaca. Guaviare (hwä-ve-ä'ra), or GUABIARE, a river of the Republic of Colombia, joins the Orinoco near San Fer- nan do, in Venezuela; Lat. 4° 20 N., Lon. 67° 30 W. Length , about 450 miles. Guaya'ma, a sea-port town on the S. coast of Porto Rico, W. Indies; pop . abt. 5,500. Guayanilla, (hwi-a-nel'ya,) a sea-port town on the S. coast of Porto Rico, West Indies. Gua'va, n . ( Bot .) A tree of the genus Psidium , native of tropical America. There are two species. The Common or White guava, P. pyriferum , is a low tree, 17-20 ft. high, with numerous branches, obtuse smooth leaves, and fragrant white flowers on solitary axillary stalks. The fruit is larger than a hen's egg, roundish or oblong, smooth, yellow; the rind thin and brittle; the pulp firm, full of bony seeds, flesh-colored, aromatic, and sweet. The jelly or preserve made from it in the W. Indies, and chiefly at Havana, is highly esteemed. The rind is stewed with milk, and is also made into marmalade. This fruit is rather astringent than laxative. G. buds, boiled with barley and liquorice, make a useful astringent drink in diarrhea. The Red guava, P. pom if. IMG:content-0459.png:[graphic] Fig . 1209. - GUAVA, ( Psidium pyriferum.) erum (Fig 1209), produces a beautiful fruit, with red flesh, but not nearly so agreeable as the white guava. - It is very acid. See PSIDIUM. Guayaquil, ( hwi - a - keel ',) a dept. of Ecuador, bordering on the Pacific Ocean; area , abt. 14,400 sq. m. Rivers. Guayaquil River, and some smaller streams. Surface, diversified, the Andes forming its E. boundary. Soil , in some parts fertile. Cap . Guayaquil. Pop . abt. 75,000. -A city, cap. of the above dept., on the Guayaquil River, about 40 m. above its mouth; Lat. 2° 20 28" S., Lon. 79° 43′ W. It consists mostly of wooden houses, built upon low unhealthy ground, badly supplied with water, IMG:content-0460.jpg:[blocks in formation] and infested with vermin. There are neverthele some good edifices, and the Cathedral (Fig. 1210) is a fine specimen of the ecclesiastical architecture which prevails in South America. The exports are chiefly cocoa, timber, hides, tobacco, ceibo-wool, and cattle. Its harbor is one of the best on the Pacific coast. Pop . (1897 about 40,000. Guayaquil, Gulf of, an arm of the Pacific Ocean in Ecuador. It receives the Guayaquil, Daule, and Tumbez Rivers. Guaymas, ( hwi'mas ,) a sea-port town of Mexico, state Sonora, at the mouth of a considerable river, on the E. shore of the Gulf of California, 230 m. W.N.W. of EI Fuerte. Lat. 27° 50′ N., Lon. 112° W. The town owes ite origin and rise to its magnificent harbor, the best in Mexico. This inlet is capable of accommodating 200 ve els, and is sheltered from all winds by the lofty hills which surround it, and the island of Paxaros, which forms a natural breakwater before its entrance. Close to the pier there are 5 fathoms water, and deeper soundings, with good anchorage, are found a short distance further off shore. The more modern houses are large and well built; the rest are chiefly of mud and flat-roofed. The climate is healthy, though hot. Water, with provisions, have to be conveyed to the town from a distance of about 3 m., the immediate neighborhood being arid and sterile. But the great commercial advantages of the place countervail these drawbacks, and will probably render it the principal commercial depôt on the W. coast of Mexico: it being much superior as a port to either Mazatlan or San Blas, and easier of acce than Acapulco to ve els from China to Mexico, which from the prevalence of particular winds in the Pacific, seldom make the Mexican coast S. of Guaymas. At this port and Mazatlan, indeed, all the trade between Mexico and E. Asia is now transacted. G. is the Pacific terminus of the A. T. & Santa Fé R.R. Pop . abt. 5,000. Guay'ra, La. See LA GUAYRA. Guayta'ra, a river of Ecuador, an affluent of the Patia. Gubbio, ( goob'be -o.) [Lat. Eugubium .] A town of Italy, 21 m. 8. of Urbino, at the foot of the A pennines. Manf . Woollen and silk stuffs. Rich in antique Roman and Etruscan monuments. Pop . (1895) 5,343. Gu'ben, a city of Bradenburg, Pru ia, at the confluence of the Nei e and Lubst, 27 m. S. of Frankfort-on the-Oder. Manf . Cloth, woollen stockings, linens; tanneries and breweries of importance are in the vicinity. Pop . (1895) 23,704. Guel'derland, Gelder land, a province of the Netherlands, bounded by Overy el, Westphalia, N. Bra- bant, Holland, and Utrecht, on its respective lines of frontier. Area, 2,018 sq. m. Surface . Generally level. Rivers, dc. The Rhine, Meuse, Waal, Y el, and Leck, and numerous canals. Prod . Wheat, rye, buckwheat, potatoes, hops, and tobacco. Cattle-breeding is largely carried on. Manuf. Linen, paper, leather, tiles, liquors, beer, . Chief towns . Arnhem (the cap.), Nymwegen, Thiel and Zutphen. Pop . (1895) 520,210. Guelder-rose ( gil'der- ), n. (Bot.) See VIBURNUM. Guelf, or Guelph ( gwelf ), [from the It. Guelfi , and Ger. Welfen . ] The name of an illustrious family, which in the 11th century was transplanted from Italy to Germany, where it became the ruling race of several countries. The family still continues in the two lines of Brunswick -the royal in England and the ducal in Germany. Guelfs, n. pl . ( Hist . ) See GHI BEL LINES. Guelph, a town of prov. of Ontario, cap. of Wellington co., on the river Speed, about 87 m. W. by S. of Goderich. Pop . (1895) 9,890. Guelph, Order of, or Royal Guelphic Order, n. (Her.) The name of a Han over i an order of knighthood, founded in 1815, by George IV. of Eng- land (then Prince Regent). It consists of grand cro es (G. C. H.), commanders and knights, both civil and military. Guen'oc, in California , a village of Lake co. Guenon, n. (Zool.) The common name of the genus of monkeys Cercopithecus of the Simiadæ , characterized by a moderately prominent muzzle, long tail, and the last of the inferior molars with tubercles. The species are very numerous, and of great variety of size. They live in troops, and commit great havoc in gardens and cultivated fields. They are easily tamed. To this genus belongs the Diana monkey, Fig. 813. Guerci'no, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO BARBIERI, commonly called GUERCINO from a cast in his eye, was born at Cento, near Bologna, in 1590; he was self-taught. He spent some time at Rome, but lived chiefly at Cento, until the death of Guido in 1642, when he settled in Bologna, where he died rich in 1666. G. was an imitator of Caravaggio, and is one of the principal so-called Tenebrosi masters, from the great depth and blackne of their shadows; but upon his settlement in Bologna he modified his manner, endeavoring to bring it nearer to that of Guido. Guerdon, ( gér'don ,) n. [Fr.; 0. Ger. werd , wurd , price, value.] A reward, recompense, or requital. "He finds his guerdon in his lady's smile." - Sedley. -v.a. To reward with a guerdon; to make recompense. (R.) -a. Applying or pertaining to, or engaged in, warfare car- ried on by independent and partisan companies of soldiers; as, a guerrilla force. Guerrillero, (ger-reel-ya'ro,) n. [Sp., from guerra .] A partisan soldier; a guerrilla; an irregular combatant. Gue , GEORGE, OF SEGUOYAH, a half-breed Cherokee Indian, inventor of the Cherokee alphabet; B. abt. 1770; D. at San Francisco, 1843. Gue , (ges.) v. a. [D. gi en , to conjecture; Swed. gi a, to divine; Ir. geasaim , to foretell; Ar. kiyas , to gue ; Hind. gyas , to gue ; obs. Heb. kas am , to di- vine.] To conjecture; to divine; to form, as an opinion, without certain principles or means of knowledge; to suppose; to surmise; to think at random; to imagine. n. Conjecture; judgment or opinion without any cer- tain evidence or grounds. "We gave a costly bribe to guerdon silence." - Tennyson. Guerdon able, a . Deserving requital or reward. Guericke, Отто, ( ger'ik -e(r,) a German philosopher, who was counsellor to the elector of Brandenburg, and burgomaster of Magdeburg. He invented the air-pump and weather-gla , and published some treatises on ex- per i mental philosophy. B. 1602; D. 1686. Guerilla, n . Same as GUERRILLA, q. v. Guérin, PIERRE NARCISSE, a French painter, B. at Paris in 1774. He was a scholar of Regnault, and became one of the most eminent painters of the cla ical school. Among his most celebrated works are Marcus Sextus , exhibited in 1800; the Emperor pardoning the Insurgents at Cairo; Clytemnestra, Cephalus , and Aurora , Dido , and Æneas. G. became profe or at the school of Fine Arts, baron, and member of the Institute and Legion of Honor. Among his scholars were Gericault, Ary Scheffer, and Eugene Delacroix, who all distinguished themselves as masters in the new Romantic School. D. at Rome, director of the French Academy there, in 1833. Guer'ite, n. [Fr.] ( Fortif .) A small tower of sand or Guest'-rope, n. ( Naut .) See GUESS-ROPE. size of the Channel Islands, Lat. 49° 24' to 49° 30′ Ν., Lon. 2° 33' to 2° 41′ W., 69 m. S.E. of Start Point, in the S. of Devons hire, 46 m. S.W. of Cherbourg, France. It has a lofty and abrupt coast, a fertile soil, and, espe- cially in the low-lands, affords very fine pasturage. The inhabitants speak the Norman dialect, and the courts still make use of the French language. Pop . 