craniology (kranioloji)

[F. craniologie = Sp. craneologia = Pg. It. craniologia, 10 2 of the incisor teeth (11); the line of Daubenton, a line drawn through the opisthion and the projection (on the median plane of the skull) of the lower border of the orbit (22); the bas i - alveolar line, a line drawn through the basion and alveolar point (33); the minimum z frontal line, the shortest transverse H Fig. 1. S C B Fig. 2. IMG:content-1549.jpg:[merged small][ocr errors] 10 IMG:content-1550.jpg:[blocks in formation] cranioscopist plane of the occipital foramen forms with the plane of the basilar groove; the cor ono facial angle of Gratiolet, the angle which the facial line of Camper forms with the plane pa ing through the coronal suture; the facial an gle of Camper, the angle between the facial line of Camper (11) and the line (77) drawn through the auricular and subnasal points; the facial angle of Cloquet, the angle between the line drawn through the ophryon and the alveolar point and the auriculo-alveolar line (99) - that is, the angle TAC; the facial angle of Geoffroy Saint Hila ire, the angle between the facial line of Camper and the line (10 10) drawn through the auricular point and the edge of the incisors; the facial angle of Jacquart, the angle between the line drawn through the subnasal point and the glabella and the line (77) drawn through the subnasal and auricular points; the frontal angle, the angle TCE, formed by lines drawn from the auricular point (C) (that is, the projection of the auricular points on the median plane) to the ophryon ( 1 ) and to the bregma ( E ); the meta facial angle of Serres, the angle which the pterygoid proce es form with the base of the skull; the nasobasal angle of Welcker, the angle RXD, between the nasobasilar and naso-subnasal lines; the occipital angle of Broca, the angle RUD, or that between the lines drawn from the opisthion ( U ) to the basion and nasal points; the occipi tal angle of Daubenton, the angle which the line of Daubenton (22) makes with the line joining the basion ( D ) and opisthion ( U ); the parietal angle, the angle formed by the two lines ZS and Z'S (fig. 2) drawn through the extremities of the transverse maximum or bizygomatic diameter and the maximum transverse frontal diameter (it is called positive when it opens downward, negative when the lines meet below the skull and it opens upward); the angles of Segond, angles formed between lines drawn from the basion ( D ) to the various other craniometrical points, the facial angle of Segond being the angle PDT, or that between the line pa ing through the basion ( D ) and mental point ( P ) and the line pa ing through the basion ( D ) and ophryon ( T '), and the cerebral angle of Segond being the angle UDT, or that between the line pa ing through the basion ( D ) and ophryon (1) and the line pa ing through the basion ( D ) and opisthion (U); the sphenoi dal angle, the angle between lines drawn from the basion and nasion to a point in the median line where the sloping anterior surface of the sella turcica pa es over into the horizontal surface of the olivary eminence; the symphysian angle, the angle which the profile of the symphysis of the lower jaw makes with the plane of the inferior border of the lower jaw; and the total cranial angle, the angle UCT, measuring the cranial cavity, between lines drawn from the auricular point to the ophryon and to the opisthion. The following craniometrical diameters are distinguished: the maximum antero posterior, the distance from the glabella to the furthest point of the occipital bone (the maximum anteroposterior diameter of Welcker is the anteroposterior metopic of Broca, and is the distance from the metopic point to the furthest point behind); the maximum transverse, the greatest transverse diameter of the cranium, wherever found; and the vertical diameter, ordinarily the distance of the basion from the bregma, or, what is nearly equivalent to it, the distance from the basion to the point where the line through the basion at right angles to the alveolocondylean plane intersects the cranial vault (but sometimes the line is drawn at right angles to the plane of the foramen magnum). The following craniometrical indices are distinguished: the alveolar or basilar index, the ratio of the surface of that part of the projection of the skull on the median plane which lies in front of the basion to the surface of the whole projection, multiplied by 100; the cephalic index, or index of breadth, the ratio of the maximum transverse to the maximum anteroposterior diameter of the skull, multiplied by 100; the cephalo - or bital index, the ratio of the solid contents of the two orbits to the contents of the cranial cavity, multiplied by 100; the cep halo spinal index, the ratio of the measure of the foramen magnum in square millimeters to that of the cranial cavity in cubic centimeters, multiplied by 100; the cerebral index, the ratio of the greatest transverse to the greatest anteroposterior diameter of the cranial cavity, multiplied by 100, the facial index, the ratio of the distance of the ophryon from the alveolar point to the transverse diameter measured from one zygoma to the other, multiplied by 100; the gnathic or alveolar index, the ratio of the distance between the basion and alveolar point to the distance between the basion and nasal point, multiplied by 100; the nasal index, the ratio of the maximum breadth of the anterior orifice of the nose to the distance from the nasal to the subnasal point, multiplied by 100; the orbital index, the ratio of the vertical to the transverse diameter of one of the orbits, multiplied by 100; and the vertical index, or index of height, the ratio of the vertical diameter of the skull to the maximum anteroposterior diameter, multiplied by 100.