Livius Andronicus

See Andronicus. stages of medieval architecture. It has been thoroughly restored in the present century. The fine west front has more of a French character than is usual in Great Britain. There are no transepts. The interior is imposing; the Norman arch of the Lady chapel is notable; and there is a square chapter-house with central pillar. Llandudno (lan-düd'no). A watering-place in Carnarvonshire, North Wales, situated at the mouth of the Conway, on the Irish Sea, 38 miles west of Liverpool. There is a fine "marine drive" round Great Orme's Head. Population (1891), 7,333. Llanelly (la-neth'li). A seaport in Car mar then shire, South Wales, situated on an inlet of Car mar then Bay, 11 miles west-northwest of Swansea. There are manufactures of iron, copper, tin, etc., and coal is exported. Population (1891), 23,937. Llanero (lyä-nā'ro), corrupted into Yanero (yä-nā'rō). ['People of the plains.'] A tribe of the Apache group of North American Indians. In 1799 the Llanero were on the great plains between the Rio Pecos and the left bank of the Rio Grande. See Apaches . Llangollen (lan-goth'len). A town in Denbighshire, North Wales, situated on the Dee 31 miles south-southwest of Liverpool. Population (1891), 3,225. Llanos (Sp. pron. lyä'nōs). [Sp., from llano , a flat field.] A name given in many parts of Spanish America to large tracts of open land: in a special manner, and in a geographical sense, to the Llanos del Orinoco or de Venezuela, lying principally in Venezuela, with extensions into Colombia. They comprise nearly all the space between the Orinoco and its delta, the coast-range of Venezuela, and the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia as far as the Vichada branch of the Orinoco (about lat. 5° N.). The total area is probably 150,000 square miles, and most of it is quite flat and near the sea-level; but some parts are varied with table-topped hills a few hundred feet high. llanos only Livny (liv'ne). A town in the government of Orel, central Ru ia, situated on the Sosna 75 miles southeast of Orel. Population, 20,358. Livonia (li-võ'ni-ä), G. Livland or Liefland (lēf'länt), F. Livonie (lē-vō-nē'). A govern Darinate thinly inhabited and the industry is grazing immense herds of cattle being kept in a nearly wild state. Llanos de Chiquitos, or Llanos de los Chiquitos (da los che-kē tōs). An extensive plain in eastern Bolivia, in the departments of Santa The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names of Trinity College, Cambridge, and later was usher at West- minster School. He wrote "The Actor: a Poetical Epistle" (1760), "The Tears and Triumphs of Parna us," etc. He was imprisoned for debt in 1763. Lloyd, William. Born at Tile hurst, Aug. 18, 1627: died at Hartlebury Castle, Worcester- shire, Aug. 30, 1717. An English prelate, bishop succe ively of St. Asaph (1680), Lich field and Coventry (1692), and Worcester (1700). He was one of the six bishops tried on the charge of publishing a seditious libel, and acquitted June 29, 1688, and was an earnest supporter of the Revolution. Lloyd's (loidz). An a ociation at the Royal Exchange, London, comprising underwriters, merchants, shipowners, and brokers, for the It originated in meetings at Lloyd's Coffee House about 1688. The present rooms include a restaurant acce ible only to members of Lloyd's and their friends. See Lloyd , Lloyd's, Austrian. [It. Lloyd Austro - ungarico , G. Österreichisch- Ungarischer Lloyd .] A mer- cantile company in Triest, founded in 1833 for the furtherance of Austrian commerce. It com- prises 3 sections: (a) insurance; (b) steamship lines in the of periodicals. Lloyd's, North German. [G. Norddeutscher Lloyd .] A company in Bremen, founded in 1857, for maintaining regular steamship lines between Bremen and New York, Baltimore, and other ports: also between New York and va- rio us Mediterranean ports. Lloyd's List. A periodical containing shipping intelligence, i ued by Lloyd's (London) since 1716, as a daily since 1800. Llywarch Hen. A Cymric poet, living in the Llywelyn ab Gruffydd. See Llewelyn . Loadstone, Lady. The "magnetic lady," a char- acter in Ben Jonson's play of that name. She is magnetic in the sense of making her house attractive, and so drawing to it a variety of guests. Loaisa, or Loaysa (lō-ī'sä), Garcia Jofre de. Born at Placencia, Caceres, about 1485: died July 30, 1526. A Spanish captain, commend a- dor of the order of St. John, who, in 1525, was put in command of a fleet destined to follow up the discoveries of Magalhães. He left Spain with 7 ships, July 24, 1525; reached the Strait of Magellan in Jan., 1526; lost there one of his ships; pa ed the strait safely with the rest; but died during the voyage acro the Pacific. One ship only reached the Moluccas. Loanda (lō-än'dä), properly São Paulo de Population, estimated, about 14,000. Loango (lō-äng'gō). A region on the western coast of Africa, extending from the mouth of the Kongo to about lat. 4° S. It is now divided be. tween the Kongo Free State, Portugal, and France. Loano (lō-ä'no). A small town in Italy, situ- ated on the coast 39 miles southwest of Genoa. Here, Nov. 23-24, 1795, the French under Sché- rer defeated the Austrians. The victory was mainly due to Ma éna. payza (lo-i'thä), or Loaysa (lō-i'sä), Geronymo de. Born at Truxillo, Estremadura, Spain, about 1500: died at Lima, Peru, Oct. 25, 1575. A Span- ish Dominican ecclesiastic. at Cart a gena, New Granada, 1526-31, and in 1537 was ap- 1543; and was the first archbishop in 1548. During the king, but did his best to prevent bloodshed. In 1552 and rebellions of Gonzalo Pizarro and Giron adhered to the 1567 he presided over provincial councils. Lobau (lo'bou). An island in the Danube, near Vienna. It was occupied by the French after the battle of Aspern in 1809. Löbau (lė'bou). A town in the kingdom of Sax- ony, 41 miles east of Dresden: one of the prin- cipal towns of ancient Lusatia. Population (1890), 8,378. Löbau. A town in the province of West Prus- sia, Pru ia, situated on the Sandelle 75 miles southeast of Dantzie. Population (1890), 4,593. Lobeira (lō-bā'ē-rä), or Loveira (lō-vā'ō-rä), Vasco de. Born at Oporto, Portugal, about Portugal, about 1403. A Portuguese romance- writer and soldier (in the service of John I. of Portugal, by whom he was knighted in 1385): reputed author of the famous romance "Amadis of Gaul" (which see). Lobengula (lō-beng-göʻlä). ['The defender.'] Born about 1833: died 1894. King of the Mata- bele (see Matabele ), a son of Mosilikatse. He was long feared as a powerful warrior and persistent oppo- nent of Christianity and civilization in his kingdom; but finally the British South African Company succeeded in obtaining from him, in exchange for improved firearms and ammunition, permi ion to settle in Mash on a land and Lobo (lo bộ), Jeronimo. Born at Lisbon about 1593: died at Lisbon, Jan. 29, 1678. A Portu- guese Jesuit, mi ionary in Aby in i a. Lobos (lō'bōs) or Seal Islands. A group of small islands west of Peru, situated (Lobos de Tierra) in lat. 6° 27′ S., long. 80° 49′ W. They are noted for guano deposits. Lobositz (lo'bo-zits). A town in Bohemia, sit- uated on the Elbe 35 miles north-northwest of Prague. Here, Oct. 1. 