URBAN

the name ot eight Popes, of whom the most notable, Urban II. (1088-99). in a council at Rome, excommunicated his rival Clement III. and his supporter, the Emperor Henry IV. By his energy he extended the power of popedom, and he instigated the first crusade, when Jerusalem was taken. Urban VI. (1378-89) so exasperated the Cardinals by his reforming zeal, that they caused a schism in the Church by electing Clement VII. The two Popes continued to excommunicate each other until Urban died, under circumstances which suggested poisoning. Urban VIII. (1623-44) was more of a temporal prince than a spiritual one, for he extended the power of the Church by raising armies, building fortre es, and entering into an alliance with France against Austria and Germany. He condemned Galileo and Jansen, though he had a reputation for learning.