SOPHISTS

were philosophical teachers or ‘thinkers’ who appeared in Greece in the period immediately preceding So crates, and contemporary with him, i.e. the latter part of the 5th century B.C. Their philosophy (if it can be so called) was one of criticism of those that had gone before; there was nothing creative or formative in it, and its tendency was chiefly sceptical about previous philosophies, while their ethical teaching was quite undesirable. But they rendered considerable service to science and literature, and, indirectly, to philosophy. They belonged to the liberal profe ions, and some of them were distinguished as rhetoricians and grammarians, a and they supplied the earliest models of Greek prose. was bom in B.C. 495. He received an excellent education, and, appearing as a dramatist in B.C. 468, he took the first prize in competition with Aeschylus, who soon retired to Sicily, and left Sophocles in undisputed po e ion of the field, until Euripi des appeared in 441, and took the first prize. The former, however, excelled both his rivals in the number of his triumphs. In B.C. 440 he was one of the ten generals chosen for the war against the aristocratic party of Samos. When he was old, his son, Iophon, being jealous of his father’s attention to the latter’s grandson, summoned him before judges and declared he was incompetent to manage his own affairs. In reply Sophocles read part of the chorus in his “ Oedipus at Colonos,” which he had just composed, and so proved that his faculties were unimpaired. He was said to have written 130 plays, but 17 are probably spurious; but 81 of his dramas, including the now extant, were written after he reached the age of eighty. Besides the one mentioned above, he wrote: "Anti gone,” "Electra,” " Trachiniae,’’ "Oedipus Tyrannus,” "Ajax,” and "Phi loc tetes.” He made the Greek drama as perfect as drama can be, his versification stands alone in dignity and elegance, and his iambics are the purest. The tendency of his plays is ethical. He introduced scenic illustration ana a third actor. 1252 by Robert de Sorbon, chaplain and confe or of Louis IX. It was in connection, and still is, with the University of Paris. It exercised a high influence in theological and ecclesiastical affairs from the 14th to the 17th century, but was suppre ed during the first revolution. At the reconstruction of the University in 1808, the building erected for it by Richelieu was given to the theological faculty in connection with the faculties of science and belles lettres. It is sometimes used as synonymous with ‘mind,’ but it is generally considered as a whole of which the faculties that, constitute ‘mind’ are a part Nearly all philosophies agree in regarding the soul as that part of man which enables him to think and reason, and which renders him a subject of moral government, though they differ on the points of origin and detail. The truth is, psychology furnishes the conditions of the problem of immortality', but does not answer it; it refers that to the higher science of theology. The end of philosophy, therefore, is (or should be) religion and it is to the views of God, supplied either by natural; or revealed religion, that we must look for light upon the question of the soul and of its immortality. It was from such a source, i.e. a divine one, that men like So crates and Plato drew their surest and best arguments. a Dalmatia, was bom of humble parentage in 1769. and in 1785 entered the army as a common soldier. He became at length captain in his regiment, and served on the Upper Rhine, distinguishing himself at Kaiserslautern. Wei enbuig, and other places, and eventually Ma dna (to whose army he was attached) named him general of division. In the Italian campaign he was taken prisoner, but obtained his liberty after the victory of Marengo in 1800. and in 1804 was created marshal In 1805 he distinguished himself at Ulm and Austerlitz in the Austrian war, and in the Pru ian war he won fame at the battle of Fried land and in the taking of Konigsbcrg. In 1808-12 he fought in Spain, but was over-matched by Wellington and in 1813 he was recalled on account of Napoleon’s disasters, and put in command of the infantry of the guard at Liitzen. At the news of Wellington’s victory of Vittoria, he was sent back to Spain, and fought hard till Napoleon abdicated. In 1814 Louis XVIII. made him Minister of War; and then, when Napoleon returned, Soult joined him, and was major-general in the campaign of Waterloo. After the second Restoration he resided at Dii cldorf till 1819. and in 1827 was raised to the peerage. He held ministerial office in the Rerolution of 1830, and on two other occasions and in 1846, on retiring SPARTACUS, from public life, he was made; Grand Marshal ol France.