1756, Frederick the Great de- feated the Austrians under Browne. Population (1890), commune, 4,269. Locarno (lō-kär'no). A town in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. Switzerland, situated on Lago Mag- Lochaber No More. An air claimed for both Scotland and Ireland, of which some two or three versions are extant. The source of these is in Scot- tish minstrelsy called "Lord Ronald (or, according to Sir W. Scott, Randal ) my son." The air in Ireland is known as "Limerick's lamentation." The verses "Farewell to Lochaber," ending "And then I'll leave thee and Lochaber no more," were written by Allan Ramsay. Grove. Romanesque ornament. Population (1891), commune, 5,132. Lochiel's (loch-ēlz') Warning. A poem by Thomas Campbell: so called from its subject, Donald Cameron of Lochiel. Loch in var (loch-in-vär'). A ballad in the poem of "Marmion," by Sir Walter Scott: so called from the name of its hero, the young Loch in var. Lochleven (loch-lē'vn). Alake in Kinro -shire, Scotland, 18 miles north-northwest of Edin- burgh. On an island in it are re the remains of a castle which was the scene in 1567-68 of the imprisonment of Mary Queen of Scots. The Leven carries its waters to the Firth of Forth. Length, 3 miles. Lochnagar (loch-na-gär'). A mountain in the southwest part of Aberdeen shire, Scotland. Locke (lok), David Ro : pseudonym Petro- Height, 3,780 feet. leum V. Nasby. Born at Vestal, Brome County, N. Y., Sept. 20, 1833: died in 1888. An Ameri- can political satirist. He commenced in 1860 the pub- lication of the "Nasby Letters," contributed chiefly to the "Toledo Blade." Lock Haven (lok hā'vn). A city, the capital of Clinton County, Pennsylvania, situated on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, 69 miles northwest of Harris burg. It has a flourishing lum. ber trade. Population (1890), 7,358. Lock port (lok'port). A city and the capital of Niagara County, New York, situated on the Erie Canal 22 miles north-northeast of Buffalo. It has flourishing manufactures. Population (1890), 16,038. Lockroy (lok-rwä') (properly Simon), Édou- ard Étienne Antoine. Born at Paris, July 18,1838. A French journalist and Radical pol i- tician, son of J. P. Lockroy. He was minister of commerce and industry 1886-87, and minis- ter of public instruction 1888. Locksley Hall. A poem by Tennyson, pub- lished in 1842. Lockyer (lok'yer), Joseph Norman. Born at Rugby, England, May 17, 1836. A noted Eng- IMG:content-0622.png:[blocks in formation] Locri Opuntii (o-pun's hi-i). In ancient geogra- phy, a Greek people living north of Bœotia and opposite Eubœa: so named from Opus, their chief town. The name sometimes includes the country of the Locri Epicnemidii. Locri Ozolæ (ōzō-lē). In ancient geography, a Greek people living along the Corinthian Gulf, west of Phocis. The origin of the name is doubtful. Locris (lo'kris). In ancient geography, a divi- sion of middle Greece, occupied by the Locri Epicnemidii and Locri Opuntii, or eastern Lo- crians, and the Locri Ozolæ, or western Locrians. Locusta (lō-kus'tä). A profe ional poisoner living at Rome about 54 A. D. Juvenal speaks of her as the agent for ridding many a wife of her husband, and Tacitus as "long reckoned as among the instruments of government." She was employed by A grip pin a to pre- pare a poison for the emperor Claudius. She was exe- IMG:content-0623.png:[ocr errors] Lodève (lo-dav'). A town in the department of Hérault, southern France, situated on the Ergue 29 miles west-northwest of Montpellier: the Roman Luteva. It has important manufactures, par- Lodge (loj), Henry Cabot. Born at Boston, May 12, 1850. An American historian and politician. He graduated at Harvard in 1871; was admitted to the bar in 1876; was university lecturer on American history at Harvard 1874-79; was editor of the "North American Re- view" 1873-76, and of the "International Review" 1879-81; and was a Republican member of Congre from Ma a- chusetts 1886-93, when he was transferred to the United States Senate. He has published "A Short History of the English Colonies in America" (1881), "Alexander Hamil- ton" (1882), "Daniel Webster" (1883), "Studies in History" (1884), etc. Lodge, Thomas. Born at West Ham, near Lon- don, about 1556: died 1625. An English nov- elist, dramatist, lyric poet, and miscellaneous writer. Among his works are the novel "Rosalynde: Euphues Golden Legacie, etc." (1590), "Euphues Shadow: the Battle of the Senses" (1592), "The Wounds of the Civil War," a tragedy (1594), poems (1589), "Phillis" and "Life and Death of William Long beard, etc." (1593), "A Fig for Momus," satires (1595). He also wrote, with Greene, an- other play, "A Looking-gla for London and England" Lodi (lõ'de). A city in the province of Milan, Italy, situated on the Adda in lat. 45° 18' N., long. 9°30′ E. It contains a cathedral, and the church Inc or on at a, begun in 1476 from a design by Bramante. It is especially noted for the manufacture of Parmesan cheese and of majolica. It was founded by Frederick Bar- baro a, in place of the neighboring Lodi Vecchio (the Roman Laus Pompeia), destroyed in 1158. Population (1891), 18,689. ous. The chief islands are Hindö, Langö, Andö, Öst-Vaagö, and Vest-Vaagö. The chief industry is the cod and her- ring fishery. Population, about 20,000. Loftus (lof'tus), Lord August us William Frederick Spencer. Born Oct. 4, 1817. An English diplomatist, fourth son of the second Marquis of Ely: amba ador to Ru ia 1871- 1879. Loftus, William Kennett. Born at Rye, Eng- land, about 1820: died at sea, Nov., 