Crystallography

[Gr. krystallos, and graphō, to write, to describe.] A description of crystals; the doctrine or science of crystals or crystallization. - A treatise on crystallization. - Although the forms of crystals appear to be infinite, yet, upon carefully considering their axes, angles, faces, and edges, they are found to fall into six well-defined groups, which are distinguished from each other by the relative positions and lengths of their axes. These six groups are again subdivided into 1,800 m. Total area (with dependencies), 48,489 Eng. sq. m. The coasts of C. are very much indented, and it is surrounded by many islands, keys, and reefs. Not with- standing the general difficulty of approaching its shores, the island has several excellent harbors, that of Havana being one of the best in the world. The land skirting the sea-shore, almost all round the island, is so low and flat as scarcely to be raised above the level of the sea, which greatly increases the difficulty, especially in the rainy season, of communicating with the interior. In the lagoons near the shore, - especially on the N. side of the island, which are filled with sea-water during spring- tides, -sufficient salt is collected for the use of the inhabitants. A cordillera stretches from one end of C. to the other, dividing it into two unequal sections; that on the N. side being, for the most part, the narrower of the two. Of the geology little is known beyond what may be found in Humboldt. This cordillera is one great calcareous ma , which rests upon a schistose formation. Its summit presents a naked ridge of barren rocks, oc- cas i on ally interrupted by more gentle undulations. It attains, in some parts, an elevation of about 7,000 feet, the highest summit being about 7,500 ft. - Clim . In the W. half of the island, the climate is such as is to be ex- pected along the N. limit of the torrid zone, presenting many inequalities of temperature from the near neigh- borhood of the American continent. The seasons are spoken of as the rainy and the dry ; but the line of de- marc at i on is not very clearly defined. The warmest months are July and Aug., when the mean temp. is from 28° to 29° of the centigrade, or from 820 to 84° Fahr. The coldest months are Dec. and Jan., when the mean temp. is nearly 10° Fahr., le than under the equator. During the rainy season the heat would be in support- able but for the regular alternation of the land and sea- breezes. The weather during the dry season is compara- tively cool and agreeable. It never snows in C., but hail and hoar-frost are not uncommon; and, at an ele- several lines in thickne , when the N. wind has hap- pened to prevail for several succe ive weeks. Hurri- canes are not so frequent as in Hayti and the other W. India islands, and seldom de much damage on shore. In the E. part of the island, particularly in the neigh- borhood of Santiago, earthquakes are not unusual. The most severe on record are those which took place in 1675, 1682, 1766, and 1826. - Zool . The only indigenous quadruped known in C. is the jutia or hutia , shaped like a rat, but from 12 to 18 inches in length, exclusive of the tail; of a clear black color, feeding on leaves and fruits, and inhabiting the hollows and clefts of trees. Its flesh, though insipid, is sometimes eaten. Amphi- bio us oviparous animals, as the crocodile, cayman, ma- nat i, tortoise, and jicotea , are common; the first on the coast, and the others in the rivers and lagoons. The perro jibaro is the domestic dog restored to a state of nature. It becomes fierce and carnivorous, though not so much so as the wolf of Europe; never attacking man until pre ed in the chase. Whatever be their original color, they uniformly degenerate into a dirty black, with a very rough coat. In spite of the efforts made to ex- tirpate them, they increase in numbers, and do great damage among the cattle. The domestic cat, called the gato jibaro , when it becomes wild, commits similar dep- red a tions in the poultry-yard. The most valuable of the domestic animals are the cow and pig. The sheep, goat, and a are not in such general use, although, of late years, the great jacka of the Spanish peninsula has been introduced with some succe for the purpose of breeding mules. The feathered race are remarkable for the beauty of their plumage, but they are far too nu- merous for separate notice here. The rivers, though not large, are well supplied with excellent fish, as, also, are the bays and inlets. Oysters, and other shell-fish too, are plenty, but of inferior quality, and adhere to the branches of the mangrove trees which surround the coast. Snakes of large size are of rare occurrence, though some have been seen 10 to 12 ft. long, and 7 or 8 inches in diameter. Of insects, the bee is turned to valuable account by the exportation of its wax, and the use made of its honey. The mosquito tribe are trouble- some, and the phosphorescent family, as fire-flies, ., are remarkable for the brilliancy of the colored lights they exhibit. - Veg. Prod. The forests of C. are of vast extent. Mahogany and other hard woods are indigen- ous, and several sorts are well suited for ship-building. The palm tribe are as eminent for beauty as utility, while of vines there is great variety; some of such strength as to destroy the largest of the forest-trees in their parasitical embrace. Tropical fruits are abundant and various; of these the pine-apple, and orange and its varieties, are the most highly esteemed. Of the ali mentary plants, the platano , or plantain, is by far thel IMG:content-0433.jpg:[graphic] IMG:content-0434.png:[graphic] The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia IMG:content-0436.