Raby

An of White Rose of an epith the mother this title was published. White Ru ia (rush'ä). A popular but not official name for a part of western Ru ia largely inhabited by White Ru ians. It includes, in whole or in great part, the governments of Vilna, Grod. no, Mohileff, Minsk, Smolensk, and Vitebsk. Formerly it belonged to Poland. White's (hwits). A noted club in St. James's street, London, established in 1698 as a chocolate-house, and called after the name of its Grimsby, Lincoln shire, England, 1530 (15339): died at London, Feb. 29, 1604. An English prelate. In 1563 he became Lady Margaret profe or of divinity at Cambridge; in 1567 regius profe or and master of Trinity; and in 1570 vice-chancellor of the university. He was appointed bishop of Worcester in 1577, and archbishop of Canterbury in 1583. He was a persecu tor of the Puritans; was one of the authors of the "Lambeth Articles"; and took part in the Hampton Court Conference in 1604. His works were edited for the Parker Society 1851-53. Whitlock (hwit'lok), Mrs. (Eliza Kemble). Born 1761: died 1836. An English actre , sister of Mrs. Siddons. Whitman (hwit'man), Mrs. (Sarah Helen Power). Born at Providence, R. I., 1803: died there, June 27, 1878. An American poet and critic. About 1848 she became engaged to Edgar Allan Poe, and, though the engagement was broken off, defended him in her "Edgar A. Poe and his Critics" (1860). She also wrote "Hours of Life, and other Poems" (1853), and various poems with her sister Anna M. Power. Whitman, Walt or Walter. Born at West Hills, Long Island, N. Y., May 31, 1819: died at Camden, N. J., March 26, 1892. An American poet. In early life he was engaged as a printer, carpenter, and journalist. During the Civil War he volunteered as army nurse, and in 1864 was seized with hospital malaria, from which he never fully recovered. After the war he was a government clerk in Washington; and was dismi ed in 1865, on account of the character of his volume of poems "Leaves of Gra ," which had been published in 1855. The volume has many times been revised, a final edition appearing in 1892. Shortly after his dismi al he received another appointment which he held until disabled by paralysis in 1873, when he removed to Camden. William Douglas O'Connor published a pamphlet in his defense in 1866, entitled "The Good Gray Poet: A Vindication," and W. M. Ro etti published an edition of his poems in Eng. land in 1868. His other works include "Drum-Taps" (1865), "Memoranda During the War" (1875), "Democratic Vistas" (1871), "Two Rivulets" (1876), "Specimen Days and Collect" (1883), "November Boughs" (1888), "Goodbye, my Fancy" (1891), and "Selected Poems." A complete collection of his prose works and "Auto biograph i a" was pub lished in 1892. Whitney (hwit'ni), Mrs. (Adeline Dutton Train). Born at Boston, Ma ., Sept. 15, 1824. An American novelist, poet, and writer of juveniles. Her novels include "Boys at Chequa et" (1862), "Faith Gartney's Girlhood" (1863), "The Gayworthys" (1865), "A Summer in Leslie Gold thwaite's Life" (1866), "Patience Strong's Outings" (1868), "Hitherto" (1869), "Real Folks" (1871), "Sights and Insights" (1876), "Odd or Even" (1880), "Bonny borough" (1885), "Ascutney Street" several volumes of poems. a gambling club. Whites, The. See Bianchi . White Sea. An arm of the Arctic Ocean which penetrates about 400 miles into northern Ru ia. Its chief branches are the Gulfs of Mezen, Archangel (or Dwina), Onega, and Kandalak, and it receives the Mezen, Dwina, Onega, and Wyg. It is frozen more than half the year. White Sheep, The. The Turkoman conquerors of Persia about 1468. White Sulphur Springs. A village and wa tering-place in Greenbrier County, Virginia, 60 miles northwest of Lynchburg: one of the most noted summer resorts in the South. White Surrey. The favorite horse of Rich ard III. White Tower. The oldest portion of the Tower of London (which see). Whit field, George. See White field . Whit field (hwit feld), or White field, John Clarke. Born at Gloucester, Dec. 13, 1770: died at Here ford, Feb. 22, 1836. An English musician. In 1793 he received the degree of Mus. B. at Cambridge. In 1795 he became organist of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin; in 1798 organist of Trinity and St. John's colleges, Cambridge; and in 1820 organist of Here ford cathedral. Later he was profe or of music in Cambridge. He edited Handel's oratorios. Whitgift (hwit'gift), John. Born at Great cons in (1862). He also wrote "The Metallic Wealth of the United States, etc." (1854), "Geological Survey of California" (1864-70), "The Yosemite Guide-Book" " (1869), "Barometric Hypsometry" (1874), a volume on the botany of California (1877), "Names and Places" (1888), etc. Whitney, Mount. [Named from Prof. J. D. Whitney.] A peak of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, on the border of Inyo and Tulare counties, California, about lat. 36° 35' N.: thought to be the highest mountain in the United States (about 14,522 feet). Whitney, William Collins. Born at Conway, Ma ., July 15, 1841. An American lawyer and politician. He graduated at Yale in 1863, and at the Harvard Law School in 1865, and has several times been corporation counsel of New York city. He was secretary of the navy 1885-89. Whitney, William Dwight. Born at North amp ton, Ma ., Feb. 9,1827: died at New Haven, Conn., June 7, 1894. A distinguished American philologist, brother of J. D. Whitney. He graduated at Williams College in 1845; was employed in a bank at North amp ton for several years; studied Sanskrit at New Haven 1849-50, and at Berlin 1850-53; and became profe or of Sanskrit at Yale in 1853, and also of comparative philology in 1870. He was secretary of the American Oriental Society 1857-84, and its president from 1884; and was the first president of the American Philological A ociation. He was also member of many learned societies, and was a foreign knight of the Pru ian order Pour le Mérite, filling the vacancy caused by the death of Thomas Wichert Carlyle. His works include numerous contributions to the "Journal of the American Oriental Society" and other papers, a translation of the "Surya Siddhanta" (1860), an a" of the "Atharva Veda" (1862), edition translation of the " "Language and the Study of Language" (1867), "German Grammar" (1869), "German Reader, an edition of the "Taittiriya Pratiçakhya" (1871), "Oriental and Linguistic Studies" (1872-74), "Life and Growth of Language" (1875), "E entials of English Grammar" (1877), "Sanskrit Grammar" (1879), "French Grammar" (1886), etc. He also was editor-in-chief of "The Century Dictionary" (1889-91), and aided in the revision of Webster's Dictionary (1864). Whittier (hwit'i-er), John Green leaf. Born at Haver hill, Ma ., Dec. 17,1807: died at Hampton Falls, N. H., Sept. 7, 1892. A distinguished American poet, reformer, and author: a member of the Society of Friends. He attended the Haver hill Academy; worked on a farm; taught school in order to afford further education; and at the age of twenty-two edited the "American Manufacturer" at Boston. In 1830 he edited the "Haver hill Gazette," and a few months later the "New England Weekly Review" (Hartford). He was a leading opponent of slavery; became secretary of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1836; and went to Philadelphia, where he edited the "Pennsylvania Freeman. He was several times attacked by mobs on account of his opinions. He was sent to the Ma achusetts legislature in 1835-36, and settled at Amesbury, Ma achusetts, in 1840. He was leading writer for the Washington "National Era" 1847-59. Among his works are "Legends of New England" (1831), "Moll Pitcher" (1832), "Mogg Megone" (1836), "Ballads" (1838), "Lays of My Home, and other Poems" (1843), "The Stranger in Lowell" (1845), "Supernaturalism in New England" (1847), "Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal" (1849), "The Voices of Freedom" (1849), "Old Portraits and Modern Sketches" (1850), "Songs of Labor" (1850), "The Chapel of the Hermits" (1853), "Literary Recreations and Miscellanies" (1854), "The Panorama" (1856), "Home Ballads and Poems" (1860), "In War Time" (1863), "National Lyrics" (1865), "Snow-Bound" (1866), "Maud Muller" (1866), "The Tent on the Beach" (1867), "Among the Hills" (1868), "Ballads of New England" (1869), "Miriam" (1871), "The Pennsylvania Pilgrim" (1872), "Hazel Blo