34,000. Guernsey, in Ohio , an E. co.; area , about 517 sq.m. Rivers. Wills, Seneca and Leatherwood creeks. Surface , hilly; soil , moderately fertile. Min. Coal. Cap . Cam- bridge. Pop . (1897) about 30,200. Guerrero, VICENTE, elected President of the Repub- lic of Mexico in 1829; was by birth a Creole. At the very commencement of the revolution in Mexico he took up arms against the Royalists, and never ceased to Guffaw', n. A loud, stentorian burst of laughter; a horse-laugh. Gug'gle, v. n. See GURGLE. Gûhr, ( gûr , ) n . [0. Ger.] A name applied in the East Indies to a loose, earthy deposit from water, found in the clefts of rocks, usually white, but sometimes red or yellow from a mixture of clay or ochre. Guia, (ghee'a,) a town of Brazil, abt. 30 m. N.N.E. of Parahiba. occupy a prominent position in the affairs of that coun--A town of Brazil, on the Rio Negro, near the N. frontier. try. On repeated occasions, from 1819 to 1828, General Guiac, Guiacum, ( gi'ak , gi'ā-kum,) n. See GUAIA- G. became the rallying-point of the liberal or popular CUM. party, the Yorkinos , and was repeatedly called into active service in his military capacity. Having been succe ful in various contests of the aristocratical party, he at length, in 1829, was elected to the presidency. The expedition of Barradas soon gave employment to the new government; and the better to enable the president to meet the exigency, he was invested with extra ord i- nary powers; but after the victory over the Spanish troops, and when the invading expedition was destroyed, G. evinced an unwillingne to relinquish the dictator- ship, which became the pretext of another revolution; and Bustamente, the vice-president, a umed the reins of government. G., however, was not long idle; in Sep- tember, 1830, he collected a large force at Villa do lid, and established a form of government in opposition to that of Bustamente, and the whole country was agitated by troops in arms. But his career was almost run. In February, 1831, he was taken and shot. Guiana, GUYANA, GUAYANA, ( ge - a'na ,) an extensive region of S. America, embracing in its widest accept a- tion all the territory between the rivers Amazon and Orinoco, and extending between Lat. 4° S. and 8° 40′ N., and Lon. 50° and 68° W. By far the greater portion of this region (formerly called Spanish and Portuguese Guayana) belongs to the Venezuelan and Brazilian ter- ritories; and the term Guiana is now generally under- stood to refer only to the country between Lat. 0° 40′ and 8° 40′ N., and Lon. 57° 30′ and 60° W., divided among the English, French, and Dutch. The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia 76,000 sq. m. GEN. DESC. An alluvial flat extends inland to the foot of a group of low hills, which cro the E equibo in Lat. 6o 15', being continuous with the Sierra Imataca in Venezuela. About Lat. 5o a mountain-chain, an offset of the Orinoco range, runs W. to E., rising in places to the height of 1,000 ft. above sea-level. About a degree farther S. are the Pacaraima Mountains, which also run W. and E. Its highest point, Mount Roraima, near the W. extremity of the territory, is 7,500 ft. high. The Conocou or Canucu chain running S.E. connects the Pacaraima with the Sierra Acarai. The latter is a densely wooded chain of mountains forming the southern boundary of British G., and the watershed between the basins of the Amazon and E equibo. The latter river and the Corentyn both rise in it. Extensive savannas are found between E. of the Berbice River and S of the Pacaraima chain, together with swampy tracts of country; but with these exceptions the interior is mostly covered with hill ranges and dense forests. Rivers . The chief rivers, all having a N. direction, are the E equibo, Corentyn, Berbice, and Demerara. From the detritus brought down by these streams and deposited around their mouths, the whole coast is shoaly for 12 or 15 m. seaward.