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0437.png:[ocr errors] As u. Rerdedia S SANTA/Zatiete Ranchu LARA Place las IMG:content-0438.png:[ocr errors] Auras La Sierra Guinia de Miranda R. J ARI IMG:content-0439.png:[ocr errors] N GUADELOUPE St. Anne MARIE GALAMI (FR.) (BR.) Bridge f TRINIDAD 60 The American Dictionary and Cyclopedia وة submarine cable between the island and Florida was laid, in 1867-68, and that to Jamaica in 1870. A third cable. laid in 1871, connects Batabanó to Santiago de Cuba -Political Divisions and Government. C. was divided during the Spanish period into 6 provinces or departments, comprising within their limits 166 partidas , or counties. These departments had each a capital bearing the same name with itself. The government was vested in a Captain-General, appointed by the mother country, who was supreme military commandant, and also civil governor of the W. division of the island. He was a isted by a Council of Administration. The island was represented in the Spanish Cortes by 16 senators and 3 deputies. The remaining provinces had each a governor, who had independent civil power, responsible only to the court of Spain. The island was also apportioned into 6 military divisions, identical in topographical distribution with the 6 civil provinces, the chiefs, or governors, of which were, of course, subordinate to the captain-general. The royal court ( Real Audiencia ), of Puerto Principe, of which the Captain-General was the ex - officio president, had the supreme jurisdiction in all civil and criminal affairs. After the close of the war of 1898 the island was placed under military rule by the United States, until a stable form of government could be instituted. A bill for the gradual abolition of slavery in C. was pa ed by the Spanish Congre , Jan. 21, 1880, and was promulgated as a law, Feb. 18. This law provided that from the date of its promulgation all slaves from 55 and upwards should become free. Slaves from 50 to 55 were to be liberated on Sept. 17, 1880; from 40 to 45, in 1884; from 35 to 40, in 1886; and from 30 to 35, in 1888. Those under 30 were to be emancipated in 1890. This action was followed, in 1886, by a decree absolutely emancipating all the slaves.Education. The University of Havana was established in 1722 by a pontificial bull of Innocent XIII., which was approved by the Spanish government, Jan. 5, 1729, but it was only in 1863 that Gen. Concha, in connection with the profe ors, drew up a system of education a imilated to that of Spain. The expenses of education in the higher branches are defrayed from the public revenues and the town councils pay the expenses of primary education.Railroads, & c . Down to a recent period the means of locomotion between the different parts of the island were very deficient. The common roads were, in general, badly constructed, and during the rainy season were for the most part impracticable for wheel conveyances. The long, narrow shape of the island, by le ening the distance from the interior to the seacoast, obviated, in some degree, these difficulties. But down to a comparatively late period, it was customary in most parts for the negroes to be employed in the severe drudgery of carrying produce in baskets on their heads, to and from the estates to the seaports, or to the public highways. During the last forty years, however, this system has been wholly abandoned by the introduction of a very well planned system of railways. At the commencement of the year 1897 C. po e ed 28 lines, of an aggregate length of about 1,000 miles. These roads are all controlled by private companies. The principal and first constructed track runs from Havana to Guines and La Union; it was begun as early as Nov., 1835. Another important line, from Cardenas to Macagua, was started in 1838, and a branch from Cardenas to Jacaro, in 1839. The other railroads have been constructed since 1840, and the whole of them afford the most rapid and perfect means of communication to the inhabitants of every important place in the island. The cars on some of the lines are drawn by horses, so that the roads have been built at a comparatively small cost. They have, however, been of the greatest service to the island and may, perhaps, be regarded as the principal cause of whatever extension of cultivation and general prosperity C. has enjoyed.- Principal Towns . Besides the three leading cities above mentioned, the chief commercial towns are Puerto Principe, Matanzas, Cardenas, Cienfuegos, Guanabacoa, Santo-Espiritu, Guines, Manzanillo, Bayamo and Sagua la Grande, all of which, excepting Puerto Principe, Santo-Espiritu, Guines and Bayamo, are seaports.- Population . The population of C., according to the most recent statistical authority (1896), numbers 1,631,000 people, of whom 977,992 are Spanish, 489,249 negroes, 43,811 Chinese, and the remainder other nationalities. There has been a very slow increase of population, growth in numbers being hecked by the civil strife that has been so long desolating the finest sections of the unhappy island. This omputation of population is of course entirely irrepective of the Spanish military force then stationed in C.-History. C., or, to use the favorite metaphor, "the richest jewel in the crown of Spain," was discovered by Columbus, Oct. 28, 1492. It was first named Juana , then Fern and in a , and afterwards Santiago , and Ave Maria. The natives called it Cuba , which name has since come into general use. Columbus returned to the island April 29, 1494, ard again in 1502. The first Spanish settlement was formed in 1511, and the conquest was completed by Velasquez in 1512. The colonists carried on continual war with the aboriginal inhabitants, who were almost exterminated by 1560. The cultivation of tobacco and the sugar-cane was introduced about 1580. Gen. Lopez having, in spite of prohibitions from the government of the U. S., invaded C. at the head of an expedition of American filibusters, May 17, 1850, and again Aug. 12, 1851, was captured by the Spanish authorities and exeecuted at Havana, Sept. 1, 1851. C. had long been treated harshly and oppre ively and used largely as a mine for the replenishment of the treasury of Spain, while the people of the island were given no voice in their own government. This state of affairs created the prove dimencat took intense di atisfaction, and the country had long panted for liberty, when, upon the receipt of the news of the Spanish revolution, Sept.