oms" (1874), "Mabel Martin" (1875), "The Vision of Echard" (1878), "The King's Mi ive" (1881), "The Bay of the Seven Islands" (1883), "Poems of Nature" (1886), "St. Gregory's Guest" (1886). Complete works, prose and verse, in 7 vols. (18881889), revised by the author. Whittington (hwit'ing-ton). A town in Derby shire, England, 9 miles south by east of Sheffield. Population (1891), 8,798. Whittington, Sir Richard. Born about 1358: died March, 1423. Lord Mayor of London. He was a son of Sir Richard Whittington of Pauntley, Gloucestershire, who died an outlaw in 1360. In 1392 he was an alderman and sheriff of London, and was chosen mayor in 1397, 1406, and 1419. In 1416 he was elected member of Parliament for London. The old legend which depicts him as going up to London to seek his fortune, which he finally achieves by means of his cat, has no foundation in fact; but the phrase "Whittington and his cat" is supposed to be a corruption of the word acat or achat , used in the 14th century, meaning 'trading' or 'barter,' round which the nursery tale grew. There is an Eastern legend of the same nature, which probably affected the form of the story. Whittredge (hwit'rej), Worthing ton. Born at Springfield, Ohio, May 22, 1820. An American landscape-painter, a pupil of Andreas Achen bach Dü eldorf. He was elected national academician in 1861, and president in 1874. Whit worth (hwit' werth). A village in Lancashire, England, situated on the Spodden 12 miles north of Manchester. Population (1891), 9,766. Whit worth, Sir Joseph. Born at Stock port, England, 1803: died 1887. An English inventor and manufacturer, noted especially for his breech-loading cannon and rifles. Whydah (hwid'), or Widah (wid'). The chief seaport of Dahomey, Africa, situated on a lagoon near the coast, about long. 2o 5′ Ε. Population, estimated, 12,000-25,000. Whymper (hwim'per), Edward. Born at London, April 27,1840. An English wood-engraver, traveler, and author: noted as a mountain climber. He ascended Mont Pelvoux in 1861, and Pointe des Écrins in 1864; made the first ascent of the Matter horn in 1865 (see Matter horn ); traveled extensively in Green land in 1867 and 1872; and ascended Chimb or azo, Cotopaxi, Anti san a, Pichincha, and other mountains in the Ecuador i an Andes in 1880. He has written "Scrambles among the Alps" (1871), "Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator" (1892). Whyte-Melville (hwit'mel'vil), George John. Born near St. Andrews, Scotland, 1821: died Dec., 1878. An English soldier and novelist. He was educated at Eton; entered the army in 1839; retired from the army with the rank of captain in 1849; and served in the Turkish cavalry in the Crime an war. Among his novels are "Digby Grand" (1853), "Kate Coventry (1856), "The Interpreter" (1858), "Holmby House" (1860), "Good for Nothing" (1861), "The Queen's Marys (1862), "The Gladiators" (1863), "The White Rose" (1868), "Sarchedon" (1871), "Satanella" (1873), "Uncle John " (1874), "Katerfelto" (1875), "Roy's Wife" (1878), "Black but Comely" (1879). Wichert (vē'chert), Ernst Alexander August Georg. Born at Insterburg, East Pru ia, March 11, 1831. A German dramatist and novelist. His works include the novels "Das grüne Thor, Wick (wik). A seaport, capital of the county of Caithne , Scotland, situated on the North Sea in lat. 58° 27′ N. It is an important fish- ing port (especially for herrings). Population (1891), 8,512. Wick field (wik'feld), Agnes. The daughter of Mr. Wick field the solicitor, and second wife of David Copper field, in Dickens's novel of that Wickliffe, John. See Wyclif . Wickliffites. See Wyclifites . Wicklow (wik'lo). 1. A county in Leinster, Ireland, bounded by Dublin, St. George's Chan- nel, Wexford, Carlow, and Kildare. It is trav- ersed by a range of hills. Area, 781 square miles. Population (1891), 62,136.-2. The capital of County Wicklow, situated on St. George's Chan- nel 28 miles south-southeast of Dublin. Popu- lati on (1891), 3,273, his removal to Erfurt had appeared, further, in the same vein as the works immediately preceding, "Die Grazien" ("The Graces"), prose and verse (1770), and the narrative poem "Der neue Amadis" ("The New Amadis," 1771). With his establishment at Erfurt begins a third and more serious period in his literary work. The first production Spiegel" ("The Golden Mirror," 1772). The following in the new direction was the prose romance "Der goldene year, in Weimar, he started a quarterly literary magazine, "Der teutsche Mercur" ("The German Mercury"), which was succe fully continued until 1810. In it appeared the satirical romance "Die Abderiten" ("The Abderites," 1774), and the best-known of his poems, the epic "Obe- ron," which was published in 1780. Among his other works may particularly be mentioned the poems "Gaudalin" and "Clelia und Sinibald"; the operas "Alceste" and "Hercules"; and the sequel to "The Golden Mirror," the novel "Der Danischmend,"published in 1775. His collected works were published under his own supervision, 1794- 1802, in 39 vols, with 6 supplements. Subsequently his com- plete works were published at Leipsic, 1818-28, in 58 vols. Wien (ven). The German name of Vienna. Wiener-Neustadt (ve'ner-noi'stät). A town in Lower Austria, situated on the Fischa 27 miles south by west of Vienna. It has manufac- tures of locomotives, etc. Formerly it was a favorite Austrian princely residence. It was conquered by Mat- thias Corvinus in 1486, and was unsucce fully besieged by the Turks in 1529 and 1683. It was the birthplace of Maximilian I., and contains the ducal castle of the Baben- bergs. Population (1890), 25,040, Wieniawski (ve-ne-of's ke), Henri. Born at Lublin, July 10, 1835: died at Moscow, April 2 (March 31), 1880. A Polish composer and noted violinist. Wiertz (vērts), Antoine Joseph. Born at Di- nant, Belgium, Feb. 22, 1806: died at Bru els, June 18, 1865. A Belgian historical painter. He studied at Antwerp, Paris, and Rome, and in 1848 set- tled at Bru els, where the government built for him a large studio, now the Musée Wiertz, containing his paint ings which he would not sell. Among his works are "Contest for the Body of Patroclus," "Revolt of the Angels," "The Orphans," "Carnival at Rome," "Triumph of Christ," and "Napoleon in Hell." He wrote a "Eulogy on Rubens" (1840), and a "Memoir on Flemish Painting." Turkish war (1877-78); and was succe fully attacked by Wiesbaden (ves'bä-den). The capital of the the Servians in 1885. Population (1888), 14,772, Wide, Wide World, The. A novel by Susan Warner, published in 1850. Widnes (wid'nes). A manufacturing town in Lancashire, England, situated on the Mersey 11 miles east-southeast of Liverpool. Popula- tion (1891), 30,011. Widow, The. A comedy by Middle ton, com- posed about 1616, printed in 1652, and attrib- uted to Jonson, Fletcher, and Middle ton. Widow Barnaby (bär'na-bi). A novel by Mrs. Trollope, published in 1839. The Widow Barnaby is a vulgar, unprincipled woman, fre- quently quoted. Widow Bedott (be-dot') Papers. A series of humorous papers, published by Mrs. Frances M. Whitcher (under the name of Widow Bedott or Priscilla P. Bedott) about 1847. governmental district of Wiesbaden, in the province of He e-Na au, Pru ia, situated on the slope of the Taunus Wald, 3 miles from the Rhine and 6 miles north by west of Mainz. It is famous for its hot springs, and is frequented annu- ally by about 90,000 visitors. It was known in Roman times, and was the capital of Na au. It has been no to- rio us as a gambling resort. Population (1890), 64,670. Wife, The. A play by James Sheridan Knowles, brought out in 1833. Charles Lamb wrote the prologue and epilogue. Wife for a Month, A. A play by Fletcher, acted some time before 1624, printed in 1647. Wife of Bath's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." It is that of a hag who returns to her original form of a lovely lady when a knight is found courageous enough to marry her. The prologue owes numerous pa ages to Jerome's treatise against Jovinian who argued against celibacy, and was modern- ized by Pope. Dryden modernized the tale and changed it unwarrantably. Variants and analogues of this tale are known in Sanskrit, Turkish, Kaffir, Gaelic, and Icelandic, in the Gawaine division of the Arthur i an cycle, and in as tutor to the young prince Charles August us. He subsequently lived in or near Weimar until his death. After Wigan (wig'an). A town in Lancashire, Eng- land, situated on the Douglas 18 miles north- east of Liverpool. It has coal-mines, cotton manu- factures, foundries, furnaces, manufactures of nails, etc. Wiggles worth (wig'lz-werth), Michael. Born in England, 1631: died at Malden, Ma ., June 10, 1705. An American clergyman and poet, pastor at Malden from 1656: best known for his poem "The Day of Doom" (1662). He wrote also "God's Controversy with New Eng- land" (?), "Meat out of the Eater." Wight (wit), Isle of. [L. Vectis .] An island in the English Channel, belonging to Hampshire, England, separated from the mainland by the channels of Solent and Spithead. It is traversed by a range of chalk downs, and is noted for picturesque scenery. The capital is Newport. The island contains Cowes, Ryde, Ventnor, Shanklin, and other watering places, Car is bro oke Castle (place of confinement of Charles I.), Osborne (villa of Queen Victoria), and Farring ford (residence of Tennyson). Length, 23 miles. Area, 145 square miles. Population (1891), 78,718. Wigton (wig'ton). England, 11 miles west-southwest of Car lisle. Population (1891), 3,836. Wigtown (wig'ton), or Wigton. 