Carpentry, Chimney, Door, Foundation, Lime, Lintel,

MASONRY, PAINTING, PLASTERING, ROOF, SLATE, STAIRCASE, STONE, TILING, . See also BUILDING, in SECTION II. An edifice; a raised structure; anything built, as a house. Built, imp . and pp . of BUILD, q . v. Built, a . Shaped; formed; fashioned; constructed; as, a strongly built man. IMG:content-0801.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-0802.png:[blocks in formation] given manner; used generally after the word specifying the type; as, a clipper- built ve el.- Built beam, mast, ., one formed by the joining of two or more pieces mortised or kneed together. dova, 22 m. from the latter city, and 7 from the Gua- dalquivir. It is a well-built place, with manufactures of Bukharia. See BOKHARA. woollens. Pop . 9,808. Bukowina, a prov. of Austria. See GALICIA. Buk's heesh, n. See BACKSHISH. Bul, n. (Zool . ) The common flounder. Bulau, n. (Zool.) See GYMNURA. Bulb, n. [Gr. bolbos ; Lat. bulb us ; W. bal, bol , a protn- berance.] ( Bot .) A shortened stem or branch, usually subterranean, bearing on its surface a number of fleshy scales, which are modified leaves. It is only found in monocotyledonous plants, and is seen in the hyacinth, lily (Fig. 439), and onion. The B. may be looked upon as a subterranean leaf-bud, arising from a shortened axis. From its centre an herbaceous stem arises, and from the subterranean axis new B. or cloves , as they are called, are produced. Every new B. is formed in the axil of a scale like a bud , q. v.; sometimes it remains at- tached to the parent B. and sends up an axis and leaves; at other times, it is detached in the course of growth, and forms an independent plant. The new B. feeds on the parent one, and ultimately causes its complete ab- sorption. The scales are generally thickened by the deposition of nutritive matters, intended for the future use of the plant. In the onion, squill, and leek, these scales are covered externally by thin membranous coats or tunics: hence the B. are said to be tunicated . When the membranous coats are absent, the B. is said to be naked or scaly, as in the white lily. The solid, rounded underground stem, called by botanists a corm , is com- monly regarded as a B. (Anat . ) A name given to different parts which resem- ble, in shape, certain bulbous roots. The B. of the aorta is the great sinus of the aorta; the B. of a tooth is the vascular and nervous papilla contained in the cavity of a tooth; the B. or root of the hair is the part whence the hair originates. The best kinds are creamy white, with a granular and Bulb, v. α. To form bulbs; to grow into bulbs. somewhat cellular texture, and are obtained in the ter- Bulbed, ( bulbd ,) a. Having a bulb. tiary formation of the Paris basin, and chiefly at La- Bul'bel, n . ( Bot .) Same as BULBLET, 9. v. Ferté-sous-Jouare. They are cut into wedge-shaped Bulbel i fer ous, a. ( Bot .) Producing or giving out parallelopipeds called panes , which are bound together with iron hoops to form large millstones. Numerous substitutes for the French B. have been found in the U. States, the most important being furnished by the B. rock of the bituminous coal-measures of N.W. Penn- bulbs; as, a bulbel i fer ous plant. Bulblet, n . ( Bot . ) Small conical or rounded bodies produced in the axil of the leaves of some mono cotyle- donous plants, and which are of the nature of bulbs. They can be readily distinguished from ordinary leaf-buds Bulbul, n. [Per.] (Zool.) The Persian nightingale. Bulbule, n. [Lat. bulbul us .) ( Bot .) A young bulb springing from an old one. Bulgaria (anc. Mæsia Inferior). A hereditary prin- cipality of South Eastern Europe, bounded N. by the Danube, which separates it from Roumania; E. by the Black Sea, S. by the Balkan chain, which separates it from Roumelia; S. W. by Pri ena, and N. W. by Servia. Length N. E. to S. W., about 350 miles; area, 24,360 square miles. This country is for the most part mountainous, and eminently so in the S. where the principal chain of the Balkan Mountains forms its boundary; the Danube constitutes its N. limit; but excepting that river, B. has none of any magnitude, although sufficiently watered by small streams. Its cli- mate is temperate, and its soil fertile and well adapted for the culture of corn, vines, the mulberry, and other fruit trees, and tobacco; but agriculture is rather back- ward in regard to modern improvements. There are but few marshes; the pastures are extensive and rich, and feed numerous herds of cattle; the higher lands are often covered with forests of pine, oak, and beech. The Bulgarians are descended from a Slavonic horde, for- merly inhabiting the banks of the Volga, who cro ed the Danube and established themselves in this country in the 7th century, and have since gradually spread themselves over a large part of the region S. of the Balkan. The present race have laid aside the military character of their ancestors; they are pastoral in their mode of life, dwelling in small hamlets of about 40 or 50 windowle and unwholesome houses each, and occupying them- selves chiefly with agriculture and cattle-breeding, with some manufactures, as those of coarse woollens, rifle- barrels, morocco leather, and attar of roses. Large gar- dens are devoted to the culture of roses. They are kind and benevolent people; their women mix freely with the men, are handsome, industrious, and dre neatly. All wear trinkets, and the girls have their heads uncov- ered, and hair braided and ornamented with coins. In 1860, an independent B. Church was formed, which now embraces almost the entire population renouncing alle- giance to the Greek Patriarch. Education, until about 1860, almost unknown; free schools have of late been established. Two schools, under American auspices, were opened in 1865. The language of B. is a dialect of Servia.