-Geol., . The chief rocks are granite, porphyry, and various kinds of trap, gnei , sandstone, and colored orchres. Traces of iron are found, and gold exists and is mined to some extent. -Climate . The mean temperature of the year at George town is 81° 2' Fahr., the maximum 90°, the minimum 74° on the coast. Two wet and two dry seasons constitute the changes of the year. Hurricanes are unknown, and gales are unfrequent. The climate, generally speaking, with the exception of the low and swampy coast-lands, is salubrious. Veget. and Prod. The forests abound with trees of immense size, including the mora excels a , zipari or green-heart, and many others, yielding the most valuable timber, and an abundance of medicinal plants, dyewoods, and others excellent for cabinet-making. Biza orellana grows in profusion. That magnificent specimen of the S. American flora, the Victoria Regia , was discovered by Sir R. Schomburgk, on the banks of the Berbice.-Zool. The jaguar, puma, peccary, wild hog, tapir, and many kinds of deer, abound in British G. The sea-cow is met with in the larger rivers, which are also inhabited by the cayman, guana, and alligator. There are several kinds of immense, but generally inactive, serpents. Turtles are plentiful, and the rivers teem with fish. Agric . dc . The staples of British G. are sugar, coffee, and cotton; among the minor products are rice, maize, Indian millet, cocoa, vanilla, tobacco, and cinnamon. The savannas between the Berbice and the Demerara occupy upwards of 3,000 square m., are clothed with nutritious gra es, plentifully irrigated, interspersed with shady woods, and feed large herds of wild cattle and horsesв. -Govt. and Fin . The executive administration is controlled by an English governor, a isted by a legislative a embly, or "college of electors," appointed by the colonists. The criminal law is the same as that of Great Britain, but civil cases are, in general, ruled by the Roman-Dutch law. Religion , . All shades of religious belief are allowed the fullest exercise.- Chief towns. George town (the cap.), and New Amsterdam. -Pop . 155,026.- History . According to some, Columbus discovered Guiana in 1498; others give that honor to Vasco Nuñez in 1504. The Dutch, who were its first European settlers, established themselves in 1580, and the English in 1630. Most of Guiana, however, remained in the hands of the former till 1796, when Demerara and E equibo surrendered to the English. They were restored to the Bavarian republic in 1802; and retaken by the British in the following year; since which period the territory called British Guiana has belonged to that power; that called Dutch Guiana was given up to Holland at the conclusion of the war. For many years past a dispute has existed between Great Britain and Venezuela concerning the western boundary of British G. This relates to the country west of the E equibo river, Venezuela claiming all the country up to that stream, while Great Britain made a somewhat indefinite claim of territory to the westward. This dispute became more earnest after the discovery of gold within the disputed territory about the year 1876. As a result, Venezuela broke off diplomatic relations with Great Britain, and in 1895 the U. S. took an active part in the settlement of the controversy, President Cleveland appointing a commi ion to consider the alleged encroachments of Great Britain on Venezuelan territory and vigorously requesting an arbitration to settle the dispute. Great Britain finally a ented to this request, and the long-standing controversy was at once placed in a fair way of settlement. G. (DUTCH.) This territory is intermediate, both in size and position, between British and French Guiana. It extends between N. Lat. 2o and 6°, and W. Lon. 53° and 57°, having E. French G. , from which it is separated by the Marony; S. Brazil; W. the Corentyn, which divides it from British Guiana; and N. the Atlantic. Length, N. to S., 250; average breadth, about 155 m. Area. About 28,500 sq. m. Desc . The physical geography, climate, and