1. A maritime county in Scotland, in the southwestern ex- tremity, bounded by Ayr, Kirk cud bright, Wig- town Bay, the Irish Sea, and the North Chan- nel. It is an important dairy county, part of the ancient Gal- loway. Area, 486 square miles. Population (1891), 36,062. 2. A royal burgh, capital of the county of Wig- town, situated on Wigtown Bay in lat. 54° 52′ N. Population (1891), 1,509. Wildbad (vilt bäd). A small town and water- ing-place in the Black Forest circle, Würtem- berg, situated in the valley of the Enz 29 miles west of Stuttgart: noted for its warm alkali springs. Wild Boar of Ardennes. See Ardennes , Wild Boar of . Wilde (wild), James Plaisted, Baron Penzance. Born at London, July 12, 1816. An English law- yer. He was educated at Winchester and at Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge; was called to the bar in 1839; and was made a baron of the exchequer in 1860, and knighted. From 1863- 1872 he was judge of the Court of Probate and judge ord i- nary of the Divorce Court. In 1864 he was made privy councilor, and in 1869 created a peer of the United King- dom. He has since held many public offices. Wildermuth Feb. 22, 1817: died at Tübingen, July 12, 1877. A German novelist. Among her works are "Bilder und Geschichten aus dem schwäbischen Leben" (1852), "Auguste" (1865), etc. Wilderne (wil'der-nes), Battle of the. A battle between the Federals and Confederates, May 5-6, 1864, in the Wilderne region in Virginia, south of the Rapid an. The Federals (over 100,000) were commanded by Grant (immediately by Meade), and the Confederates (64,000-68,000) The Confederate position was partly intrenched. The Federal lo was about 18,000; the Confederate, about 11,000. The battle was followed by that of Spottsylvania. Wildfire (wild'fir), Madge. In Sir Walter Scott's novel "The Heart of Mid loth i an," a gipsy's daughter who becomes insane after having been seduced and deserted by George Robertson. Wild Gallant, The. A play by John Dryden, first performed in 1663. It was revived and printed in 1669. Wild goose Chase, The. A comedy by Fletcher, produced first at court in 1621, printed in 1652. The play was very popular: part of Farquhar's "Inconstant" is taken from it. Wildhorn (vilt'horn). A peak of the Bernese Alps, on the border between the cantons of Bern and Valais, Switzerland, 10 miles north of Sion. Height, 10,706 feet. Wild Huntsman, The. [G. Der wilde Jäger .] A spectral hunter in folk-lore, especially in German folk-lore: the subject of a ballad by Bürger. Wilding (wil'ding). 1. The principal character in Shirley's "Gamester," played by Garrick in his version "The Gamesters."- 2. "The liar" in Foote's play of that name. Wild Oats. A comedy or farce by O'Keefe, brought out in 1791. Wildstrubel (vilt's trö-bel). A summit of the Bernese Alps, in Switzerland, north of Sierre and west of the Gemmi Pa . Height, 10,670 IMG:content-1024.png:[blocks in formation] 1810). Wilhelmj (vil-hel'mi), August. Born at Usingen, Na au, Sept. 21, 1845. A German composer and noted violinist. Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre (vil'helm mis'terz lar'yär-e). [G., 'William Meister's Apprenticeship' (lit. 'years of learning').] A novel by Goethe, published 1795-96. Its sequel, "Wilhelm Meister's Wanderjahre" (travels, literally 'years of wandering'), was not published till 1821-29. The "Lehrjahre" was begun in 1777. of Wilhelmshaven, or Wilhelmshafen (vil'helms-hä-fen). A seaport in the province of Hannover, Pru ia, situated on the Jade Bay the North Sea, and surrounded on other sides by Oldenburg. It is the chief German naval station on the North Sea. It has a large dockyard, a harbor built 1855-69, and a new harbor for ships in commi ion. Population (1890), commune, 15,471. Wilhelmshöhe (vil'helms-he-e). [G., 'William's height.'] A place three miles from Ca el, Germany. Its castle, the former residence of the landgraves, was the place of imprisonment of Napoleon III. after Sedan. Wilhelm Tell (vil'helm tel). A drama by Schiller, first acted at Weimar in 1804. See Tell, William . Wilibald, Alexis. A pseudonym of Wilhelm Häring. Wilken (vil'ken), Fried rich. Born 1777: died 1840. A German historian. His chief work is "Geschichte der Kreuzzüge" ("History of the Crusades," 1807-32). Wilkes (wilks), Charles. Born in New York city, 1801: died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 8, 1877. An American admiral, explorer, and scientist. He entered the navy in 1818; became lieutenant in 1826; commanded an exploring expedition, 1838-42, which visited South America, the Samoan, Fiji, Hawaiian, and other islands in the Pacific, the antarctic regions, the western coast of North America, etc.; became commander in 1843, and captain in 1855; in command of the San Ja cinto intercepted the British steamer Trent, Nov. 8, 1861, and took prisoner the Confederate commi ioners Mason and Slidell (an act disavowed later by the United States government: see Trent Affair ); and became commodore in 1862, and admiral in 1866. He wrote a "Narrative" of his expedition (6 vols. 1845), volumes on the meteorology and hydrography of the expedition, "Western America, etc." (1849), "Theory of the Winds" (1856). Wilkes, John. Born at London, Oct. 17, 1727: died there, Dec., 1797. An English politician, publicist, and political agitator. He was educated at the University of Leyden; entered Parliament in 1757; and established the "North Briton" in 1762, in which he attacked the Bute ministry. For his No. 45, criticizing George III. (1763), he was imprisoned, but was soon released, and became a popular hero. A scandalous "E ay on Woman," printed for private circulation, was seized, and Wilkes was expelled from Parliament (1764). He went to France; was tried in his absence; and was outlawed for non-appearance. In 1768 he returned, and was elected for Middle sex; was imprisoned; and was expelled from Parliament (1769). He was several times reëlected, but each time declared ineligible. In 1770 he was released and and elected alderman of London. In 1771 he became sheriff, and in 1774 lord mayor. In the same year he was again elected to Parliament and allowed to take his seat, remaining a member until 1790. The resolutions invalidating his former elections were expunged in 1782. Wilkes-Barre (wilks'bar-e). The capital of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, situated in the valley of Wyoming, on the North Branch of the Susquehanna, 97 miles north-northwest of Phil a delph i a. It is the center of a region of mines of anthracite coal, and has manufactures of machinery, etc. It was settled about 1770. Population (1890), 37,718. Wilkie (wil'ki), Sir David. Born at Cults, Fifes hire, Scotland, Nov. 18, 1775: died at sea off Gibraltar, June 1, 1841. A noted Scottish genre-painter. He studied painting at Edinburgh; set 1811; traveled on the Continent, especially 1825-28; became royal painter in ordinary in 1830; was knighted in 1836. Wilkinasaga. A collection of medieval Norwegian legends relating to Diet rich of Bern and others. Wilkins (wil'kinz), John. Born in North amp tons hire, 1614: died Nov. 19, 1672. An English divine and scientist, bishop of Chester. He graduated at Oxford (Magdalen Hall) in 1631, and in 1659 became master of Trinity College, Cambridge. He a isted in founding the Royal Society. He published "Discovery of a New World" (1638), "Discourse Concerning a New Planet" (1640), "Mercury, or the Secret Me enger" (1641), "Mathematical Magic" (1648), "E ay toward a Real Character and a Philosophical Language" (1668), "Principles and Duties of Natural Religion" (1675). in 1805; became a royal in Perhaps the works of the celebrated Bishop Wilkins tended more than any others to the diffusion of the Coper nican system in England, since even their extravagancies drew a stronger attention to them. In 1638, when he William I. Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner. Born at Harden dale, West more land, Oct. 5, 1797: died Oct. 29, 1875. An English Egypt ologist. He was educated at Oxford (Exeter College), and from 1821 spent many years in Egypt in archæological explorations. His works include "Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians" (1837-41), "Materia Hieroglyphic a" (1828), "Topography of Thebes and General View of Egypt" (1835), "Modern Egypt and Thebes" (1843: later rei ued as "Hand-Book for Travellers in Modern Egypt"), "Dalmatia and Mon tenegro" (1848), "Architecture of Ancient Egypt" (1850), "Popular Account of the Ancient Egyptians" (1853), "The Egyptians in the Time of the Pharaohs" (1857), etc. Wilkinson (wil'kin-son), Tate. Born in 1739: died in 1808. An English actor. He was a pupil and a ociate of Foote, and a noted mimic. He played with succe in London and Dublin, but preferred the provinces. After a time he grew weary of his wandering life, and bought the le eeship of the York circuit, which he conducted for more than thirty years. Many actors and actre es who were afterward succe ful on the London stage owed their first encouragement to him: among others Kemble, Fawcett, the elder Mathews, Mrs. Jordan, and Mrs. Siddons. Willamette (wil-ä'met) River. A river in western Oregon, formed by the Middle Fork and MeKenzie Fork. It joins the Columbia north of Portland. On it are Salem and Portland. Length, about 250 miles; navigable to the falls at Oregon City, and above them to Eugene City. Willard, Edward S. Born in Wales, 1850. An English actor. He came to the United States in 1890, and has been succe ful in "Judah," "The Middleman," "The Profe or's Love-Story," etc. Willard, Frances Elizabeth. Born near Rochester, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1839. An American temperance reformer, editor, and author. She was secretary in 1874 and president in 1879 of the "Woman's Christian Temperance Union," and editor in 1879 of the Chicago "Evening Post." In 1883 she made a journey through the Southern States, founding branches of the "Woman's Christian Temperance Union." In 1884 she was one of the organizers of the Prohibition Party. In 1887 she was president of the Women's Council of the United States. She has written "Women and Temperance" (1883), "How to Win" (1886), "Glimpses of Fifty Years" (1889), etc. Willcox (wil'koks), Orlando Bolivar. Born at Detroit, Mich., April 16, 1823. An American general. He graduated at West Point in 1847; became colonel in May, 1861; commanded a brigade at Bull Run, and was wounded and captured; was a division commander in the Army of the Potomac (9th corps); and received the surrender of Petersburg in 1865. In 1864 he was brevetted major-general of volunteers, and in 1866 was mustered out and was recommi ioned in the same year in the regular army; was brevetted brigadier-general and major-general in 1867; was commander of various posts and departments; and became brigadier-general in 1886. He retired in 1887. Willems (vil'lemz), Florent. Born at Liège, Jan. 8, 1823. A Belgian genre-painter. He studied at the Mechlin Academy, and settled in Paris in 1844. Among his pictures are "Visit to a Young Mother" (1844), "Woman and Spinning-Wheel" (Kunsthalle, Hamburg), "Adorning the Bride" (Bru els Museum), "Silk mercer's Shop," "Sealing the Love-letter," "Departing for the Promenade," "The Music-le on." The last three and a number of others are owned in the United States. Wilkins, Mary Eleanor. American writer. She is principally noted as an exponent of New England life and character. Among her works are "The Pot of Gold and Other Stories" (1892), "Young Lucretia and Other Stories" (1892), "Jane Field," a novel (1892), "Giles Corey, Yeoman," a play (1893), "Pembroke," a novel (1894), etc. Wilkins, William. Born at Car lisle, Pa., Dec. 20, 1779: died at Home wood, Allegheny County, Pa., June 23, 1865. An American politician. He was Democratic United States senator from Pennsylvania 1831-34; received the electoral votes of Pennsylvania for Vice-President in 1832; was United States minister to Ru ia 1831-35; was member of Congre from Pennsylvania 1843-44; and was secretary of war 1844-45. Wilkinson (wil'kin-son), James. Born at Benedict, Maryland, 1757: died near the city of Mexico, Dec. 28, 1825. An American general and politician. He served in the Revolutionary War in Canada and at Saratoga, attaining the rank of brevet brigadier general; became secretary of the board of war; was in the Conway Cabal; engaged in trade in the Mi i ippi valley; attempted treasonably to detach Kentucky from the Union and ally it with Spain; served in the Indian wars, and commanded the right wing in Wayne's victory of Maumee in 1794; became a brigadier-general in 1792; succeeded Wayne as commander-in-chief of the army; was appointed commi ioner to receive Louisiana from the French; and was governor of Louisiana 1805-06. He was implicated in Burr's conspiracy, and was court-martialed in 1811, but acquitted. In 1813 he became major-general. He failed as commander in the operations against Canada; was acquitted by a court of inquiry in 1815; but was discharged from the service. He wrote "Memoirs" (1816). Wilkinson, Jemima. Born in Rhode Island about 1753: died 1819. An American religious impostor. She a erted that she had been raised from the dead, and founded a short-lived sect. Willenhall (wil'en-hal). A town in Staff ords hire, England, 12 miles northwest of Birming Willett (wil'et), Mar in us. Born at Jamaica, Paul's. Population (1891), 61,266. L. I., July 31, 1740: died at New York, Aug. 22, 1830. An American Revolutionary officer. He served in Canada at Fort Stanwix, against the Indians, etc.; and later was mayor of New York. His "Narrative" was published in 1831. Willey (wil'i), Mount. A mountain on one side of the Crawford Notch, White Mountains, New Hampshire, 4,313 feet high. A landslide in 1826 overwhelmed the inhabitants of the Willey House at its foot. William (wil'yam). A country fellow in love with Audrey: a character in Shakspere's "As you Like it." William (wil'yam) I., surnamed "The Conqueror," "The Norman," and "The Bastard." [ME. William , OF. Will alme , Villalme , Guillaume , F. Guillaume , Sp. Guillermo , Pg. Guilherme , It. Guglielmo , ML. Guilielmus , Guillelmus , Guillermus, Gulielmus, D. Willem , from OHG. Willa helm , Will i helm , MHG. Willehelm , Wilhelm , G. Wil helm , helm of resolution, an epithet of a warrior.] Born at Falaise, Normandy, in 1027 or 1028: died at St.