1858. An English archæologist. He published "Travels and Researches in Chaldæa and Susiana" (1857), etc. Logan, John Alexander. Born in Jackson County, III., Feb. 9, 1826: died at Washington, D. C., Dec. 26, 1886. An American general and statesman, unsucce ful Republican candidate for the vice-presidency in 1884. He served in the Mexican war; was member of Congre from Illinois 1859- 1861; served with distinction in the Civil War under Grant in 1862, in the Vicksburg campaign of 1863, and in north- ern Georgia under Sherman in 1864; was member of Con- gre from Illinois 1867-71; and was United States sena- tor 1871-77 and 1879-86. He published "The Great Con- spiracy" (1886). Lodi, Battle of. A victory gained May 10, 1796, by the French under Napoleon over the Austri- ans under Beaulieu. Napoleon himself led the charge of the grenadiers (6,000) acro the bridge of the Adda. The Austrians, posted behind the bridge, numbered, ac- cording to Thiers, 16,000 (probably le ). Lannes was the first man acro the bridge, Napoleon (who won this day the epithet "Little Corporal") the second. The Austrian The lo was 2,500; the French lo , probably 2,000. battle is known as "the terrible pa age of the bridge of Logan, Olive. See Sykes . Lodi." It was followed by the capture of Milan. the medieval principality of Vladimir in Vol- Locality in Wayne County, Kentucky, on the hynia, which became part of the kingdom of Federals under Thomas defeated the Confed- Poland. The Emperor ror of Austria-Hungary bears the title of King of Galicia and Lodo- Lodore (lō-dor'). A cascade in Cumber land, England, near Keswick. Lodovico (lo-do-vē kō). A kinsman of Braban- tio in Shakspere's "Othello.” Lódz (lodz). A city in the government of Piotr- kow, Ru ian Poland, 67 miles southwest of War- saw. It is the center of the Polish textile manufacture, the leading manufacture being cotton. Population (1890), 125,227. Loegres, Logres. The name by which Geoffrey of Mon mouth calls England, from Logris or Locrine, son of the legendary King Brute. Löfling (lef'ling), Peter. Born at Tollforsbruch, near Walbö, Sweden, Jan. 31, 1729: died ezuela, Feb. 22, 1756. A Swedish botanist, a pupil and friend of Linnæus. In 1751 he accom- panied a Spanish scientific expedition to Venezuela, and, after traveling extensively in the province of Cumaná, went to the mi ions of Guayana, where he died of a fever. An account of his travels was published in Swedish, under the direction of Linnæus, in 1758. islands belonging to the province of Nordland, Norway, situated west of the mainland about lat. 67° 30′ to 69° 20′ N. The surface is mountain- which ares published bur i me deco up lets. A complete edition at Tübingen in 1872. Loggia dei Lanzi (lōj'jä dā'ē länd'zē). A me- dieval vaulted portico, one of the characteristic buildings of Florence, begun 1374. The front has three great round arches with molded columns, a rich bracketed cornice and balustrade, and medallions of the Theological Virtues in the spandrels. In the portico are placed Cell in i's "Perseus," Donatello's "Judith," and other Important Renai ance and antique statues. Logic, Bob. See Tom and Jerry. Log i still a (lō-jis-til'la). In "Orlando Furioso," the sister of Alcina and Morgan a. She repre- sents reason or virtue. Logone Logone (lō-gō'ne). A tribe of the central Sudan, southeast of Lake Chad, between Bornu and Baghirmi. They number about 250,000. They are va als of Bornu, but are self-governing; they are related alike to the Makaris and the Musgu; and their language is said to have affinity with Hausa and Galla. Logroño (lō-grön yō). A province in Old Castile, Spain. It is bounded by Alava and Navarre on the north, Navarre and Sarago a on the east, Soria on the south, and Burgos on the west. It belongs to the Ebro valley. Area, 1,945 square miles. Population (1887), 181,465. Logroño. The capital of the province of Logroño, situated on the Ebro about lat. 42° 26′ N., long. 2° 36' W.: the Roman Julia Briga. Population (1887), 15,667. Logroño, Pedro. Born at Guadalajara, Spain: died, probably in Mexico, after 1567. A Spanish priest. His "Manual de los adultos para bautizar" (known only in a fragment) is probably the oldest existing book published in America. It was printed at Mexico in 1540. Lohardaga (lō-här-dä'gä), or Lohardugga (lõhär-dug'gä). A district in Bengal, British India, intersected by lat. 23° 30′ N., long. 85° E. Area, 7,140 square miles. Population (1891), 1,128,885. Loheia, or Loheyyah (lō-hā'yä). A seaport in Yemen, Arabia, situated on the Red Sea in lat. 15° 42′ N., long. 42° 39′ E. Population, 5,0006,000. Lohengrin (lõ'en-grin). [MHG. Loherangrin, Lohengrin.] In German legend, the mythical knight of the swan, the son of Parzival, and a knight of the Holy Grail. He is carried in a boat drawn by a swan to Antwerp, where he becomes the husband of the Prince of Brabant, on the condition that she shall never ask his name. She neverthele breaks the agreement, and the swan comes with the boat and bears him away to the Grail. Allusion is made to his history at the end of the poem "Parzival," written by Wolfram von Eschenbach between 1205 and 1215. He is also mentioned in the "Titurel," written by one Albrecht between 1260 and 1270; and the same legend is the subject of the poem "Schwanritter" ("The Swan Knight"), by Konrad von Würzburg (died 1287), who does not, however, connect his hero with the Grail. A poem "Lohengrin," later remodeled under the name "Lorengel," written by an unknown author in Bavaria before 1290, gives a detailed history of the mythical knight. The legend has been localized on the lower Rhine as well as on the Schelde. Lohengrin. A romantic drama, composed (words and music) by Richard Wagner in 1847, founded on the poem of "Lohengrin." It was first produced at Weimar under the direction of Liszt in 1850, and was produced at London May 8, 1875. Lohenstein (lõ'en-stin), Daniel Kaspar von. Born at Nimptsch, Silesia, Jan. 25, 1635: died at Breslau, April 28, 1683. A German poet of the second Silesian school. Lohr (lor). A town in Lower Franc on i a, Bavaria, situated on the Main 40 miles east by south of Frankfort. Population (1890), 4,207. Loi (loi), or Baloi (bä-loi'). A Bantu tribe settled on the lower Mobangi River in the Kongo State and French Kongo. Loigny (lwän-ye'). A village in the department of Eure-et-Loir, France, south of Chart res. It gives name to the battle of Loigny-Poupry, Dec. 2, 1870, gained by the Germans under the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg over the French under Aurelle de Paladines, and forming part of the battle before Orléans. Loir (lwär). A river of northwestern France, joining the Sarthe 5 miles north of Angers: the Roman Lidericus. Length, about 190 miles. Loire (lwär). The largest river of France: the Roman Liger. It rises in the Gerbier-des-Joncs, department of Ardèche, flows first toward the north and then toward the west, and falls into the Bay of Biscay at St. Nazaire, 33 miles west of Nantes. It is noted for its inundations, and is important in history. Its chief tributaries are the Allier, Cher, Indre, and Vienne on the left, and the Maine on the right. Length, over 600 miles; navigable for ships to Nantes. Loire. A department of central France. Capital, St.