productions of Dutch G. are pretty much the same as British Guiana. All the rivers have a N. direction; the chief is the Surinam, which runs through the center of the country, and falls into the Atlantic after a course of nearly 300 m. It gives its name to the N. portion of the territory, and is navigable for large ships for about four leagues from the coast. Com., & c . Sugar is the chief staple; 30,000,000 lbs. are produced annually. Of coffee, 5,000,000 lbs. are annually exported, with large quantities of sugar, cabinet woods, gums, . Provisions, arms, and manu. factured goods are imported from Holland; provisions are also imported from the U. States, to which the exports are syrup and rum. The gold-diggings of Surinam are attracting great attention since 1875, when a rich auriferous district was found among the Marowijne mountains. Government, dc. The government is vested in a governor-general and a high-council. Cap . Paramaribo. Рор . 50,341, exclusive of Indians and Maroons. The latter, living in the interior, are the descendants of runaway negroes, and were very troublesome during the past cent.; they have now, however, adopted comparatively settled habits, and receive annual presents of arms, ., from the Dutch govt., the territory they occupy forming a kind of military frontier to the colony. G. , (FRENCH.) This, which is the most E. and smallest division of Guiana, lies between 20 and 6° N. Lat., and 51% and 54% W. Lon., having E. and S. Brazil, W. Dutch Guiana, and N. and N.E. the Atlantic. Length, N. to S., 250 m.; breadth varying from 100 to 190 miles. Area , 27,560 sq.m. DESC. The coast plain ( ba es terres ) is an alluvial tract of extreme fertility. The uplands ( terres hautes ) are also very fertile, with a mixed argillaceous and ferruginous soil. The mountain chains run E. and W.; they are almost wholly granite, and in the centre of the colony rise from 1,600 to 2,000 feet above sea-level. Few countries are more abundantly watered. There are upwards of 20 rivers of considerable size, all of which have a N. course, and in the rainy season inundate the low country to a great extent, but are then innavigable from their great rapidity. The coasts are low, and, except at the river mouths, ships cannot approach the shore. There is only one roadstead, that of Cayenne, where ve els can ride in security. Several small rocky or wooded islands fringe the coast, among which is Cayenne, at the mouth of the Ozapoh, on which the cap. is built. Clim. The climate resembles that of British Guiana, but the coast-lands appear to be le unhealthy. Agric ., Prod., . About 50 or 60 m. from the coast, the country begins to be covered with vast forests. The lowlands are in great part uncleared, and covered with underwood. The cultivated lands are chiefly given up to the growth of sugar-cane, coffee, cocoa, and spices. The sugar-cane was introduced by the earliest colonists; it is grown only on the low lands. Cotton, cocoa, an not to, and vanilla are indigenous. Indigo and tobacco (both of inferior quality), manioc, rice, ., are grown. Guibarra, ( ghe - bor'ra ,) a river of Ireland, enters the Atlantic Ocean on the N.W. coast of Donegal. Guicciardini, FRANCISCO, (goo- eetch -e-ar-de'ne,) an Italian historian, B. at Florence, in 1482. He was bred to the law and appointed profe or of jurisprudence in his native city. Politics, however, occupied the rest of his life. In 1512 he was sent amba ador, on the part of the republic, to the Spanish court at Bruges, -for his services in which mi ion he was received with great honor by his countrymen; and Leo X. constituted him advocate of the Consistory. In 1518 he was made governor of Modena and Reggio, and next of Parma, where he drove out the French, and confirmed the inhabitants in their obedience. He was afterwards reappointed to the government of Modena and the presidency of the Romagna; and in 1530 was made governor of Bologna, where he a isted at the coronation of Charles V. Guicciardini took a leading part in the political changes at Florence, which led to the restoration of the despotism of the Medici; was a member of the commi ion of Twelve, and secured the appointment of Cosmo I. in 1537. After a life of great activity, he retired to his villa, and began his great work on the History