-Oct., 1868, an insurrection broke out in this colony on the 10th of the last-named month, and spread with such rapidity that in a few weeks a force of 15,000 men were in the field, the movement embracing the eastern and much of the central divisions of the island. The insurrection continued until until 1878, when, both sides being worn out and hopele of succe , terms of peace were offered and accepted. Full pardon was granted to all engaged in the war, and freedom to the slaves who had taken part. The reforms promised were not given and the result was a new rebellion, which broke o ince of Santiago in 1895, and soon a u sions of a revolution. The Spanish go vigorous steps for its suppre ion, sending o C. during that year about 84,000 soldiers, while within the next two years this army was increased to fully 200,000 men. Yet this vigorous effort proved vain, the insurrectionists refused to meet the troops in the open field, but lurked in the forest and mountains, maintaining a guerrilla warfare, while yellow fever, the scourge of the island, decimated the unacclimated troops. The insurgents gained considerable aid from the United States, from which a number of filibustering expeditions set out despite the vigilance of the government, and the insurrection made great progre during 1895 and 1896, extending, under its able leaders, Maximo Gomez and Antonio Maceo, until it involved the entire island and threatened the city of Havana itself. General Callega, the captain-general, proving unequal to the situation, he was succeeded by Martinez Campos, who had brought the former insurrection to an end. But the present outbreak proved beyond his powers, and he was recalled in February, 1896, being succeeded by General Valeriano Weyler, a an who had won a reputation as a hard fighter and brutal soldier, and from whom Spain looked for speedy succe . Troops were sent him in large numbers, with an abundance of military stores, yet despite all his efforts the insurgents remained unsubdued and Weyler failed as signally as his predece ors had done. General Campos had attempted to confine the insurgents by constructing military lines acro the island, consisting of forts, ditches, and barbed-wire defenses. These, known as trochas , were added to by Weyler, who also, to prevent the country people from aiding the insurgents, obliged these to gather around the towns and the forts, their plantations being destroyed and their food supply cut off On the other hand, General Gomez, the insurgent leader, destroyed many of the sugar plantations and prevented the grinding of the cane, that the resources of Spain might be decreased. The war had thus degenerated into a campaign of destruction and cruelty. There was little lo from fighting, but much from disease, from the barbarous treatment and execution of prisoners, and from starvation among the recon centra dos, the country people whom Weyler had forced to leave their homes and gather around the forts and in the towns. No provision was made for the support of these, the charity of the people was quite inadequate to provide for them, and they died in such multitudes that by the end of 1897 fully 200,000 of them are said to have starved to death. The terrible state of affairs which thus existed in C. awakened the greatest sympathy in the United States, which in time developed into so deep an indignation that Spain felt compelled to withdraw General Weyler, and replace him, in the autumn of 1897, with General Ramon Blanco, a man of more humane spirit. The new captain-general made some feeble efforts to better the condition of affairs, but the evil had grown almost beyond remedy, while the earnest endeavors of charitable Americans to supply the starving Cubans with food were in a measure hindered by obstacles which the Spanish officials threw in their way. In the words of President McKinley, the situation had grown "intolerable," and the indignation of the Americans developed into a decidedly warlike feeling. On the other hand, the Spaniards were growing increasingly hostile to the United States, and in January, 1898, a riot broke out in the city of Havana of so threatening a character that it was felt advisable to send a war ve el to the harbor of that city, as a measure of protection to the American residents. In consequence, the battleship Maine was sent thither. A disastrous event succeeded. On the night of February 15 a submarine mine was exploded under this ve el, wrecking her so completely that she quickly sank, with most of her crew, to the bottom. Of the ship's company of 353 men, only 48 escaped uninjured, and 266 lost their lives. This terrible event caused a wave of intense indignation in the United States. Nearly every one believed that the mine had been exploded by Spanish hands, and the demand for redre by the people extended to Congre and the other branches of the government, which instituted vigorous preparations for war. The President made an effort to avert hostilities, but Spain showed an unwillingne to adopt any satisfactory measures in C., and on April 19 Congre pa ed a resolution demanding that Spain should withdraw all her forces from C., on penalty of war if she refused. Spain answered by recalling her minister from Washington, and i uing a declaration of war on the 24th, which was followed by a declaration on the part of the U. S. on the 25th, with the statement that war had existed since April 21. On the morning of the 22d the United States fleet, under Admiral Sampson, sailed from the harbor of Key West, and before nightfall the Cuban coast was under blockade for a distance of 160 miles, including Havana. In the south, the port of Cienfuegos was blockaded. During the succeeding month the active events of the war were confined