-Etienne. It is bounded by Allier on the northwest, Saône-et-Loire on the north, Rhône and Isère on the east, Ardèche on the south, Haute-Loire on the southwest, and Puy-de-Dôme on the west, and formed part of the ancient Lyonnais. The surface is largely mountainous. It is traversed by the river Loire, and has important industries, especially coal-mining and dependent manufactures. Area, 1,838 square miles. Population (1891), 616,227. Loire, Army of the. 1. A French army improvised after the battle of Sedan (Sept. 1, 1870) for the relief of Paris. It was commanded by Aurelle de Paladines. - 2. After the beginning of Dec., 1870, the part of the first army commanded by Chanzy (the remaining part being commanded by Bourbaki). Loire, Haute-. See Haute -Loire. Loire-Inférieure (lwär'an-fa-ryer'). A department of western France. Capital, Nantes. It is bounded by Morbihan and Ille-et-Vilaine on the north, Maine-et-Loire on the east, Vendée on the south, and the Bay of Biscay on the west, and formed part of the ancient Britt any. The surface is flat. It has flourishing agricul IMG:content-0624.png:[blocks in formation] about 1730: died in Sicily, 1802. A noted Italian violinist. He played with succe in Stuttgart, St. formed principally from part of the ancient Orléanais. It has flourishing agricultural industries and manufactures. Area, 2,614 square miles. Population (1891), 377,718. Loir-et-Cher (lwär'ā-shar'). A department of central France. Capital, Blois. It is bounded by Eure-et-Loir on the north, Loiret on the northeast, Cher on the southeast, Indre on the south, Indre-et-Loire on the southwest, and Sarthe on the northwest, being formed from parts of Orléanais and a small part of Touraine. It is a rich agricultural department. Area, 2,451 square miles. Population (1891), 280,358. Loja, or Loxa (lō'Hä). A town in the province of Granada, Spain, situated on the Jenil 29 miles west of Granada. It was formerly a strong fortre . It was taken from the Moors in 1486. Population (1887), 19,120. Loja, or Loxa (1ō'нä). A town in Ecuador, about lat. 3° 55' S., long. 79° 25′ W.: noted for cinchona. Population, about 10,000. Loka (lō'ka). [Skt., 'world.] A world. In Hindu works, the triloka, or three worlds, are generally heaven, earth, and hell. Another division gives seven, exclusive of seven hells (patalas). The upper worlds are (1) the earth; (2) the space between earth and sun, the region of the saints; (3) Indra's heaven, between the sun and the pole-star; (4) Maharloka, the usual abode of Bhrigu and other saints; (5) the abode of Brahma's sons, Sanaka, San and a, and Sa nat kumara; (6) the abode of the Vairagins; (7) the abode of Brahma. The first three are destroyed at the end of each kalpa, or day of Brahma; the last four at the end of his life. The Sankhya and Vedanta schools recognize eight lokas: (1) that of the superior deities; (2) that of the Pitris, Rishis, and Prajapatis; (3) that of the moon and planets; (4) that of the inferior deities; (5) that of the Gandharvas; (6) that of the Rakshasas; (7) that of the Yakshas; (8) that of the Pishachas. See these words. Lokapalas (lō-ka-pä'laz). [Skt., 'guardians of the world.'] In Hindu mythology, the deities who preside over the eight points of the compa : i. e ., the four cardinal and four intermediate. They are Indra, E.; Agni, S.E.; Yama, S.; Surya, S.W.; Varuna, W.; Vayu, N. W.; Kuvera, N.; Soma, N. E. Each of these has an elephant who helps to protect the region: these are also known as Lokapalas. Lokeren (lõ ́ker-en). A town in the province of East Flanders, Belgium, situated on the Durme 23 miles northwest of Bru els. It has flourishing manufactures and trade. Popula tion (1887), 19,667. Loki (lõkē). [ON.: lok , end; ljúka , lúka , to close, end. In Old Norse mythology, the god of destruction. His father was the giant Farbauti (ON. Fárbauti ), his mother Laufey or Nal (ON. Nal ) . By the giante Angurboda (ON. Angrbodha ) he had 3 children: the Midgard-serpent, the Fenris-wolf, and Hel. had throughout a twofold nature. He was of handsome Loki appearance but of evil disposition, and was at the same time the friend and the enemy of the gods. For his evil deeds he was finally seized by the gods and bound. Over him was set a serpent whose poison would have fallen in drops upon his face had not his wife, Sigyn, caught them in a bowl. He was freed at Ragnarök, when he and Heimdall slew each other. Lokman (lok-män'). [Ar. Luqman , called "The Wise."] The reputed author of a collection of fables in Arabic. Luqman is the title of the 31st surah of the Koran, in the 11th verse of which are found the words "We gave to Luqman wisdom." To this shadowy character have been ascribed the circumstances and sayings of a number of men: hence Lokman has been represented as a nephew of Job or Abraham, a councilor of David or Solomon, Balaam, an ugly Ethiopian slave, a king of Yaman, a tailor, a carpenter, a shepherd. The fables are very like those of Æsop, and still more like those of Syntipas. Many are of Greek origin, and a number of them go back, as do the fables of Pilpay, to Indian originals. They were first put into their present form by an Egyptian Christian named Barsuma, probably toward the end of the 13th century. They were first edited (with a Latin translation) by Erpenius (Leyden, 1615). Recent editions are by Rödiger (2d ed. 1839) and Derenbourg (1850). Lola Montez. See Gilbert , Marie D. E. R. Lollards (lol'ärdz). [From MD. Lollaerd , one who mumbles prayers or hymns.] 