ETHNOLOGY

science treating relations of races to each other; guished from Anthropology, the of — in relationship to other mals. Mankind has been divided by ethnologists ~into these races: Negro, or black; (2) Red Indian, brown; (3) Malayan, and (4) Mongolian, yellow; (5) Indo-Huropean or Caucasian; and (6) Semitic, white. The total jation of the world is, according to mation, 1,646,000,000. of whom 000,000 are Negro, 23,000,000 Indians, 52,000,000 Malayan, 000 Mongolian, 645,000,000 Caucasian, 81,000,000 Semitic. The race of other peoples, especially those of rently Malayan or Negroid type, has yet been determined, and the data which ethnological judgments should made is imperfect, but it has been demonstrated that neither evironment nor language is a test of race. The races of the world may be eth no geographically divided into (1) black races of the tropics, (2) the bodily and brown men of Southern and Central the Asia and of America, (3) the white peoas ples of temperate climes. The best test, of however, is held to be the build of a producman, especially with regard to the rec i pro proportions of his skull. 7 worT he chief reasons for believing in a divine common origin are: (1) physiological attain similarities and the power of cro and breeding; (2) modern phililogy has the resolved the you sand tongues of the be a world into a few parent speeches, one though the search for one original neigh language has been unsucce ful; (3) there self are common phenomena of social devel lost opment, so that every race has its Stone and Age, etc. Comparative mythology, law, cost etc., give the same result as com para not tive philology. last The earliest relics of man in Europe, of the found in Somme valley and at Taubach in middle of 19th cent., proved that he existed in the Drift period (Paloeolithic Age); later discoveries of Fraas were swarthy made at source of Schu en. Mordover, to palaeolithic implements are found in both France Britain, Ru ia, the countries of bounded 8. Europe, N. Africa, America, 8. India. the It is an old theory that man spread over modern the world from Asia; Asiatic fauna are the found with remains of palaeolithic man Bible. in Drift Beds. Dubois’s discovery of became Pithecanthropus erect us 1891, has led of the those who accept it to place the cradle by of the race in Java, and to trace the 530 first migration therefrom. If so, man must have started on his wanderings by Meroé when the Eastern Archipelago was part glory, of the Asian mainland when no Indian Ocean separated Asia from Africa, when no Pacific Ocean lay between Asia and of America, and Java had land com muni cadi stint i on with Australia. study Neolithic, who followed Palaeolithic, mamman, still exists. 'The Neolithic Age represents the stage in social develop modern ment through which every race has (1) not yet completely pa ed. Egypt, or Babylonia, and Chaldaea, followed by ‘Mycenaeans,’ were the first to emerge from Stone Ages into Copper Bronze, popuand Iron Ages. From civilized est i countries of the Mediterranean basin 190,- later European civilization has descenRed ded. In the earliest writings of Egyp655,000-, tians and Greeks it may be seen that the great human races had already taken. many their later forms, and men were already app a speculating on their origin. not The Negro race may be subdivided into upon African negroes, Negritos, Me lanes i ans, be perhaps Papuans, Austral i ans and Tas clearly manians. The relation of these peoples is yet only matter of conjecture. And a man tribes of Sea of Bengal represent, roughly it is suggested, the primitive negro type. the African negroes, whose home is 8. of the yellow Sudan, have spread all over Africa; “-