to the capture of prizes and minor conflicts with Cuban forts, with the exception, on May 1, of a naval battle at Manila, in the Philippine Islands, for which see UNITED STATES. The American navy, though not large, consisted of a number of the most powerful and best armed of modern warships, considerably surpa ing those of Spain in strength. To the Atlantic fleet was added the fine battleship Oregon , sent round from the Pacific coast. Spain po e ed a single battleship and a number of cruisers and torpedo boats. Of her cruisers, the four most powerful, with three torpedo boats, were sent to American waters, their coming exciting a degree of apprehension in the coast cities of the U. S., part of whose fleet was kept on patrol duty along the coast. The Spanish squadron made its appearance in middle May, at Martin i que, and afterwards at Curaçon, whence it sailed north and entered the harbor of Santiago de Cuba. It had been sought by the American squadrons at San Juan, in Porto Rico, and Cienfuegos, in southern Cuba, but was finally discovered at Santiago, and that port was put under strict blockade. By the 1st of June, all the battleships and a number of the monitors and cruisers of the American navy lay off this port, a force much superior to that of the Spanish fleet. In addition to the blockade, an effort was made to prevent the escape of the Spanish ships by sinking a large ve el, the Merrimac , in the narrow channel to the harbor. This failed, the channel being only partly closed, while Richmond P. Hobson, the dating leader of the expedition, and his men were taken prisoners. They were subsequently exchanged. The presence of the Spanish fleet at Santiago caused the sending of a land expedition to that city, instead of to Havana, as originally intended. An army of 200,000 volunteers had been called out, which, with the regular army and some special corps, made a total force of 278,500 men. Of these, an army of about 15,000 men, under Major-General William R. Shafter, sailed from Tampa, Florida, on June 14, and landed on the Cuban coast east of Santiago on the 22d. On the 24th, the cavalry division, under General Joseph H. Wheeler, consisting partly of regulars and partly of a special volunteer force known familiarly as "Rough Riders," was ambushed by a superior force of Spaniards on a hill on the road to Santiago, and, after a sharp brush, drove them out and captured the position. The road thus cleared, the whole army moved upon Santiago, whose front was strongly fortified by batteries and rifle-pits, with a further defense in rows of barbed-wire fencing. Advance positions were held in force on a steep hill known as San Juan, and in and around the village of El Caney. These positions were attacked on July 1, the small supply of artillery rendering it nece ary to carry them by infantry charges. In this an extraordinary boldne was shown, the men charging in the face of well-manned rifle-pits and of a hot fire from Mauser rifles, driving out the enemy, though with a heavy lo in killed and wounded. On the 2d the Spaniards sought, but in vain, to retake the lost positions. The 3d was marked by one of the most remarkable events of the war. On the morning of that day the Spanish squadron, under Admiral Cervera, consisting of the armored cruisers Infanta Maria Teresa, Almirante Oquendo , Viscaya , and Cristobal Colon, with two torpedo-boat destroyers, made a sudden dash from the harbor, in the hope of escaping the blockading fleet. The attempt ended in a disastrous failure, the vigilant blockaders promptly pursuing and pouring upon the fugitive ships an ince ant and destructive fire of shot and shell. The result was that three of the squadron were driven ashore in flames within a few miles of the harbor, while the Cristobal Colon , hotly pursued by the Brooklyn and the Oregon , was beached and sunk after a run of forty-eight miles. The torpedo boats Furor and Pluton were attacked by the Gloucester , a gunboat improvised from a yacht, and both sunk. So great was the difference in the skill of the gunners, that while the Spanish ships were riddled and a large number of their crews killed and wounded, the American ships were hardly touched, their lo es being one man killed and one wounded. These victories on land and water brought the contest to a rapid conclusion, negotiations for surrender being soon after entered into with General Toral, the Spanish commander, and surrender made on July 16. All the troops in Santiago and the eastern extremity of C. were surrendered on condition that they should be conveyed to Spain at the expense of the U. S. It was fortunate for the United States that the campaign ended so soon, for virulent sickne soon after broke out among the troops, putting a large proportion of them out of service. For the events of the war in Porto Rico and the Philippines, see UNITED STATES. On July 26, the Spanish government made, through the French minister, an application for a ce ation of hostilities, and a protocol, or preliminary treaty of peace, was signed on August 12. This provided that Spain should renounce all claim of sovereignty over C., should cede to the United States Porto Rico and all other islands held by her in the West Indies, and that commi ioners should meet at Havana and San Juan de Porto Rico to carry out the details for the evacuation of these islands. The military posts in C. were to be evacuated by the Spanish troops as quickly as po ible, and to be occupied by U. S. soldiers. They were to be held until C. was in a position to undertake self-government as an independent republic, or until some stable form of government, separate from or in connection with that of the United States, should be instituted. Cu'biz it, n. (Min.) Same as ANALCITE ( q . v.). Cub'le , a. Without cubs; as, a cuble lione . Cub Prairie, in Ill . , a former P. O. of Jefferson co. Cu'bo-cube, n. ( Algeb .) The 6th power; -64 is the cubo - cube of 2. Cuʼbo-cubo-cube, n. ( Algeb .) The 