1. A semimonastic society for the care of the sick and the burial of the dead, which originated at Antwerp about1300. Also called Cellites .-2. The English followers of Wyclif, adherents of a wide-spread movement, partly political and socialistic, and in some respects anticipating Protestant ism and Puritanism, in the 14th and 15th centuries. They were also called Bible men, from their reverence for the Bible. They differed on some points both among them selves and from Wyclif, but in the main condemned the use of images in churches, pilgrimages to the tombs of saints, the temporal lordship of the clergy, the hierarchical organization, papal authority, religious orders, ecclesiastical decorations, the ceremony of the ma , the doctrine of transubstantiation, waging of wars, and capital ings, and they were severely persecuted for more than a punishment. Some of them engaged in seditious proceed hundred years, especially after the adoption of a special statute ("De hæretico comburendo") against them in 1401. Lollards were very numerous at the close of the 14th century, and perhaps formed later part of the Lancastrian party in the Wars of the Roses. Petersburg, Paris, and infrequently at London. "Owing to the eccentricity of his style of composition and execution, he was regarded as a madman by most of the audience." Burney, Hist. IV. 680. Lollius (lol'i-us). An unknown author from whom Chaucer profe ed to have derived various things in his poems. He seems to stand for Petrarch, Boccaccio, and others, and "occupies in English poetry very much the same position as Junius in English politics (Lounsbury, Studies in Chaucer, II. 411). A great Lolo (lō'lō), or Balolo (bä-lōlō). Bantu nation of the Kongo State, occupying the basins of the Lulongo, Tshuapa, and Lomami rivers in the horseshoe bend of the Kongo River, between Lake Leopold and Stanley Falls. L'Olonnois (lo-lo-nwä'), François. Died in Costa Rica about 1668. A French bucaneer and pirate, noted for his ferocity. He was transported to the West Indies for crimes, joined the bucaneers as a common sailor, rose to high command among them, and from 1660 ravaged the coasts of Central Ameri ca. He was eventually wrecked, and was killed by Indians. His real name is supposed to have been Jacques Jean David Nau. Lolos (lõʻlōz). A race of aborigines in western China, on the Tibetan frontier. Lom (lõm). A river in Bulgaria, joining the Danube at Rustchuk. It was the scene of Turkish victories over the Ru ians, Aug.-Sept., 1877. Lomami (lō-mä'me). One of the great affluents of the Kongo River, which it joins on the left bank midway between Stanley Falls and the Aruwimi. It has its source near lat. 10° S., and its mouth near lat. 1o N., ruuning parallel with the Lualaba from south to north. It was discovered by Cameron, and is also called Boloko. Lomami is also the name of an affluent of the Sankuru. Lombard (lom'bärd), Peter, L. Petrus Lombardus (pē'trus lom-bär'dus). Born at Novara, Italy, about 1100: died at Paris, 1160. An Italian theologian, appointed bishop of Paris in 1159. He was surnamed "Master of Sentences," from his work "Sententia rum libri IV" ("Four Books of Sentences"). See Book of Sentences. Lombardi, I. An opera by Verdi, produced at La Scala, Milan, in 1843. Much of the music was afterward used by him in the opera "Gerusa lemme." Lombard League. An a ociation between Brescia, Bergamo, Mantua, Verona, Cremona, Treviso, and other cities of Lombardy and northern Italy, founded in 1167 for protection against Frederick Barb a ro a. It rebuilt Milan, defeated Frederick at Legnano in 1176, and secured liberties by the peace of Con stance in 1183. It was renewed against Frederick II. in 1226. Lombardo (lom-bär'dō), Pietro. Died in 1515. A Venetian architect. The name Lombardo was the patronymic of many north Italian artists who flourished in Venice from the middle of the 15th to the beginning of the 16th century. It is a ociated with a large cla of works peculiar to the early Renai ance in Venice. The most definite personality of the school is Pietro the architect, to whom are attributed two altars in the choir of San Marco (1462, 1471), the Church of Santa Maria dei Miracoli (begun in 1480), the monument to Dante (1482) at Ravenna, the Vend ram in i palace, the tomb of Doge Pietro Mocenigo in San Giovanni e Paolo, and the Moro chapel in San Giobbe. He was made director of public works March 15, 1499. The anonymous marbles which have been cla ed as belonging to the school of the Lombardi comprehend nearly all the Renai ance work produced about 1475-1550. Martino Lombardo is also noted as having built the Scuola di San Marco and the San Zaccaria in Venice. It is not known whether or not he was the son of Pietro. To the Lombardi family also belong Tullio, Antonio, and Giulio (sons of Pietro), Santi, and Moro. The last probably came from Bergamo. Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom. A kingdom constituted by Austria in 1815 out of the Italian territories a igned to her by the Congre of Vienna. It comprises Lombardy, Venetia, and Mantua. Lombardy was ceded to Victor Emmanuel in 1859, and Venetia and Mantua were surrendered to him in 1866. Lombards (lom'bärdz, formerly lum'bärdz). [Appar. par. 'long-beards.'] The natives or inhabitants of Lombardy in Italy. The name is used mbardy more specifically for the members of the Germanic tribe (Longobards) who about 568, under Alboin, conquered the part of northern Italy still called Lombardy, and founded the kingdom of that name, which was afterward extended over a much larger territory, and was finally overthrown by Charlemagne in 774. In old London the name Lombards was generic, and was applied to foreign merchants from southern Europe, but more especially to representatives of the great houses of the northern Italian cities. They also established themselves in France, chiefly at Nimes and Montpellier. See Lombard street. Lombard street. A street in the City, London, where the Lombard merchants of the middle ages established themselves before the reign of Edward II. With the Germans of the Steelyard they engro ed the more profitable branches of English trade. The goldsmiths seem to have had the most ready money. On occasion they lent money on interest, and gradually Lombard street took up the busine of banking, as it was then understood. They did not call