of Italy during my Own Time, which he had nearly completed at the time of his death, in 1540. He was a man of great gravity of temper and demeanor, and displayed much political sagacity and love of justice. He is the greatest of the Italian historians, and writes with the immense advantage of having been a principal actor in the scenes he describes. Guidable, ( gid'a - bl ,) a. Susceptible of being guided. Guidage, ( gid'aj ,) n. The reward given to a guide for services rendered. (R.) - Guidance; conduct; direction. Guidance, n. Act of guiding; direction; government; a leading. "A prince ought not to be under the guidance of faction." Swift . Guide, ( gid , ) v . a. [Fr. guider ; It. guidare ; Sp. guiar , akin to Ger. weisen , to show, to direct, to lead.] To lead or direct in a path or way; to conduct in a course or direction; to pilot; as, to guide a traveller. "Law guides the planets in their course." -S. Rogers. To direct; to order; to influence; to give direction; to instruct and control; to regulate and manage; to superintend. "Nothing but the interest of this world guides men." Kettle well. n. [Fr.] A person who leads, instructs, or directs another in his way, path, or course; a conductor; a pilot. One who directs or influences another in his conduct or course in life; a regulator; a director; an adviser. "Thou wert my guide , philosopher, and friend." -Pope . ( Mus .) The leading part in a canon or fugue. Guide-bars, Guide'-blocks, n.pl. ( Mach .) Pieces of metal with parallel sides, fitted on the ends of the cro -head of a steam-engine, to slide in grooves in the side-frames, and keep the motion of the piston-rod in a IMG:content-0462.jpg:[graphic] direct line. Guidele , a. Without a guide; as, a " guidele kingdom."-Dryden. Guide'-post, n. A finger-post at the corner-fork of a cro road, to guide travellers on their right way. Guido d'Arrezzo, ( ge - do - da - retzo ,) or Aretino, (GUIDO,) was B. abt. 995. He was brought up in a monastery of the Benedictine order, where he applied himself to the study of music, and being di atisfied with the system of notation then in use, devised a new one. He had the honor of explaining his invention to the pope, John XIX. He introduced the use of the lines and spaces, and of the syllables ut , re, mi, fa , sol, la, si , and left several works on his art. Guidon, (ge'don,) n. [Fr.] ( Mil .) The standard borne by regiments of light cavalry; it is broad at one end, nearly pointed at the other, and usually made of silk. Gui'do Re'ni, usually called Guido, a celebrated Italian painter, B. near Bologna, 1575. He was first a pupil of Denis Calvart, afterwards of the Caracci, and accompanied Annibale Caracci to Rome, where he studied the works of Rafaelle and Caravaggio. After 20 years' residence at Rome he settled, about 1622, at Bologna, obtained full employment at high prices, and founded a school. He painted first in the manner of Caravaggio, the bold naturalist , but afterwards adopted a style remarkable for its softne and grace, and ultimately its sentimentality. He indulged in gambling, and though he had long a large income, he died in debt. He painted a large number of inferior pictures for dealers for mere bread. His Phœbus and the Hours preceded by Aurora , in the Rospiglioso Palace, is by some considered his finest performance. Among his other works are the Crucifixion of St. Peter , a magnificent work, in the Vatican; Corona tion of the Virgin , at Bologna; the Ecce Homo , (Fig. 901,) in the Dresden Gallery; A umption of the Virgin , at Munich; and the famous portrait of Be at rice Cenci, (Fig. 549,) one of the most interesting paintings in Rome. He painted numerous Magdalens. D. at Bologna, 1642. two districts-Cayenne and Sinnamary. The admin is-Guienne, ( ghe - en ',) an ancient prov. of France, compre tration is vested in a governor, a isted by a privy council and a colonial council. Cayenne, the seat of govt., is the only town worth notice. Slavery was abolished in this colony in 1848, and in 1851 the French govt. made it their chief penal settlement. Pop . (1897) abt. 39,500. Hist . French G. was colonized early in the 17th cent. Some French adventurers first settled at Cayenne in 1604; and with only a few short interruptions from the Dutch and English, the French held that