- Chief Towns . Sophia or Sofia, (the cap.), Tirnova, Shumla, Silistria, Rustchuk, Widdin, and Varna. Formerly a Turkish province, B. was const i- tuted, by the Treaty of Berlin, July 13, 1878, an auto- nomic and hereditary principality, under the nominal suzerainty of the Sultan. Alexander I, of Batten burg, was elected by the A embly prince of B. April 29, 1879, deposed 1886, succeeded, 1887, by Ferdinand I, of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha. The constitution of 1879 invests the leg is- lative power in an A embly, elected by universal suffrage. Pop . in 1897, estimated 3,154,375. Bulgarın, THADDEUS, a Ru ian author, B. in Lithuania, 1789, received a military education in St. Petersburg, and, in 1805, served against France. Later, he forsook the Ru ian army for the French, and was, in 1814, ap- pointed by Napoleon to a command. After Napoleon's fall, B. went to Warsaw, where he contributed several poetical and humorous works to Polish literature. But, ultimately, he settled in St. Petersburg, and devoting himself to the study of Ru , soon became a popular author. In 1825, together with his friend Gretsch, he began the Northern Bee , and since then he has written several romances of which Demetrius and Mazeppa are the best. B. is humorous and graphic as a writer, ju- dicious as an editor; as a critic, severe, and by no means dispa ionate. His large work, Ru ia in its Historical, Statistical, Geographical, and Literary Aspect , has been translated into German. His last work. Tospominaniya, contains reminiscences of his life. D. 1859. Bulge, ( bulj , n. [Ger. bulge , a swelling wave: O. Ger. balg, a bag made of an animal's hide; Swed. bölja ; Dan, bölge ; Gael. bolg , builg , a bag; W. bwlg , a rotun- dity. Root bal ; 0. Ger. belgan , to swell.] Literally, a swelling out; a protuberance; specifically, the bilge or protuberant part of a cask. under this disease feel all the effects of hunger, even when the stomach is full; and the stories that are told of the quantities of food consumed in such cases are scarcely credible. The real nature of this disease is very imperfectly known. In some cases, the health appears to be otherwise good; but usually, B. is a concomitant of other diseases. Its consequences are, leanne , pulmonary fevers, consumption, dropsy. - Sometimes there exists an extraordinary craving for food after the system has been much exhausted, or from a certain condition of the stomach, which causes it to digest the food with too great rapidity; but these do not indicate disease, but only exce ive appetite. The amount of food consumed by persons laboring under this ravenous state of appetite is enormous. Ancient history is full of accounts of men and women whose consumption, though beyond all precedent, never seemed to bring satiety. The Emperor Maximus, a man eight feet high, dispatched daily for his dinner 40 pounds of beef and 19 bottles of wine, without counting bread and vegetables. In consequence of this immense diet, his frame expanded to such dimensions that his wife's bracelets served him for rings to his fingers. But even Milo the Cretonian, the gormandizing of the Emperor Claudius, and all other cases recorded of B. , sink into insignificance before the achievements of the bloated monster Vitelli us, who ransacked Europe, Asia, and Africa, to find luxuries for his inordinate appetite, every road being covered with couriers, and every sea with ships, stored with dainties for this Cæsar's symposia. He made four immense meals a day, frequently taking an emetic an hour before the next, to enable him to eat more and enjoy the feast longer. So insatiable was his appetite, that during the pontifical sacrifices, when, as high-priest, he officiated, he would frequently snatch the half-heated entrails from the sacred fire and devour them before the congregated people. His brother, Lucius Vitelli us, once gave him a feast, at which there were 2,000 fishes cooked, 7,000 of the most rare and delicious singing-birds, besides other varieties from all quarters of the world. Some idea of the enormous gluttony of this emperor may be formed when it is known that in the four months of his reign his table alone cost a sum equal to 35 million dollars. A standing order in this despot's domestic arrangements was, that several you sands of pheasants' livers, tongues of fishes, peacocks' brains, and tails of lampreys, should be always kept in stock.