-Gervais, near Rouen, Sept. 9, 1087. King of England 1066-87. He was the natural son of Robert, duke of Normandy, and Herleva, daughter of Fulbert, a tanner of Falaise. He succeeded to the duchy on the death of his father without legitimate i ue in 1035. With the a istance of his suzerain, Henry, king of France, he put down a formidable rising of his va als in the bat tle of Val-es-Dunes, near Caen, in 1047. In a war which broke out between Henry and Geoffrey, count of Anjou, the next year, he sided with the former, and took po e ion of the important border fortre es of Alençon and Dom front. He visited, in 1051, his childle kinsman Edward the Confe or, from whom he afterward claimed to have received a promise of the succe ion to the English throne. In 1052 he married Matilda of Flanders, a descendant of Alfred. He repelled an invasion by the allied armies of Henry, Geoffrey of Anjou, and Theobald of Blois at Morte- mer in 1054. Soon after he exacted the homage of Geof- frey of Anjou, and in 1058, by the victory of Varaville, repelled a second invasion headed by the French king. In 1063 he acquired Maine, which extended his southern frontier almost to the Loire. Probably in 1064, Harold, earl of We ex, was shipwrecked on the coast of Normandy and fell into the hands of William, who compelled him to take an oath whereby he bound himself to a ist the duke in obtaining the succe ion in England (see Harold II., king of the English). Edward died Jan. 5, 1066, and Har old, in defiance of the oath, procured his own election by the witan. William, on the other hand, obtained a bull from Pope Alexander II., which declared him to be the rightful heir to the throne; landed at Pevensey Sept. 28; overthrew Harold (who fell in the battle) at Senlac or Hastings, Oct. 14; and was crowned at Westminster Dec. 25, 1066. But the conquest of England was only partial: it was completed four years later (in 1070) by the suppre ion of the last of a succe ion of English risings in the north and southwest. William exacted the homage of Malcolm of Scotland in 1072. In 1075-76 he put down a rebellion of the Norman barons in England, which thenceforth re- mained quiet. The rest of his reign was occupied with almost continuous wars on the Continent against the King of France and rebellious va als, and with quarrels with members of his own family, especially with his son Robert, who headed a revolt in Normandy 1077-80, and with his half-brother Odo, bishop of Bayeux, who was impris- oned on account of his intrigues. William died of internal injuries received from the plunging of his horse in the burning cinders in the town of Mantes, which he had cap- tured while engaged with Philip of France in a war con- cerning Vexin. William made few changes in the English law: indeed, he renewed, with some additions, the "law of Edward the Confe or." However, his introduction of con- tinental feudalism was destined to exercise an enduring social and political influence. He took care to prevent the Norman barons whom he planted on English soil from becoming formidable rivals of the crown, by scattering their estates, by maintaining popular courts by the side of the manorial courts, and by requiring an oath of fealty from all landowners, thereby eliminating an e ential and dangerous feature of continental feudalism, the exclusive dependence of a va al on his lord ( Gemot of Salisbury , 1086). He abolished the four great earldoms, which had threatened the integrity of the kingdom in preceding case of Eadward's promise is like the case of Harold's oath. No English writer mentions either; but the silence of the English writers confirms rather than disproves the fact of The law of England gave the king no power to both. dispose of a crown which he held solely by the free choice of the Witan of the land. All that Eadward could const i- tutionally do was to pledge himself to make in William's favour that recommendation to the Witan which the Witan were bound to consider, though not nece arily to consent to. That, when the time came, Eadward did make such a recommendation, and did not make it in favour of William, William II., surnamed Rufus ('the Red'). Born 1056: died Aug. 2, 1100. King of England 1087– 1100, third (second surviving) son of William I. and Matilda of Flanders. He was the favorite son of his father, to whom he remained loyal when his elder brother Robert raised the standard of rebellion in Nor- mandy. In accordance with the dying request of his father, he was elected to the English throne by the witan, through the influence of Lanfranc, Sept. 26, 1087, while Robert succeeded in Normandy. A revolt of the Norman barons in England broke out in favor of Robert in 1088. William gained the support of the fyrd, or national militia, by promising the repeal of the forest laws, the reduction of taxes, and good government generally to his English subjects, and the rebellion was suppre ed in 1090. He carried on a war in Normandy 1090-91 against his brother Robert, who was compelled to accept a disadvantageous peace. He invaded Scotland in 1091, when he exacted the homage of Malcolm III. In 1093 he appointed Anselm, abbot of Bec, archbishop of Canterbury; but presently became involved in a dispute concerning investitures with the new primate, who abandoned the kingdom in 1097. In 1094, during a second invasion of Normandy, he found his brother supported by Philip of France, and se- cured the safe retreat of his army only by a bribe to the latter. In 1096 he took po e ion of Normandy as a pledge for funds advanced to Robert, who in that year joined in the Crusade. The duchy remained in William's hands until his death. He conquered Maine 1098-99. He was killed, po ibly accidentally, by an arrow shot by Walter Tyrrel, while hunting in the New Forest. William III. Born at The Hague, Nov. 14, 1650: died at Kensington, March 8, 1702. King of Eng- land 1689-1702, and stadholder of the United Netherlands. He was the son of William II., stad- holder of the United Netherlands, and Mary, daughter of Charles I. of England, and was styled Prince of Orange before his acce ion to the English throne. His father died before his birth. As the head of the house of Orange William, King of Germany. See William of he became the leader of the democratic monarchical party Holland . in opposition to the aristocratic republican party headed by Jan de Witt. The invasion of Holland by the armies of Louis XIV. in 1672 caused the overthrow of the aristocratic republican party, and in the same year the office of stad- holder, which had been abolished on the death of his fa- ther, was restored in his favor. He saved Amsterdam by opening the dikes, and succeeded in forming a coalition against Louis XIV. which compelled that monarch to con- clude the peace of Nimwegen (1678). He married in 1677 Mary, elder daughter of the Duke of York who ascended the English throne as James II. in 1685. About 1686 he placed himself at the head of the constitutional opposition in England against the absolute and Romanizing policy of James; and, in answer to an invitation signed by the "seven patriots" (the Earl of Devons hire, the Earl of Shrews bury, the Earl of Danby, the Bishop of London, Henry Sidney, Lord Lumley, and Admiral Ru ell), landed at Torbay, Nov. 5, 1688. James fled to France Dec. 22, and William summoned a convention which met Jan. 22, 1689, and set- tled the crown on William and Mary, who accepted the Declaration of Right, and were proclaimed Feb. 13, 1689. The revolution was effected in England without serious op- position, but James had many adherents in Scotland and Ireland. With the a istance of Louis XIV. he landed at Kinsale, Ireland, March 14, 1689. War was declared against France May 7, 1689; the Jacobite rising in Scotland ended with the battle of Killiecrankie July 27 (N. S.), 1689; and James was defeated in person by William at the battle of the Boyne in Ireland, July 1, 1690. In 1692 occurred the ma acre of Glencoe (which see). On his acce ion to the English throne, William began the organization of the Grand Alliance of the United Netherlands, the emperor, England, Spain, Brandenburg, and Savoy, against France, which was completed in 1690. A victory of the allied Eng- lish and Dutch fleets over the French at La Hogue May 19, 1692, frustrated a projected invasion of England. William, who commanded the Allies in Flanders, was defeated by Marshal Luxembourg at Steenkerke July 24 (N. S. Aug. 3), 1692. Queen Mary died Dec. 28, 1694: thenceforth Wil- liam reigned alone. The peace of Ryswick put an end to the war with France in 1697. During the rest of his reign his foreign policy was chiefly directed to preserving the bal- ance of power in Europe by preventing the Spanish mon- archy from being united either to France or to Austria. With this end in view, he negotiated the Partition Treaties (which see). When Louis XIV., in violation of treaty ob- ligations, recognized the bequest of Charles II. to Philip of Anjou, William formed the Grand Alliance of 1701, and took the initiative in the events leading to the War of the a from his horse, before the commencement of hostil- Spanish Succe ion (see this title). He died, in consequence ities, leaving no heirs. His reign, although disturbed by Jacobite intrigues and the treachery of officials high in station (such as Marl borough), witne ed the rise of Eng- land to a position of prominence in European politics, and marks the beginning of government by party. William IV. Born at Windsor, Aug. 21, 1765: died June 20, 1837. King of England 1830-37, third son of George III. He entered the navy as a