9th power; 512 is the cubo - cubo - cube of 2. Cu'bo-dodecahedral, a . Having the joint forms of a cube and a dodecahedron. Cu'boid, Cuboid'al, a . (Gr. kubos , and eidos , form.] Resembling a cube; nearly in the shape of a cube. Cu'bo-octohe'dral, a . Having the joint forms of a cube and an octohedron. Cucamon'go, in California , a post-office of San Ber- nardino co. IMG:content-0441.png:[blocks in formation] Cuckoldize, v . a. To make a cuckold. Cuck'old's-neck, n. ( Naut .) A knot by which a rope is secured to a spar, the two parts of the rope cro ing each other and seized together. Cuckoldom, n. IMG:content-0442.png:[blocks in formation] Cu'culus, n. ( Zool .) The cuckoo. See CUCULIDE. Cu'cumber, n. [Fr. coucombre; from Lat. cucumis, cucumeris, said to be derived from curvus , crooked; Ger. kukumber.] (Bot.) See CUCUMIS. Cucu'miform, a . [Lat. cucumis, and form a , form.] Of a curved cylindrical form, like a cucumber. (Chem.) A ve el in the shape of a gourd; but some- times made shallow, with a wide mouth. Cucurbit a, n . ( Bot . ) The typical genus of the order Cucurbit ace a. The fruit of VEGETABLE MARROW. (C. ovifera.) is native within the tropics, and often cultivated for the hard, woody rind of the fruit, used for ladles, bottles, ., as the fruit of the calabash-tree. IMG:content-0443.png:[graphic] Cuddle back ville, in New York , a P.O. of Orange co. Cud'dler, n. One who cuddles another; one who nestles down, or squats. Cud'dling, n. Act or position of lying closely em Cud'dy, n. [Fr. cahute ; etymol. uncertain.] A small -v. a. To beat with a cudgel; to beat in general. " Cudgel thy brains no more about it." - Shaks. Cudgeller, n. One who uses a cudgel over another. Cudgel-proof, n. Able to resist a stick or cudgel. "His doublet was of sturdy buff, And though not sword, yet cudgel - proof ." - Hudibras. Cudle, n. (Zool.) See CUTTLE-FISH. Cud'weed, n. ( Bot .) See GNAPHALIUM. Cud'worth, RALPH, an English philosopher and theo- logian, B. in Somersets hire, 1617. In 1654 he was ap- pointed master of Christ's College, and in 1678 preben- dary of Gloucester. He was a man of great learning, and in philosophy a Platonist. His principal work is the True Intellectual System of the Universe, a defence, substantially, of revealed religion against materialists and atheists. It was translated into Latin by Mosheim, and has been several times republished. C. was also author of a Treatise on Eternal and Immutable Morality , a continuation of the Intellectual System; and several theological works. D. 1688. Lady Masham, the friend of Locke, was the only daughter of C. A new edition of C.'s great work was published in 1830, with a Life by Birch. Cue, n. [Fr. queue ; Lat. cauda . ] The tail; the end of a thing; a long roll of hair hanging from the back of the head; a queue; the curl of a wig. See QUEUE. IMG:content-0444.png:[graphic] Cucurbit a'ceæ, n . pl . ( Bot .) An order of plants, al- liance Cucurbit a les . DIAG. Monopetalous flowers, strictly parietal placentæ and pulpy fruit. - The plants are natives of hot climates in almost every part of the world; they abound in the E. Indies, many occur in Peru and Brazil, and a few are found in Europe and N. Amer- ica. They are all herbs with tuberous or fibrous roots, which are annual or perennial, and with stems which are generally succulent, and either prostrate or climbing by means of tendrils. The leaves are rough, alternate, and radiate-veined. The flowers are unisexual, monœcio us, or diœcio us. The calyx is monosepalous, and, in the female flowers, superior. The corolla is monopetalous, four or five-parted, sometimes fringed, with strongly - A catch-word; a hint; an intimation; a short direction. "The motive and the cue for pa ion."-Shaks. IMG:content-0445.png:[graphic] marked reticulated veins, perigynous, and occasionally scarcely distinguishable from the calyx. The male or sterile flower has generally 5 stamens, which are epipet- alous, and either distinct, or monadelphous, or triadel- pho us, the anthers being two-celled, usually long and sinuous, rarely straight. Now and then male flowers are found with only 2 or 3 stamens. In the fertile or female -The straight rod used in impelling balls at billiards; as, to flower the ovary is inferior, the style is short, and the chalk the end of a cue. pepo, as in the cucumber; or, rarely, but a succulent berry, as in the bryony. The seeds are more or le flat- tened and exalbuminous. An acrid, bitter, purgative principle characterizes the plants of this order, and is especially evident in the pulp surrounding the seeds. In some cultivated species the acridity is scarcely percep- tible, and the fruits are edible. 56 genera, including 270 species, have been described. - See CUCUMIS, CUCURBIT A. Cucurbit a'ceo us, a . [From Lat, cucurbit a , a gourd.] ( Bot . ) Belonging to the gourd species of plants, as the pumpkin, melon, cucumber, . Cucurbit a les, n . pl . ( Bot . ) The cucurbit ale alliance of plants. DIAG. Diclinous exogens, with monodychla- mydeous flowers, inferior fruit, parietal placentæ, and embryo without a trace of albumen. The C. includes the three orders Cucurbit ace a, Datiscaceæ, and Begoniaceæ. Cucurbitive, a . Having the form of gourd-seed. Cucu'ta, (formerly Rosario , or San José de Cucuta ,) a town of S. America, in the Republic of Colombia, prov. Pamplona, on the frontier of Venezuela, 28 m. N. N. E. of Pamplona; Lat. 70° 37′ N., Lon. 72° 14' W. The first Congre of Colombia met and formed a republican con- stitution here in 1820. Pop . abt. 5,000. Cue'ro, in Texas , a town, the cap. of De Witt co., about 90 m. S. by E. of Austin. Pop . (1897) abt. 3,000, Cuerpo, n. [Sp.; Lat. corpus .] The body. "Exposed in cuerpo to their rage, Without my arms and equipage." - Hudibras . Cue'vas, a town of Spain, prov. Cas tell on, 51 m. N.R of Almeria; pop . about 4,000. Cud, n. [A.S. cud, from ceowan, to chew, cwith , the womb; Goth. quithus , the belly; Icel. quidr , the lower belly; probably allied to Gr. kutos , a hollow, from kuō , to hold, to contain. The paunch, stomach, or belly of a ruminating animal. - The food which ruminating ani- mals bring up in portions from the first stomach to be "He gave her a cuff on the ear." - Arbuthnot. thoroughly masticated or chewed. - A quid of tobacco. -v. a. To beat; to strike with the fist, or with talons or IMG:content-0446.jpg:[blocks in formation] Cu'i bo'no. [Lat.] Of what use? To what end? Cuilo'ma, or COLO'MA, in Cal . , a town of Eldorado co. Cuinage, ( kwin'ej ,) n. [From COINAGE.] ( Mining .) In Cornwall, Eng., placing of of the arms of the Cull, v . a. [Fr. cuellir ; Lat. colligo-con, and ligo , to gather.] To pick out: to separate one or more things from others; to select from many. "Like the bee, culling from ev'ry flow'r."