station and the rest of the colony till 1809; it was then taken po e ion of by the English and Portuguese, and held by the latter till 1815, when, in pursuance of the Treaty of Paris, it was restored to France. See CAYENNE. Guianeco, ( ghe - a - na'ko ,) a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Patagonia. hending the territory now formed by the depts. of Gironde, Lot, Dordogne, Aveyron, and portions of Tarnet-Garonne, and Lot-et-Garonne, and comprising with Gascony what was originally the country of Aquitaine, of which name G. is a corruption. G. pa ed into the po e ion of the English in 1152. The French seized it in 1294, and it was frequently contested until it came into the po e ion of France in 1453. Guijar, or Guixar, ( ghe - har ',) a lake of Central America, in San Salvador, receives the Mitlan, and dis charges its surplus waters into the Pacific by the Lempa River. It is abt. 60 m. in circumference, and has a large island in the middle containing the ruins of an ancient town. Guild, (gild,) n. [A. S. geld, gield , gild , or gyld , from glid an, to pay, because each member was to pay some- thing towards the support and charge of the company.] A society or body of individuals a ociated together for carrying on commerce, or some particular trade or bus i- ne . There existed at Rome various fraternities of trades- men, which bore a considerable resemblance to our mod- ern G., and were permitted to regulate their affairs by their own laws; but it is usual to trace the origin of G. to the Middle Ages. Mechanical industry would never have flourished under the feudal system, had it not been for the unions formed among the workmen and merchants them- selves. When the advantages of these a ociations became known and felt, they rapidly increased, and in the struggle -A post-township of Medina co. Guilford, in Michigan and Minnesota. See GILFORD. Guilford, in Mi ouri , a post-village of Nodaway co., abt. 32 m. N. by E. of St. Joseph. Guilford, in N. Carolina , a N.W.central co.; area, abt. 600 sq. m. Rivers. Deep and Haw rivers, besides numerous smaller streams. Surface, undulating; soil , fertile. Cap . Greens borough. Guilford, in New York , a post-village and township of Chenango co., abt. 100 m. W. by S. of Albany; flour, iron, lumber, and carriages. Guilford, in Ohio , a village of Columbiana co., abt. 70 m. S.E. of Cleveland. between the citizens and nobility, the principal resistance Guilford, in Pennsylvania , a township of Franklin against the latter was made by the G. or corporations. As co. soon as the citizens acquired an influence in the admin- Guilford, in Vermont , a post-village and township of Windham county, about 130 miles south of MontGuilford, in Virginia , a post-office of Accomac co. Guilford Centre, in New York , a post-village of Chenango co., abt. 100 m. W. by S. of Albany. i strati on, the guilds became the basis of the municipal constitutions, and every one who wished to participate pelier. in the municipal government was obliged to becom a member of a G. Hence we so often find distinguished individuals belonging to a cla of mechanics of whose occupation they probably did not know anything. G. introduced the democratic element into society, and in their progre became the bulwarks of the citizen's liberty, and the depositaries of much political power. By the close of the 12th cent., merchants' G. were general throughout the cities of Europe. The Drapers' Company of Hamburg dates from 1153, and that of the Shoemakers of Magdeburg from 1157. With the increase of their wealth and strength, the G. either purchased or extorted from their rulers privileges, which, once obtained, they were careful never to give up. By the 13th cent. they had acquired considerable power, and in two succe ive ages they counterbalanced the power of the nobles. By degrees, they themselves grew into intolerable aristocracies, especially in Germany, where their exactions had to be curbed by the laws of the empire. G. were abolished in Pru ia in 1810; but the want of such a ociations having since been felt, laws were enacted in 1840 to favor their re-establishment. In France, they were suppre ed in 1776, but soon re-established, and not finally abolished till 1791. In England and Scotland, the exclusive privileges of the guildry