themselves bankers, but kept "running cashes" or current accounts. In 1677 there were no le than thirty-seven goldsmiths keeping "running cashes" in Lombard street. The seizure by Charles I. of £200,000 stored in the Tower forced them to keep their money in circulation, and was practically the origin of modern systematic banking. (Compare Lombards .) Lombard street is now a great banking center. Lombardy (lom'bär-di). A Teutonic kingdom, founded in 568 by Alboin, which comprised at its height a large part of northern and central Italy. Its capital was Pavia. Various Lombard duchies (as Ben even to) were founded further south in Italy. See Lombards. Lombardy. [It. Lombardia .] A compart i men to in northern Italy. It includes the provinces Como, Milan, Pavia, Bergamo, Sondrio, Brescia, Cremona, and Mantua, comprising the alpine and subalpine regions in the north and the Lombard plain of the Po. Lombardy. A theme (province) of the Byzantine empire, in the early part of the middle ages, situated in southeastern Italy. Long fellow, Henry Wads worth is linen. It contains a cathedral. A monastery was founded here by Columba in 546. The city is celebrated for its succe ful defense by the Irish Protestants against James II. (April-Aug., 1689). Population (1891), 32,893. the administrative county is divided into the following 27 boroughs, comprising 57 electoral divisions, each of which returns 1 member: Batter sea and Clapham (2 members), Bethnal Green (2), Camber well (3), Chelsea, Deptford, Fins- bury (3), Fulham, Green wich, Hackney (3), Hammer smith, Hampstead, Isling ton (4), Kensington (2), Lambeth (4), Lewisham, Marylebone (2), Newing ton (2), Padding ton (2), St. George (Hanover Square), St. Pancras (4), Shore ditch London Prodigal. A play printed in 1605, at (2), South wark (3), Strand, Tower Hamlets (7), Wands worth, Westminster, and Woolwich. London was probably an ancient British town. It appears to have been resettled by the Romans about 43 A. D., and Londinium (called also August a) was the capital of Britannia in the last part of the Roman period. After the departure of the Romans (about 410) and in the early Saxon period its history is obscure, though there were bishops of London from the 7th Lombok, or Lomboc (lom-bok'). An island of the Le er Sunda group, East Indies: the native Tanah Sasak. It is separated from Bali on the west by the Strait of Lombok, and from Sumbawa on the east by the Strait of Allas. The surface is generally mountainous. It is under native rulers, and the inhabitants are chiefly Sa aks (Mohammedan). Area, about 2,000 square miles. ice, Nov., 1836. A noted Italian criminologist and alienist. Among his works are "The Criminal: an Anthropological and Medico-legal Study," "The Man of Genius," "Epileptic Insanity," " Political Crime and Revolutions," "The Physiognomy of the Anarchist," and "The Female Offender" with William Ferreri (1894). Lombroso, Jacob or John. A Jewish physician who lived in the colony of Maryland 1656-65. He practised his profe ion and acquired land; was arrested on the charge of blasphemy; but escaped through the general amnesty proclaimed by Richard Cromwell. Lome (lo'ma). The principal port of To go land, Slave Coast, western Africa. Lome Armé. See Homme Armé, L'. Loménie (lō-mā-nē'), Louis Léonard de. Born at St.-Yrieix, Haute-Vienne, France, Dec. 3, 1815: died at Menton, France, April 2, 1878. A French man of letters, author of "Galerie des contempo rains" (1840-47), "Beau march a is et son temps" (1855), etc. Loménie de Brienne (lō-mā-në' de bre-en'), Étienne Charles de. Born at Paris, 1727: died in prison, Feb. 15-16, 1794. A French politician and prelate. He became archbishop of Toulouse in 1763; was a member of the A embly of Notables in 1787; and succeeded Calonne as comptroller-general of finances in 1787. He was made premier and archbishop of Sens in 1788, but was forced to resign the premiership in the same year, after having convoked the States-General for May 1, 1789. He was succeeded by Necker. Lomnitzer Spitze (lom'nit-ser spit'se). A summit of the Car path i ans, situated in northern Hungary, near the border of Galicia, about 62 miles south of Cracow. Height, 8,642 feet. Lomond (lo'mond), Loch. A lake in Scotland, the largest in Great Britain. It lies between Dumb art on shire on the west and Stir lings hire on the east, and is famous for its beauty Length, 25 miles. Greatest width, 7 miles. Its is Lomwe (lõ'mwe). See Kúa . Lomza (lom'zhä). 1. A government of Ru ian Poland, bordering on East Pru ia. Area, 4,667 square miles. Population (1887-89), 608,683.2. The capital of the government of Lomza, situated on the Narew 78 miles northeast of Warsaw. Population (1890), 18,405. Lonato (lō-nä'tō). A town in the province of Brescia, northern Italy, 14 miles east-southeast of Brescia. Here, Aug. 3, 1796, the French under Bonaparte defeated the Austrians under Wurmser. Londinium (lon-din'i-um). The Roman name of London. London (lun'don). [L. Londinium , origin uncertain; F. Londres, It. Londra, Sp. Londres .] The capital of England and seat of the government of the British empire, the largest and most important city in the world, and its principal busine and financial center. It is situated in the counties of Middle sex, Surrey, and Kent, on both sides of the Thames, about 50 miles from its mouth, in lat. 51° 80 48" N., long. 0° 5′ 48′′ W. (St. Paul's Cathedral), occupying an area of about 117 square miles, and having upward of four million inhabitants. For purposes of registration and ad (including the metropolitan and City of London police districts, partly in E ex), 5,633,332. The administrative county has about 20,000 more residents than the registration county. London. A city and the capital of Middle sex County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the Thames in lat. 43° N. It is a manufacturing and commercial center. Population (1891), 31,977. London, Convention of. A convention concluded between England and France, Oct. 22, 1832, for the purpose of coercing Holland into withdrawing its troops from Belgium. London, Treaty of. The name of a number of treaties concluded at London between England and other powers, chief among which are the following. (a) The treaty of July 6, 1827, between Eng. land, France, and Ru ia, whereby those powers agreed to compel Turkey and Greece to accept their mediation