midshipman about 1779; was created duke of Clarence in 1789; married Adelaide of Saxe-Me in in gen in 1818; became heir presumptive to the throne on the death of the Duke of York in 1827; and in the same year was appointed lord high admiral, an office which he was shortly compelled to resign on account of his arbitrary conduct. He acceded to the throne on the death of his brother, George IV., June 26, 1830. The chief events of his reign were the pa age of the Reform Bill and of the Emancipation Bill. William I. ( I. (G. Wilhelm) Born at Berlin, March 22, 1797: died there, March 9, 1888. German em- per or (1871-88) and king of Pru ia (1861-88), second son of Frederick William III. of Pru ia and Louisa, daughter of Duke Charles of Meck- lenburg-Strelitz. He served with distinction in the campaigns of 1814 and 1815 against Napoleon; married August a of Saxe-Weimar in 1829; became heir presumptive and received the title of Prince of Pru ia on the death of his father and the acce ion of his brother Frederick Wil- liam IV. in 1840; made himself extremely unpopular on account of his conservative attitude during the revolu- tionary movement of 1848; took his seat in the Pru ian National A embly in the same year; commanded the Prus- sian army which suppre ed the insurrections in Baden and the Palatinate in 1849; was appointed military gov- ern or of the Rhine land and Westphalia in the same year; was promoted to the rank of field-marshal and made gov- ern or of the federal fortre of Mainz in 1854; a umed the regency for his brother Frederick William in 1858; ascended the throne of Pru ia on the death of the lat- ter, Jan. 2, 1861; appointed Bismarck minister of foreign affairs in 1862; united with Austria in a war against Den- mark in 1864 (see Schleswig - Holstein Wars , 2); commanded in person at Königgratz in the Austro-Pru ian war (see Seven Weeks' War) in 1866; and became president of the North German Confederation on the adoption of its con- stitution in 1867. He commanded the German armies in the Franco-German war 1870-71, being present at Grave lotte and Sedan, and maintaining his headquarters at Versailles Oct., 1870,-March, 1871, during and after the siege of Paris. He was proclaimed German emperor at Versailles Jan. 18, 1871, and returned to Berlin March 17, 1871. He displayed great sagacity in selecting his ministers and generals, as well as firmne in supporting them against opposition; and shares with Bismarck, Von Roon, and Von Moltke the honor of accomplishing the unification of Germany, un- der the hegemony of Pru ia. William II. (Fried rich Wilhelm Victor Al- bert). Born at Berlin, Jan. 27, 1859. Emperor of Germany and king of Pru ia, son of Frederick III. and Prince Victoria of England, and grand- son of William I. He was educated at the gymnasium of Ca el and the University of Bonn; married August a Vic- toria of Schleswig-Holstein in 1881; and succeeded his father as king and emperor June 15, 1888. He immedi- ately displayed his intention to exercise personal control of the government, and in March, 1890, dismi ed Bis- marck who disapproved of his policy. William II. Born Dec. 6, 1792: died March 17, 1849. King of the Netherlands 1840-49, son lington in Spain, and commanded the Dutch contingent of William I. He served with distinction under Wel- in the campaign of 1815 against Napoleon. He married the Ru ian grand duche Anne, sister of Alexander I., in 1816. He was sent to Belgium to effect a peaceful settlement on the outbreak of the revolution in that country in 1830; and on Oct. 16 recognized the independence of the Belgians, an act which was repudiated by his father. He subse- quently commanded the Dutch army against the Belgians, but was forced to give way before the French in Aug., 1832. He ascended the throne on the abdication of his father Oct. 7, 1840. He granted extensive reforms during the revolutionary movement of 1848. William III. Born Feb. 19, 1817: died Nov. 23, 1890. King of the Netherlands 1849-90, son of William II. He carried out the reforms begun by his father in 1848, and decreed the abolition of slavery in the West Indies in 1862. In 1866 the Dutch province of Limburg, which since 1815 had constituted part of the Germanic Confederation, was incorporated with the Neth- nized as neutral territory under the sole sovereignty of his house. erlands, and in the following year Luxemburg was recog- William I., surnamed "The Lion." Died at Stirling, 1214. King of Scotland 1165-1214. He succeeded his brother Malcolm IV. In 1174 he invaded England, with the result that he was taken prisoner and William I., surnamed "The Bad." King of compelled to do homage to Henry II. Sicily Sicily 1154-66. William II., surnamed "The Good." King of Sicily 1166-89. William I. Born at Lauban, Silesia, Sept. 27, 1781: died June 25, 1864. King of Würtem- berg 1816-64, son of Frederick I. (the first king of Würtemberg). He commanded the Würtemberg contingent in Napoleon's Ru ian campaign, and com- manded a corps of the Allies 1813-15. William, Margrave of Baden (originally Count of Hochberg). Born at Karlsruhe, April April 8, 8, 1792: died Oct. 11, 1859. A German general. He com- William. Born April 25, 1806: died Oct. 18, 1884. Duke of Brunswick 1830-84, second son of Duke Frederick William. He succeeded his brother Charles, and was the last of the Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel line. William, Prince, of England. Only son of Henry I. of England, drowned in the White Ship in the English Channel in 1120. William IV. Born 1532: died Aug. 25, 1592. Land- grave of He e-Ca el 1567-92, son of Philip the Magnanimous. He administered the government dur- ing the imprisonment of his father by Charles V. 1547-52. of astronomy. He distinguished himself as an astronomer and as a patron Feb. 27, 1821. Elector of He e (Landgrave William I. Born at Ca el, June 3, 1743: died William IX. of He e-Ca el), son of Landgrave Britain in the American Revolution; succeeded as land- Frederick II. He furnished He ian troops to Great grave in 1785; joined the coalition against France in 1792; was made elector in 1803; and was expelled by the French in 1806, his lands becoming part of the kingdom of West- phalia in 1807. He reëntered Ca el in 1813, and was re- stored by the Congre of Vienna 1814-15. William II. Born July 28, 1777: died Nov. 20, 1847. Elector of He e 1821-47, son of the elec- Napoleon. He was forced to grant a new constitution in 1831. tor William I. He served in the Pru ian army against William I. governor of Holland, Zealand, and Utrecht by Charles V. in 1555. He served in the war of Philip II. against Henry II. of France, and negotiated the preliminaries of the peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559). He succeeded his father as count of Na au in 1559. Together with the counts of Egmont and of Hoorn, he addre ed a petition in 1563 to Philip II. for the recall of Granvella, the adviser of the ican war; was a division commander in the Shenandoah campaign in 1862; and commanded a corps at South Mountain, Antietam, Gettysburg, and Lookout Mountain, in the Atlanta campaign, and in the march to the sea. In 1865 he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. He was United States minister to Salvador 1866-69, and Democratic member of Congre from Michigan 1875-78. persecution of the Protestants. Granvella was in 1564, but Philip II.'s determination to suppre Protestant ism and destroy the political liberties of the Dutch remained unaltered, and provoked the organization of the League of the Gueux in 1566. In 1567 Margaret of Parma was succeeded by the Duke of Alva, who came with an army of 20,000 Spaniards and instituted a reign of terror (see Council of Blood , The ). William, who had in the meantime resigned his offices and retired to Dillenburg, declined to appear before the Council of Blood and proclaimed his adhesion to the Protestant faith. In 1568 he collected two armies, one of which was destroyed by Alva in East Fries land: the other disbanded for want of funds. He began in 1570 to i ue letters of marque to seamen who, under the nickname of "Sea Gueux," played a conspicuous part in the war for independence. He himself continued the war on land, and in 1576 brought about the pacification of Ghent, whereby Holland, Zealand, and the southern provinces of the Lowlands united for the purpose of expelling the Spanish