companies have now been abolished. Guil'der, n. [Du. and Ger. gulden .] A Dutch silver coin, whose value is a little more than 40 cents; - writ- ten also gilder. Guilder land, in New York , a post-town of Albany co. Pop . (1897) about 3,750. Guil'derland, in New York , a post-office of Albany co. Guilder land Centre, in New York , a post-village of Albany co. Guild ford ( gil'ford ), a town of England, cap. of county Surrey, on the Wey (to this point navigable for barges), 18 m. S.W. of London. Pop . (1895) 15,650. Guildhall, n. An important public building of the city of London, the seat of the municipal government, and the place of its civic meetings. Various courts are held here; and here, every 9th of November, the new lord mayor for the coming year gives a grand public dinner, at which her Majesty's ministers and the great law-officers of the Crown are invariably present. This building was commenced in 1411, by contributions of several companies called guilds , aided by liberal donations from many private individuals. Of the original G. little now remains but the stone and mortar of the walls, it having suffered severely by the great fire of 1666. It was patched up by Wren, and again in the last century by Dance, who, in 1789, erected the present intensely barbarous front. Guildhall, in Vermont , a post-village and township, cap. of E ex co., on the Connecticut River, abt. 60 m. N.E of Montpelier. Guildhall Falls, in Vermont , a village of Guildhall township, E ex co. Guile, ( gil ,) n. [O. Fr. guille ; allied to wile , q. v.] Wile; subtlety; craft; cunning; artifice; deceit; duplicity; commonly in a bad sense. "Deep, hollow, treacherous, and full of guile."-Shaks. -v. a. To cloak or conceal with craftine or artifice. To cajole; to delude; to deceive. Guile'ful, a. Full of guile; cunning; crafty; artful; wily; deceitful; insidious; subtle; fraudulent; treach erous. "By guileful fair words peace may be obtained."-Shaks. Guile'fully, adv . Artfully; insidiously; treacherously. Guile/fulne , n. Quality of being guileful; deceit; secret treachery; tricky cunning. Guilele , a . Free from guile or deceit; frank; sincere; open; honest; as, a guilele heart. Guilele ly, adv . In a guilele manner. Guilele ne , n. Quality of being guilele ; openne ; simplicity; freedom from deceit or cunning. Gui'ley, in Oklahoma , a post-office of Kay co. Guilford, in Connecticut , a post-town and township of New Haven co., on Long Island Sound, about 16 m. E. by S. of New Haven. It contains the birthplace of FitzGreene Halleck, our eminent American poet. Pop . (1897) about 2,800. Guilford, in Florida , a post-office of Bradford co. Guilford, in Illinois , a post-township of Jo Davie co. -A township of Winnebago co. Guilford, in Indiana , a post-village of Dear born co., between Indianapolis and Lawrence burg. -A township of Hendricks co. Guilford, in Iowa , a township of Monroe co. Guil'ford, in Kansas , a post-village of Wilson co., on the Mo. Pac. R. R., 7 m. N.E. of Fred on i a. Guilford, in Maine , a post-town of Piscataquis co. Pop . (1897) about 1,100, Guilford, in Maryland , a post-office of Howard co. The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia Guilford Centre, in Vermont , a post-village of Windham co., abt. 120 m. S. of Montpelier. Guilford Court-House, in N. Carolina , a village of Guilford co., about 5 m. from Greens borough, memorable for a battle fought, March 15, 1781, between the Americans under Gen. Greene, and the British under Lord Cornwall is. The British were about 2,400 strong, and consiste chiefly of veteran soldiers. The American force numbered about 4,400, of which only about 1,500 were regular troops; the rest, mainly composed of raw militia, fled at the first onset, and Greene, after an heroic resistance, ordered a retreat. The lo of the British was over 600 men, including many officers; that of the Americans, 1,128 killed, wounded, and mi ing. Though victorious, Cornwall is was so much crippled that he retreated on the 18th, with the Americans in hot pursuit; and Mr. Fox is said to have exclaimed, when the battle was mentioned in the English House of Commons, that "another such victory would ruin the British army." Guilford Station, in Virginia , a post-village of Loudon co., abt. 11 m. S.E. of Leesburg.