with a view to restoring peace in the East. Greece was to be made autonomous under the sovereignty of the sultan, the Mohammedan population was to be removed, and the Greeks were to receive po e ion of all Turkish property in Greece on the payment of an indemnity. The offer of mediation was rejected by Turkey, which resulted in armed intervention. (b) The treaty of Nov. 15, 1831, between Great Britain, France, Austria, Pru ia, and Ru ia, for the settlement of the Belgian question. It prescribed, among other things, that Belgium and Holland should bear separately the debts which they had contracted before the union, and that they should share the liabilities contracted since. The treaty was eventually carried out. (c) The treaty of 1832 between England, France, Ru ia, and Bavaria, by which the crown of Greece was given to Frederick Otho, second son of the king of Bava (d) The treaty of March 13, 1871, by which the signa tory powers of the treaty of Paris (which see) of 1856 acceded to the demand of Ru ia to strike out the clauses neutralizing the Black Sea. London, University of. An educational institution, founded at London in 1836, which confers degrees after examination, but provides no courses of instruction. London Bridge. The first of the bridges acro the Thames at London, situated at the head of navigation, half a mile above the Tower. The earliest structure of which there is historical record was destroyed Nov. 16, 1091, by a storm and high tide. The first stone bridge was built 1176-1209 on a wooden found a tion. It consisted of 20 arches. The roadway was 926 feet long, 60 feet above water, and 40 feet wide. Houses were built upon it, and in course of time it became a continuous street with 3 openings on each side to the river. A chapel of St. Thomas Becket stood upon the east side. The superstructures were repeatedly devastated by fire, most notably the great fire of 1666. The eleventh span from the South wark end formed a drawbridge flanked by a tower built in 1426, on the top of which were stuck the heads of persons executed for treason. All the superstructures were removed in 1757. The present stone bridge, built by the Rennies, was begun March 15, 1824, and opened Aug. 1, 1831. It stands about 180 feet above the site of the old structure, which was pulled down in 1832. It is 920 feet long, 56 feet wide, and 55 feet high, and the central span is 150 feet. London Company. A company of merchants and others dwelling in and near London, formed for the purpose of planting colonies in America. It was chartered in 1606, founded a colony at James town in 1607, and was di olved in 1624. London derry (lun'don-der-i). 1. A maritime county in Ulster, Ireland. It is bounded by the Atlantic on the north, Antrim and Lough Neagh on the east, Tyrone on the south, Tyrone and Donegal on the west, and Lough Foyle on the northwest. Its chief manufacture is linen. Area, 816 square miles. Population (1891), 152,009. 2. The capital of the county of London derry, situated on the Foyle in lat. 55° N., long. 7° 19' W.: formerly called Derry. Its chief manufacture London derry, Marquises of. See Stewart and Vane - Tempest - Stewart . one time attributed to Shakspere. Drayton has since been suggested as the author. London Protocol. 1. The protocol of May 8, 1852, by which the great powers recognized Prince Christian of Glücksburg and his male descendants as heirs to Denmark, including Schleswig and Holstein. It was not ratified by the German Diet or the estates of Schleswig and Holstein.-2. The protocol of March 31, 1877, by which the great powers called upon Turkey to make peace with Monte negro and to carry out certain reforms affecting the Christian populations in the sultan's dominions. It was rejected by the Porte, and Ru ia alone took up arms against Turkey. London Wall. A Roman wall built between 350 and 369 around London. It inclosed 380 acres. There were two gates in it-the western gate, now New gate, for the Pretorian way or Watling street; and the northern gate, for the road to York, or Ermine street, now Bishops gate. There was also a gate at the bridge at Dowgate, and po ibly one at Billingsgate. During the Danish invasion the wall was broken down, but was restored by Alfred in 886. Posterns were then opened at Ludgate, at Cripple gate, and probably at what was later Moorgate. The wall was kept up till comparatively modern times, and fragments of it are still discernible. The most notable portion is in the street now called London Wall, between Wood street and Alderman bury. Long (lông), Charles Chaillé. Born at Prince Anne, Somerset County, Md., July 2, 1842. An American soldier. He served as a volunteer in the American Civil War, attaining the rank of captain; and in 1869 received an appointment lieutenant-colonel in the Egyptian army. He was made chief of staff to General Gordon in 1874, and in the same year was employed on a diplomatic and geographical mi ion to the interior of Africa. He resigned his commi ion in the Egyptian service in 1877, and in 1887 was appointed United States con sul-general and secretary of legation in Corea. He has published "Central Africa" (1876) and "The Three Prophets-Chinese Gordon, the Mahdi, and Arabi Pasha" (1884). Long, George. Born at Poulton, Lancashire, England, Nov. 4, 1800: died at Chi chester, Aug. 10, 1879. An English cla ical scholar, historian, geographer, and miscellaneous author. He edited the "Penny Cyclopædia" (1833-46); contributed to Smith's dictionaries of cla ical biography, geography, and antiquities; wrote "Decline of the Roman Republic" (5 vols. 1864-74); edited a "Cla ical Atlas," etc. Long, George Washington de. See De Long . Long, Loch. An arm of the Firth of Clyde, between Dumb art on shire and Argylls hire, Seotland. Length, 17 miles. Long, Roger. Born at Croxton Park, Norfolk, Feb. 2, 1680: died at Cambridge, Dec. 16, 1770. An English astronomer and divine, elected master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in 1733, and in the same year vice-chancellor of the university. He wrote a "Treatise on Astronomy" (1742-64), etc. Long Acre. A street in London, near Covent Garden, running into Drury Lane. It is or was the headquarters of carriage-builders. Longaville (long'ga-vil). A lord attending on the King of Navarre in Shakspere's "Love's Labour 's Lost." Long Branch. A village in Mon mouth County, New