soldiery. This was followed in 1579 by the Union of Utrecht between the seven northern provinces (Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Gelder land, Groningen, Fries land, and Overy el), which formally declared their independence of the King of Spain in 1581, and settled the hereditary stadholdership on William. He was a a inated at Delft by Balthazar Gerard. William, Prince of Pru ia. Born 1783: died 1851. Third son of Frederick William II., and brother of Frederick William III.: a commander in the wars against Napoleon. William of Champeaux. Born about 1070: died 1121. A French scholastic philosopher and ad vocate of realism. William of Cloudesley or Cloudeslie. An archer, the subject of an old English ballad. William of Holland. Born about 1227: killed in battle, 1256. Titular King of Germany. He succeeded as count of Holland about 1234; was chosen king of Germany in opposition to Frederick II. 1247; was many 1254-56. crowned 1248; and was acknowledged generally in Ger William of Jumièges. Lived about the close of the 11th century. A Norman chronicler. William of Lorris. See Lorris, Guillaume de. William of Malmesbury. Born about 1095: died at Malmesbury about 1142. An English historian and monk, librarian of the monastery at Malmesbury, of which he refused to become abbot. His chief works are "De Gestis regum Anglorum" ("History of the English Kings") and "Hist or i a novella" ("Modern History"), a continuation of "De Gestis," bring ing the history down to 1142 (these books have been the foundation of all the more recent histories of England); "De Gestis pont if i cum Anglorum" ("History of the Prelates of England'); "De Anti quit ate Glastoniensis Ecclesiæ" ("History of the Church at Glastonbury"); lives of St. Patrick, St. Dunstan, St. Wulfstan (from the Anglo-Saxon); several books of miracles; and the "Itinerary of John Abbot of Malmesbury to Rome" (Leland mentions this work, but it is lost). William of Na au. Same as William the Silent . William of Occam. See Occam . William of Orange. See William I. , Prince of Orange, and William III . (of England). William of Poitiers. Lived in the 2d half of the 11th century. Chaplain and chronicler of William the Conqueror, autho Conqueror, author of "Gesta Willelmi." William of Shoreham. Born at Shoreham, Kent, in the last part of the 13th century. An English monk of Leeds priory, vicar of CharlSutton in 1320. He translated the Psalms of David ant English prose about 1327, and wrote a number of poems. William of Wykeham. Born at Wykeham in Hampshire, 1324: died 1404. An English statesman and prelate, bishop of Winchester from 1367. He was chancellor of England 1367-71 and 13891391; and founded Winchester School and New College in Oxford. In 1404 he finished rebuilding the nave of Winchester cathedral, died, and was buried in the chantry. William and Mary, War of. In American history, that part of the war between England and France (1689-97) which took place in America, chiefly in the north. Among its events were the unsucce ful expedition against Canada in 1690, and the burning of Schenectady by the French and Indians in the same year. Also King William's War. William and Mary College. The second oldest college in the United States, situated at Williams burg, Virginia: chartered in 1693. It suffered in the Revolutionary and Civil wars. Among its graduates were Peyton Randolph, Edmund Randolph, John Marshall, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, John Randolph, John Tyler, and Win field Scott. In 1896-97 it had 9 instructors and 151 students. William Long sword (lông'sōrd). Duke of Normandy, son and succe or of Rolf. He ruled about 927-943. Williams (wil'yamz), Alpheus Starkey. Born at Say brook, Conn., Sept. 10, 1810: died at Washington, D. C., Dec. 21, 1878. An American general and politician. He served in the Mex morgans hire, 1745: died at Fleming stone, Dec. 17, 1826. A 'Welsh poet, known as "the Welsh Shakspere." Williams, Williams, Eleazar. Born at Caughnawaga, Y., about 1787: died at Hogans town, N. Y., Aug. 28, 1858. An American mi ionary among the Indians. He was the reputed son of Thomas Wil- liams, a half-breed Indian. He believed himself, after an alleged interview in 1841 with the Prince de Joinville (who denied it), to be the dauphin (Louis XVII.), son of Louis XVI., but took no pains to make his claims known. He from prison and brought to this country when very young. He wrote several works on Indian subjects. lege 1726-39. Williams, Ephraim. Born at Newton, Ma ., Feb. 24, 1715: killed in battle near Lake George, Sept. 8, 1755. An American officer. He served in King George's war; built Fort Ma achusetts (near Williams town, Ma achusetts); commanded a reg i ment of Ma achusetts troops in the French and Indian war; and fell in an ambuscade. He founded a free school at Williams town which afterward became Williams Col- lege. Williams, George Henry. Born in Columbia County, N. Y., March 23, 1823. An American jurist and politician. He was chief justice of Oregon Territory 1853-57; Republican United States senator from Oregon 1865-71; a member of the joint high commis sion which negotiated the treaty of Washington in 1871; attorney-general 1872-75; and was nominated by Grant chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in Dec., 1873, but was not confirmed. Williams, John. Born at Aberconway, 1582: died March 25, 1650. An English prelate and politician. He was lord keeper of the great seal 1621, and bishop of Lincoln (deprived of the former in 1626); was im prisoned for several years in the Tower at the instigation of Laud; and was made archbishop of Canterbury in 1641. He supported Charles I. in the civil war. Williams, John. Born near London, June 29, 1796: killed in the New He brides, Nov. 20, 1839. An English mi ionary in the Pacific islands. He worked in the Society Islands, Hervey Islands, and Raratonga. He wrote "A Narrative of Mi ionary Enterprises" (1837). Williams, John. Born at Deer field, Ma ., Aug. 30, 1817. An American Protestant Episcopal bishop and theologian. He was president of Trinity and bishop in 1865. In 1854 he became dean and instructor Divinity School, Middle town, Connecticut. He has written Doc trin at hand other studies at the Berkeley "Ancient Hymns" (1845), "Thoughts on the Gospel Mira Wills, William Gorman "Mr. Cotton's Letter Examined" (1644), "The Bloody Tenent of Persecution" (1644), "Bloody Tenent Made yet more Bloody" (1652), "The Hireling Ministry none of Christ's" (1652), "Experiments of Spiritual Life and Health" (1652), "George Fox Digged out of his Burrowes" (1672). Williams, Samuel Wells. Born at Utica, N.Y., Sept. 22, 1812: died at New Haven, Conn., Feb. 17, 1884. A noted American Sinologist. He of the went to in 1833 as a printer in the service American Board: white 1860-61; was Japanese interpreter to the United States expedition the to Japan 1853-54; States legation became in secretary 1855; and inter and was employed in other diplomatic services. He resigned his commi ion and returned to the United States in 1876, and was later profe or of Chinese at Yale. He wrote "Easy Le ons in Chinese" (1842), "English and Chinese Vocabulary" (1844), "Chinese Commercial Guide" (1844), "The Middle Kingdom" (2 vols. 1848: revised ed. 1883), "Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language" (1874). Williams burg, or Williams burgh (wil' yamzberg). A former town on Long Island, now forming a part of the city of Brooklyn. Wil Williams burg. The capital of James City County, Virginia, situated between James and York rivers, 46 miles east-southeast of Rich- mond. It is the seat of William and Mary College; and succeeded James town as the capital of Virginia, remaining such down to Revolutionary times. A victory was gained there, May 5, 1862, by a part of McClellan's army (Hooker, Kearny, Smith) over the Confederates under Johnston. Population (1890), 1,831. Williams College. An institution of learn- ing situated at Williams town, Ma achusetts: Willi founded by Colonel Ephraim Williams, and chartered in 1793. It is non-sectarian. In 1896-97 it had 30 instructors and 385 students. Williams town (wil'yamz-toun). A town in Berks hire County, at the northwestern extrem- ity of Ma achusetts, 55 miles northwest of Springfield. It is a summer resort, and the seat of Williams College. Population (1890), 4,221. William's War, King. See