--Shaks. Cullen, in New York , a post-office of Herkimer co. Cullender, n . Same as COLANDER, q. v. Cull'er, n. One who culis, or who picks or chooses from many. Cul'let, n. Broken and waste gla , used in the manu- facture of new gla . Cullibil'ity, n. Same as GULLIBILITY, q. v. Cullible, a . Same as GULLIBLE, q. v. Culling, n. Refuse; dro ; debris. Cullion, n. [O. Fr. couille , couillon .] A mean wretch; a lubberly coward; a poltroon; a cully. "Such a one as leaves a gentleman, Cullo'den, or Drummos's ie Moor, a desolate level table-land in Scotland, 3 m. E. of Inverne , on which the duke of Cumber land gained a decisive victory over the Highlanders, in their attempt to replace the Stuart dynasty on the throne in 1746. Cullo'den, in Georgia , a township of Monroe co. Cullman, in Alabama , a county, organized 1877, from parts of Blount and Winston counties. Cap . Cullman. Pop . (1890) 13,500. Culis, n . pl . Refuse, or rejected timber. Cul'ly, n. [O. Fr. couillon .) The companion or bully of a courtesan; a person who is meanly deceived, duped, tricked, or imposed on, as by a sharper, jilt, or strum- pet; one who is bamboozled. Cultivation, n. ( Agric .) The art of preparing the soil for those particular crops which it is required to bear. The ordinary agricultural implements used for this purpose are the plough, the spade, and the hoe. In some modified form, these instruments have been in use among all nations, at all times. The soil, by their means, is stirred and exposed to the action of the atmosphere, and loosened, so that the roots of plants may make their way more easily through it. Other objects are also effected by complete inversion and careful cultivation of the soil. The surface-plants are buried and allowed to decay; water in exce pa es through it in wet weather; and in dry seasons more moisture is retained. In dry climates the soil requires to be well ploughed and rolled, but in wet climates these operations must be restricted. Cultivator, n. One who cultivates, ameliorates, or improves. -A person who cherishes, fosters, or promotes; as, a cul- Cuisine, ( kwe - zēēn ' ,) n. [Fr.; from Lat. coquina .] Cook- ery; art or manner of cooking. The kitchen or de- part ment of an establishment where cookery is carried on; as, chief of the cuisine ( chef -de-cuisine). Cui ', Cuis's ot, Cui ard, n. [Fr., from cui e, the thigh.] Same as CUISH, q. v. Cuivre, n. [Fr.] Copper. Cuivre. in Mi ouri , a post-office of Audrain co. Cujas, JACQUES, ( kūʼzhās ,) or, in Latin, CUJACIUS, a very celebrated French jurist, was born at Toulouse in 1520. He was the son of a tanner, but succe fully pursued knowledge under difficulties, and made himself a great name. He began lecturing on the Roman Law in 1547, was chosen profe or at Cahors in 1554, and in the fol- lowing year removed to Bourges, where, with occasional Cully, in Pennsylvania , a township of Sullivan coun- ty. Cullyism, n. State or condition of a cully. Culm, n. [Lat. culm us ; allied to culmen , the top, sum- mit; columen, a pillar, a column.] ( Min . ) A slaty kind of anthracite, occurring in Wales. The strata in which it is found are often called the culm measures. ( Bot .) The stem of gra es, which is hollow, and has a peculiar organization. Cul'men, n. [Lat.] Top; summit; culmination. Cul'merville, in Pennsylvania , a post-office of Alle- ghany co. Culmiferous, a. [Lat. culm us, and fero , to bear.] ( Bot .) Bearing culms or stalks. Cul'minant, a. Culminating. Cul'minate, v . n . [From L. Lat. culmino , culmina tum , from Lat. culmen, top, summit.] To reach the top or summit; to be vertical; to come to, or be in, the merid- ian; to be in the highest point of altitude, as a planet. "All sunshine; as when his beams at noon Culminate from th' equator." - Milton . Cultriv'orous, a . Swallowing, or pretending to swal- low, knives. Cultural, a . Pertaining to culture; having a ten- Cul-de-four', n. [Fr., bottom of an oven.] ( Arch .) The arched roof of a niche, on a circular plan. Cul-de-lamp', n. [Fr.] ( Fine Arts .) Applied to sev- eral fanciful decorations, as arabesques. Cul-de-sac', n. [Fr., the bottom of a bay.] A street or alley, having only one entrance and exit. Culex, n. (Zool.) A Linnæan genus of insects corre- sponding to the Culicide , or Gnat family. See GNAT. Culi'acan, [Mex. Huei Colhuacan, an interior town of Mexico, State of Cinaloa, 105 m. E.S.E. of Cinaloa, and 170 S.E. of El Fuerte. It is a depôt for goods in transit to and from Guaymas. Pop . 