Jersey, situated on the Atlantic coast 29 miles south of New York. It is a fashionable seaside resort. Population (1890), 7,231. Long Bridge. A bridge about a mile long, built acro the Potomac at Washington, District of Columbia. It was the main avenue of communication with the Army of the Potomac during the Civil War, and was strongly fortified. Long champ, or Long champs (lon-shon'). A race-course at the end of the Bois de Boulogne, west of Paris. It was long noted for its promenade. An abbey formerly stood here. Long champ (lon-shon'), William of. Died ministration this vast center of population is variously subdivided. The City of London proper (generally called "The City") is little over a square mile in extent, and had in 1891 a population of only 37,504. It extends along the north bank of the Thames from the Temple to the Tower, and northward as far as Holborn and Finsbury Circus, and is the busine center, its "day" population exceeding 300,000 in 1891. It has a distinct administration under the lord mayor, with 25 other aldermen and a court of common council. The rest of London forms an administrative county, which since 1888 has been under the control of the London County Council of 118 members. "The City" returns 2 members to the House of Commons, and at Poitiers, Jan. 31, 1197. An English prelate, bishop of Ely and chancellor of Richard I. Long fellow (lông'fel-o), Henry Wads worth. Born at Portland, Maine, Feb. 27, 1807: died at Cambridge, Ma ., March 24, 1882. A distinguished American poet. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1825; traveled in Europe 1826-29; was profe or of modern languages at Bowdoin 1829-35; again visited Europe 1835-36; and was profe or of modern languages and belles-lettres at Harvard College 1836-54. He continued to reside at Cambridge. His poetical works include "Voices of the Night" (1839), "Ballads and other Poems" (1841), "Poems on Slavery" (1842), "Spanish Student" (1843), "Poets of Europe" (1845: trans.), "Belfry of Bruges and other Poems" (1845), "Evangeline: a Tale of Acadie" (1847), "Seaside and Fireside" (1849), "The Golden Legend" (1851), "The Song of Hiawatha" (1855), "The Long fellow, Henry Wads worth Courtship of Miles Standish" (1858), "Birds of Pa age" (1858-63), "Tales of a Wayside Inn" (1863), "Flower-deLuce" (1867), a translation of the "Divine Comedy" (18671870), "New England Tragedies" (1868), "The Divine Tragedy" (1871), "Three Books of Song" (1872), "Aftermath" (1873), Hanging of the Crane" (1874), "Morituri Salutamus" (1875), "Mask of Pandora" (1875), "Keramos and other Poems" (1878), "Ultima Thule" (1880), "Hermes Trismegistus" (1882), "In the Harbor" (1882)." His prose works are "Outre-Mer" (1835), and the novels "Hyper i on" (1839) and "Kavanagh" (1849). He also edited "Poems of Places" (31 vols. 1876-79). Long fellow, Samuel. Born at Portland, Maine, June 18, 1819: died there, Oct. 3, 1892. An American Unitarian clergyman and hymn-writer, brother of H. W. Long fellow. He graduated at Harvard in 1839, and at the Divinity School in 1846. He was pastor of a church in Fall River, Ma achusetts, 18481853; in Brooklyn 1853–60; and in German town, Pennsyl vania, 1878-82. He then returned to Cambridge. He edited a "Life of Henry Wads worth Long fellow" (1886) and "Final Memorials," etc. (1887), and published a number of books of hymns, and "Thalatta: a Book for the Seaside" (with T. W. Higginson, 1853). Long ford (long ford). 1. A county in Leinster, Ireland. It is bounded by Leitrim on the northwest, Cavan on the northeast, West meath on the east and south, and Lough Ree and Roscommon on the west. The sur face is generally level. Area, 421 square miles. Pop ulation (1891), 52,647. 2. The capital of the county of Long ford, situated on the Camlin 68 miles west-northwest of Dublin. Population (1891), 4,375. Longhi (long'gē), Giuseppe. Born at Monza, near Milan, Oct. 13, 13, 1766: died at Milan, Jan. 2, 1831. A noted Italian engraver. His best known works are engravings after Correggio and Raphael. Long i man us. See Artaxerxes I. Long in us (lon-ji'nus), Dionysius Ca ius. Born about 210 A. D.: executed 273. A celebrated Greek critic and philosopher, chief counselor of Zenobia, and the instructor of her children. "To him is ascribed, though doubtfully, the e ay 'On Sublimity,' one of the best pieces of literary criticism in the language." ( Jebb .) On the fall of Zenobia, Long in us was beheaded as a traitor by the command of the emperor Aurelian. Long is (lon'jis), or Long i us (lon'ji-us). The name given in the middle ages to the soldier who pierced the side of Jesus with his lance. Long Island. An island forming part of the State of New York. It is separated from Connecticut on the north by Long Island Sound, and from the mainland of New York on the northwest, and Manhattan Island on the west, by Long Island Sound and the East River; it is also bordered on the west by New York Bay and the Narrows. The surface is diversified, and the coast-line is much indented. It is divided into 3 counties-Suffolk, Queens, and Kings (containing Brooklyn) and contains many seaside resorts. It was discovered by the Dutch in 1609, and was first settled by them about 1632-36. Length, 118 miles. Greatest width, 23 miles. Area, 1,682 square miles. Long Island, Battle of. A battle fought at the western extremity of Long Island, Aug. 27,1776, in which the British under Howe defeated the Americans under the immediate command of Sullivan, Stirling, and Putnam. Long Island City. A former city of Queens County, Long Island, New York, separated from Brooklyn on the south by New town Creek: incorporated in New York city (act of 1896). It comprises Hunter's Point, Astoria, Ravens wood, etc., and has extensive manufactures. Population (1890), 30,506. Long Island Sound. An arm of the Atlantic Ocean which separates Connecticut and the mainland of New York on the north from Long Island on the south. It is connected with the ocean on the east by the Race, and with New York Bay by the East River on the southwest. Length, about 110 miles. Greatest width, about 20 miles. Longjumeau (lôn-zhü-mō'). A town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, on the Yvette 12 miles south of Paris. A treaty of peace between the Catholics and Protestants was signed here March 23, 1568, but war broke out again six months later. Popula tion (1891), 2,551.