King William's War . William Tell. A drama by J. Sheridan Knowles. Mac ready produced it in 1825. Ro ini composed an opera on the subject, produced as "Guillaume Tell," in 1829. Several other composers have used the same legend. cles" (1848), "Paddock Lectures on the English Reform a, tion" (1881), World's Witne Jesus Christ" (1828), "Studies in the Book of Acts" (1888), etc. Williams, Jonathan. Born at Boston, 1750: died at Philadelphia, 1815. An American military engineer, secretary to Franklin in Europe, and United States agent in Europe in the Revolutionary period. He became major in the artillery service in 1801, and commander of West Point in the same year; was superintendent of West Point 1802-03; and was chief engineer of the army 1805-12. He built fortifications around New York, including Castle William (Gov. ern or's Island), Fort Clinton (Castle Garden), etc. Williams, Sir Monier Monier-. Born at Bombay, India, Nov. 12, 1819. A noted British Orientalist, profe or of Sanskrit in Oxford from 1860. His works include a Sanskrit grammar (1846), an English-Sanskrit dictionary (1851), a Sanskrit-English dictionary (1872), grammars of Hindu stan i, translations of the "Sakuntala" and other Sanskrit works, "Indian Epic Poetry" (1863), "Indian Wisdom" (1875), "Hinduism" (1877), "Modern India and the Indians" (1878), "Buddhism, etc." (1889), etc. Williams, Roger. Born in Wales about 1600: died in Rhode Island, probably, in March or April, 1684. An English colonist in New England: the founder of Rhode Island. He was educated at Charter house School and at Cambridge; took orders in the Church of England, but became a Puritan; arrived in Ma achusetts in 1631; became pastor in Salem in the same year, but was driven away for denying the right of the magistrates to punish Sabbath-breaking and supposed heretical opinions; was a istant pastor at Plymouth 1631-33; and returned to Salem in 1633, and became pastor there in 1634. He again became objectionable to the authorities on account of his political and religious opinions; and was summoned before the General Court in 1635, and ordered to leave the colony. In Jan., 1636, he left Salem and went first to Seekonk, and about June, 1636, founded Providence. He had great influence with the Narraganset Indians, and used it to the advantage of the colonists in the Pequot war. In 1639 he founded the first Baptist church in America, but soon withdrew from all church connections. He went to England in 1648; obtained a charter for Rhode Island colony in 1644; was again in England 1651-54; and was afterward president of the colony. He was an apostle of religious toleration. His works include "Key into the Language of America" (1643), Will i bald (wil'i-bald). Born in England about 700: died probably about 786. A mi ionary in Germany, a ociate of Boniface: bishop of Willibrord, or Wilibrord (wilʼi-brôrd), or Wilbrord (wil brord), or Wilbrod (wil'brod), Saint. Born in Nor thumb ria about 657: died about 738. An English mi ionary, called "the Apostle of the Friesians." He settled among the Friesians about 690, and was consecrated bishop about 696. He also visited Denmark. Will i mantic (wil-i-man'tik). A borough in Windham County, Connecticut, situated on Will i mantic River 25 miles east of Hartford. It is a railroad center, and has important manufactures of thread, cotton, silk, etc. Population (1890), 8,648. Will is (wil'is), Nathaniel Parker. Born at Portland, Maine, Jan. 20, 1806: died at Idlewild, near Newburg, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1867. An American poet and author. He graduated at Yale 1827; conducted the "American Monthly Magazine" 1829-31; went to Europe as correspondent for the "New York Mirror" 1831; was a ociate editor, with Morris, of the "Mirror" and "Home Journal"; traveled in Europe and Asia Minor; returned 1837; settled at Glen mary, near the Susquehanna; was in Europe 1844-46; and settled at his country-seat, Idlewild on the Hudson. He wrote "Poetical Scripture Sketches" (1827), "Fugitive Poetry" (1829), "Pencillings by the Way" (1835), "Inklings of Adventure" (1836), "Loiterings of Travel" and "Letters from Under a Bridge" (1840), "Dashes at Life with a Free Pencil" (1845), "Rural Letters" (1849), "Life Here and There" and "People I Have Met" (1850), "Hurry Graphs" (1851), "A Summer Cruise in the Mediterra nean" and "A Health Trip to the Tropics" (1853), "Outdoors at Idlewild," "Famous Persons and Places" (1854), "Paul Fane" (1856), "The Convalescent" (1859), etc. Will is's (wil'is-ez) Rooms. A later name of Almack's a embly-rooms in London. Willoughby (wil'o-bi), Sir Hugh. Born probably at at Risley, Derby shire: died in 1554. An English navigator. He commanded an expedition to the arctic regions 1553-54 (in the ships Bona Esperanza, Edward Bona venture, and Bona Confident i a). Willoughby and sixty-two companions perished on the coast of Lapland, in winter quarters, probably of scurvy. Richard Chancellor, in the Bona venture, had parted company with the others in a storm, and so escaped. Wills (wilz), William Gorman. Born in Kilkenny, Ireland, 1830: died at London, Dec. 14, 1891. A British dramatist. His works include "The Man o' Airlie" (1866), “Hinko" (1871), "Charles I." (1872) "Eugene Aram" (1873), "Mary Queen of Scots" (1874), "Bucking ham" (1875), "Jane Shore" (1876), "Ninon" (1877) Wills, William Gorman "Van der dec ken" (1878), "Olivia," "Nell Gwynn," "William and Susan (1880), "Melchior," "Sedgemoor," "Faust" (1885), "Claudian" (1885), "A Royal Divorce." He also wrote several novels, among them "Notice to Quit" and "The Wife's Evidence. Wills, William John. Born at Totnes, Devons hire, Jan. 5, 1834: died of starvation near Cooper's Creek, Australia, about July, 1861. An Australian explorer. He went to Australia in 1852, and in 1858 was made a istant in the magnetic observatory at Melbourne. On Aug. 20, 1860, he set out on the expedition led by R. O'Hara Burke to explore the interior. They cro ed the continent, but on their return both Burke and Wills perished. Will's (wilz) Coffee-House. A famous coffeehouse in Ru ell street, London, named from its proprietor, whose first name was William. It was the resort of gamblers, and of poets and wits, in the time of Dryden, when it was also known as "The Wits' Coffee-House." It was on the corner of Bow street. Will ugh by (wil'ö-bi), Francis. Born in 1635: died July 3, 1672. An English naturalist, pupil and co-worker of John Ray. He was educated at Cambridge by His "Ornithologia (166) was edited and translated Ray, who published his "Hist or i a Piscium." Wilmington (wil'ming-ton). The capital of New Castle County, Delaware, situated at the junction of Brandy wine and Christian a creeks with the Delaware River, in lat. 39° 44′ N., long. 75° 33′ W. It is a railroad and manufacturing center (car-wheels, cars, iron ships, gunpowder, paper, leather and corporate Population goods, iron, wagons, machinery, etc.). It is the (1890), 61,431. Wilmington. A seaport, capital of New Hanover County, North Carolina, situated on Cape Fear River in lat. 34° 15′ N.: the chief seaport and largest place in the State. It exports naval stores, lumber, and cotton. During the Civil War it was the chief port for blockade-runners. It was defended by Fort Fisher, which was captured in Jan., 1865. Wilmington was taken by the Federals in Feb. Population (1890), 20,056, Wilmot (wil'mot), David. Born at Bethany, Pa., Jan. 20, 1814: died at Towanda, Pa., March 16, 1868. An American jurist and politician. He was Democratic member of Congre from Pennsylvania 1845-51; introduced the "Wilmot Proviso" (which see) in 1846; was the unsucce ful Republican candidate for governor of Pennsylvania in 1857; was Republican United States senator from Pennsylvania 1861-63; and was judge of the United States Court of Claims. Wilmot, John, Earl of Rochester. Born at Ditchley, Oxfords hire, April 10, 1647: died July 26, 1680. An English poet and courtier in the reign of Charles II. Wilmot Proviso. A proviso attached in 1846 to an appropriation bill in the United States Congre , and named from its promoter, David Wilmot, representative from Pennsylvania. The bill was for the purchase of Mexican territory, and the proviso was for the prohibition of slavery in this territory. The bill with the proviso pa ed the House of Representatives, but failed to reach a vote in the Senate.