4,000. Culic'idæ, n . pl . ( Zool .) The Gnat family. See GNAT. Culic'iform, a. [Lat. culez , a gnat, and form a , form.] Gnat-shaped. Cu'linarily, adv . In kitchen fashion; after the man- ner of cooks or cookery. of a heavenly body over the meridian or highest point of altitude for the day. -Top; crown; highest point of honor; power; reputation, . Culnai', a village of Peru, Canta district, in the Andes, 10,000 feet above the sea. Culpability, n. State of being culpable; culpable- ne ; blamablene . Culpable, n. [L. Lat. culpabilio , from culpa , a fault; Fr. coupable .] Blamable; deserving blame or censure; blameworthy; censurable; faulty; wrong; criminal; immoral; sinful; as, a culpable act. Culpablene , n. State of being culpable; guilt; Culpably, adv . In a culpable or blamable manner. Culpeper, in Virginia , a N.E. central co.; area , about 673 sq. m. The S. border is washed by the Rapid an, as is the N.E. by the N. branch of the Rappahannock. The Hazel River traverses its N. part. Surface , divers i- fied; soil , fertile. Pop . (1890) 13,233. Cap . Culpeper, formerly known as Culpeper Court House. Culpeper, in Virginia , a pleasant town, cap. of Cul- peper co. Pop . (1897) abt. 1,650. Culprit, n. [Lat. culpæ , reatus - culpa, a fault, ana reatus , the state of impeachment, from reus , a party ac- cused.] The condition of one charged with an offence; a person arraigned in court for a crime. "An author is in the condition of culprit ; the public are his judges." - Prior . -Any person convicted of a crime; a criminal. Culp's Hill, (BATTLE OF.) See GETTYSBURG. Cult, n. [Fr. culte.] Homage; worship; veneration. - A system of rites established for religious worship. Cultch, ( kulch ,) n. Oyster-spawn. Cul'ter.n. Same as COULTER, q. v. Cultiros'tral, a. (Zool.) Coulter-shaped, as the bill of the stork, . Cultivable, Cultivatable, a. Susceptible of til- lage or cultivation; as, a cultivable soil. Cultivate, v. a. L. Lat. cultivato , cultivatum ; Fr cultiver, from Lat. culo , cultum , to till.] To till; to pre- pare the soil for crops; to manure, plough, dre , sow, and reap; to labor on, manage, and improve in hus- bandry; as, to cultivate a farm. -To improve by care, labor, instruction, or study; to refine and improve by correction of faults, and enlarge- ment of powers, faculties, or good qualities; to study; to labor earnestly for the improvement of anything; to Cul'vert, n. [Fr. couvert; O. Fr. culvert , covered, from Lat. cooperio, cooper tum -con, and operio, to cover.] (Engineering.) An arched channel of masonry, built be- neath the bed of a canal, for the purpose of conducting water from under the same; in this sense, it may be either a siphon or a surface drain. It is applied in the sense of an arched drain in engineering works upon railways, or analogous structures. Culver tail, n. (Carp.) Same as DOVETAIL, Q. v. Culvertailed, a . Dovetailed in the joints. Cumæ, or CUMA, ( ku'ma .) (Anc. Geog.) The earliest Greek colony in Italy, situated on the Camp an i an shore, a little N. of Baiæ, and said to have been founded B. с. 1050. From about в. с. 700 to B. c. 450, it enjoyed the highest prosperity. It resisted an invasion of the Etrus- cans, B. c. 522. Aristo dem us obtained the supremacy B. c. 505, and was expelled by the nobles after he had exercised it about 20 years. Tarquinius Superb us, the exiled king of Rome, sought refuge at С. в. с. 496. Hiero I., tyrant of Syracuse, came to the aid of the Cumæans, and defeated the Cart hag in i an and Tyrrhenian fleet, B. C. 474. The Samnites captured С., 420 B. c., put the male inhabitants to death, and established a colony. It was admitted to the Roman franchise, B. c. 338. Sylla re- tired to the neighborhood of C. after his abdication, B. C. 79. Narses captured the town after a long siege in 553. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1538. C. was also celebrated as the abode of the fabled Sibyl, and for a long time her supposed cave was shown to visitors. In the bay of C., Me nec rates, admiral of Sextus Pompeius, defeated the fleet of Octavius, B. c. 38. Cumana, ( koo - ma'nă ,) a city of Venezuela, cap. of a prov. of same name, situated near the mouth of the Gulf of Cariaco, and on the river Manzanares, 1 m. from the sea; Lat. 10° 27′ 52" N., Lon. 64° 4' 47" W. It is the oldest city founded by Europe ans in S. America. Diego Cas tell on commenced it in 1523, and called it New Toledo. It was almost destroyed by an earthquake in 1855. Pop . 8,000. Cumanaco'a, a town of Venezuela, dep. Cumana; poр . abt. 3,000. Cum'bal, in the U. States of Colombia, a mountain peak of the Andes, just N. of the equator. Height 15,620 feet. Cum'bent, a. [Old Lat. cumbo, cumbens.] Lying down; reclined; recumbent. Cum'ber, v. a. [D. kommer, distre , difficulty, grief; Ger. kümmern, intensative or frequentative of O. Ger. kûmjan , to mourn, complain; kummer , trouble, vexation. sorrow; Swed. bekymra , to trouble; L. Sax. quimen ; Goth. quainon , to sorrow; allied to Gr. kinūros , wailing.] To encumber; to load or crowd; to embarra ; to entangle; to obstruct; to busy; to distract, as with cares. "The multiplying variety of arguments is not only lost labour, but cumbers the memory to no purpose." - Locke . Cumber land, WILLIAM, DUKE OF, the second son of George II., king of England, в. 1721. He, in 1745, commanded the British at the battle of Fontenoy, where they were defeated by the French. In the next year, at Culloden, he defeated Prince Charles Edward Stuart. D 1765. Cumber land, a N.W. co. of England, bounded N. by the Solway Frith and the river Liddel, which separates it from Scotland for 30 m.; W. by the Irish Sea; S. by West more land and Lancashire; and E. by North umber land and Durham. Area , 1,523 sq. m. The surface is mountainous; Skiddaw attains an elevation of about 3,050 feet. It is watered by the Eden, Eamont, Derwent, Cocker, Caldew, Elk, Liddel, and Irthing; it has numerous lakes, among which are Bas sen thwaite, Borrow dale, Butter mere, Der went water, and Ullswater. A large portion of this county is devoted to grazing purposes. The mineral products are slate, limestone, coal, and lead; its most important and valuable item, however, is plumbago , the finest being procured from Borrow dale, q. v. Manuf. Ginghams, calicoes, corduroys, sail-cloth, carpets, paper, . Chief towns . Car lisle, White haven, Penrith, Cocker mouth, Keswick, and Working ton Pop . (1891) 266,549. Cumber land, a peninsula of British N. America, having Davis's Strait on the N.E., and North umber land Inlet on the S.W. Cumber land, in Illinois , an E.S.E. co.; area , about 310 sq. m. It is drained by the Embarras River, an affluent of the Wabash. The surface is mostly prairie and timber lands. Soil generally fertile. Cap . Tolodo. Pop . (1896) 15,200. -A post-twp. of Fayette co.;-now called Brownstone. Cumber land, in Ind . , a p.-v. of Marion co. Cumber land, in Kentucky , a S. co.; area , about 375 sq. m. It is traversed by the Cumber land River. The soil is fertile. Cap . Burkesville. -A village in the above co. -A post-office of Wayne co. Cumber land, in Maine , a S.W. co.; area , about 900 sq. m. It is partly bounded on the N.E. by Andro scog gin River, and on the S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean. Soil , fertile. Cap . Portland. -A prosperous town and township of the above county. Pop . (1890) 1,487. Cumber land, in Maryland , a city, cap. of Alleghany co., on the Potomac River. It has a large trade, and, next to Baltimore, is the largest city in the State. A few m. W. of the city, upon the summit of the Alleghanies, commences the district known as the Cumber land coal region, which extends W. of the Ohio River. Pop . abt. 15,000. Cumber land, in New Jersey, a S.S.W.co.; area , about 480 sq. m. Delaware Bay washes its S.W. border, and it is drained by the Maurice River and the Cohansey and Tuckahoe Creeks. The surface is level; the soil, E. of the Cohansey, is light and sandy; W. of the creek it is composed of cray and sandy loam. Cap . Bridge ton. Pop . (1895) 49,815. Cumber land, in North Carolina , a S. central co.; area , about 950 sq. m. It is traversed by Cape Fear River, and two of its tributaries, Little River and Rockfish Creek. The surface is diversified, and the soil fertile. Cap . Fayetteville. Pop . (1890) 27,321. Cumber land, in Nova Scotia, a N.W. co. Cap . Amherst. Cumber land, in Ohio , a post-village of Guernsey co., about 80 m. E. of Columbus. -A village of Licking co., 18 m. E. of Columbus. Cumber land, in Pennsylvania , a S.S.E. co.; area, about 545 sq. m. It is bounded on the E. by Susque hanna, and is also drained by the Cone dog win it and Yellow Breeches creeks. The soil is exceedingly fertile, and agriculture is in a very forward state. Cap . Car lisle. Pop . (1890) 47,230. -A township of Adams co. -A village of Bedford county; about 100 m. W. by S. of Harris burg. -A township of Greene co. Cumber land, in Rhode Island , a township of Provi dence co. Cumber land, in Tenne ee, an E. central co.; area, abt. 700 sq. m. It is traversed by Obed's River, and Daddy's Creek. Surface , mountainous. Cap . Cro ville Pop . (1890) 5,376. Cumber land in Virginia , a S.E. co.; area , about 310 sq. m. It is bounded on the S.E. by the Appomattox River, and partly on the N. by the James River. Sur face, diversified; soil , good. Cap . Cumber land CourtHouse. Pop . (1890) 9,482. Cumber land Basin, is the N.E. portion of Chignecto Bay, which communicates on the S.E. with the Bay of Fundy. It is celebrated for its fisheries. Cumber land Bay, on the N. side of the island of Juan Fernandez, off the coast of Chili. Lat. 33° 37′ S.; Lon. 78° 53' W. Cumber land Bay, in New York , a portion of Lake Cham plain, extending into Clinton co. Cumber land Centre, in Maine , a post-village of Cumber land co., abt. 55 m. N.W. of August a. Cumber land City, in Kentucky, a post-office of Clinton co. IMG:content-0447.png:[blocks in formation] Cumber land Furnace, in Tenne ee , a post-office of Dicks on co. Cumber land Gap, a narrow pa , separating Kentucky and Tenne ee, and important as commanding those States, and as being the line of communication between Richmond and N. Alabama, and the towns on the Mi i ippi. It was seized by the Confederates early in the civil war. Being evacuated by them in June, 1862, it was occupied by the Nationals, who were compelled to abandon it in September. On Sept. 9, of the following year, it was recaptured by Gen. Burnside. Cumber land Gap, in Tenne ee, a post-office of Claiborne co. Cumber land Hill, in Rhode Island , a post-village of Providence co., abt. 12 m. N. by W. of Providence. Cumber land House, in British N. America, a station of the Hudson's Bay Co., on the W. side of Pine Island Lake, in Lat. 54° N., Lon. 102- 40′ W. Cumber land Iron Works, in Tenne ee, a post village of Stewart co., abt. 55 m. W.N.W. of Nashville. Cumber land Island, on the E. coast of Georgia , off Camden co. It is 20 m. long, by 1 to 5 m. wide. Cumber land Mountains, a range of the Appal a chi an group, extending along the S.W. border of Virginia and the S.E. of Kentucky; and pa ing acro the State of Tenne ee into the N.E. part of Alabama. The range has a total length of abt. 50 m., rarely exceeding 2,000 feet in height. It is e entially composed of the same groups of stratified rocks as those of the Alleghany Mountains. Cumʼberland Presbyterians. See PRESBYTER I IMG:content-0448.png:[blocks in formation] Cum brian burr. Cum brian Mountains, a great knot of mountains, abt. 50 m. in length and breadth, in the N.W. of England, occupying parts of Cumber land, West more land, and Lancashire. This tract is unsurpa ed in the British Isles for picturesquene and beauty, and is much frequented by tourists. Its highest summits are Fell Pike, 3,166 feet; and Snaefell, 3,100 feet. Cum'bro us, a. Burdensome; unwieldy; impeding; clogging; obstructive. "He sunk beneath the cumbrous weight." - Swift. -Oppre ive; vexatious; confused; jumbled. "The cumbrous elements, earth, flood, air, fire." - Milton , Cum'brously, adv . In a cumbrous manner. Cum brousne , n . State of being cumbrous or oppre ive. Cum'frey, n. ( Bot .) See COMFREY. Cum'in, n. See CUMINUM Cum'ing, in Nebraska , a N.E. co., area , abt. 400 sq. m. It is traversed by the Elkhorn River, and the Plum and Pebble creeks. The surface is undulating prairie and timber lands, and the soil fertile. County - town , West Point. Cum'ing City, in Nebraska , a post-village of Washington co., about 30 m. North North West of Omaha City. Cumin'ic Acid, n. (Chem) An organic acid, formed when oil of cumin is added to fused hydrate of potash. It crystallizes in colorle plates.