Hartz

See Harz. Hartzenbusch (härts'en-bösh), Juan Eugenio. Born at Madrid, Sept. 6, 1806: died at Madrid, Aug. 2, 1880. A Spanish dramatic poet, of German descent. He published "Los a mantes de Teruel" (1836), and other dramas, and edited critically Calderon, Lope de Vega, etc. He wrote "Cuentos y Fabulas" (1861). Harudes (ha-rö'dēz), or Charudes (ka-rö'dēz). [L. (Cæsar) Harudes , Gr. (Ptolemy) Χαρούδες .] A German tribe first mentioned by Cæsar as in the army of Ariovistus. In the campaigns of Tiberius they were situated on the lower Elbe, at the base of the Cimbrian peninsula. Nothing is known of their ultimate fate. -rä Harun-al-Rashid (hä-rön'äl-rash'id or shed') ('Aaron the Just'). Calif of Bagdad 786- 809, the fifth and the most renowned of the Ab- ba ides. Under him the Eastern califate attained the height of its splendor and power. All the lands from the Jaxartes and the Indus to Gibraltar obeyed his rule, and Bagdad became a center of learning and civilization. Harun made succe ful expeditions into the Greek empire, forcing the emperor Nicephorus to pay tribute, while he entertained friendly relations with Charlemagne. He is, however, best known from the tales of the "Arabian Nights," in which everything curious, romantic, and wonderful is connected with his name, or is supposed to have happened in his reign. Harvard University. The oldest and largest institution of learning in America, situated partly in Cambridge and partly in Boston, Ma achusetts. The college was founded by the general court of the colony of Ma achusetts Bay in 1636. Two years later the name Harvard was given to it in memory of John Harvard (see above). The university includes Harvard College, the Lawrence Scientific School, the Graduate School, the Divinity School, the Law School, the Medical School, the Dental School, the School of Veterinary Medicine, the Bu ey Institution (a school of agriculture), and the Arnold Arboretum, the first five of which are situated in Cambridge, the last five in Boston; also the University Library, the Museum of Comparative Zoology (popularly known as the Aga iz Museum), the University Museum, the Botanic Gardens, the Herbarium, the Astronomical Observatory, and the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, all of which are in Cambridge. It is governed by two boards--the corporation, consisting of the president, treasurer, and 5 fellows, in whom is vested the title to the property of the university; and the board of overseers, 30 in number (besides the president and treasurer). Until 1865 the State government maintained a more or le direct control over the overseers, but since then they have been chosen exclusively by the alumni of the college. The number of teachers at present (1903) is 5343; of students in all departments, 4,261 (2,109 of them in the college proper). There were also 945 students in the summer school in 1902. The endowment of the univer sity is over $14,000,000; its other property, including lands and buildings, about $5,000,000 more. Its annual income is over $1,000,000. Its fellowships and scholarships yield almost $100,000 a year. The library contains 600,000 bound volumes, not including pamphlets and maps. Harvey (härvi), Gabriel. Born at Saffron Walden, E ex, 1545 (?): died there, 1630. An English author. He matriculated at Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1566, and in 1570 was elected a fellow of Pembroke. While there he became intimate with Edmund Spenser, who introduces him in "The Shepherd's Calendar" as Hobbinol. He exercised for some years an influence over Spenser's genius, from which the latter, who admired him, freed himself with difficulty. He was of an arrogant, bitter spirit, and was continuously at war with those who surrounded him. This finally culminated in a scurrilous paper warfare with Nashe and Greene, which began with Greene's "Quip for an Upstart Courtier," written in retaliation for contemptuous references to himself in the writings of Harvey's brother Richard, to which Harvey replied in his "Four Letters" (1592), vituperating Greene unmercifully. Even the death of Greene, which occurred soon after, did not prevent Harvey's attempts to blacken his character. Nashe now began, with great powers of invective and sarcasm, to defend his friend's memory. In his "Strange News" (1593) he proclaimed "open warres" against Harvey and his brother. Harvey replied with "Pierce's Supererogation." The warfare con having silenced him, "published his famous satire, 'Have with you to Saffron Walden,' which he dedicated by way of farce to 'Richard Lich field, barber of Trinity College, tinued till in 1596, Nashe, hearing that Harvey boasted of Cambridge'; and to this Harvey once more rejoined in his 'Trimming of Thomas Nashe' (1597). The scandal had, however, now reached a climax, and in 1599 it was ordered by authority 'that all Nashes bookes and Dr. Harvey's bookes be taken wheresoever they may be found, and that none of the same bookes be ever printed hereafter' ( Cooper , Athenæ Cant., ii. 306)." ( Dict . Nat . Biog .) Among his works, besides those mentioned, are "Rhetor, sive 2. Dierum Oratio de Natura, Arte et Exercitatione Rhetoric a" (1577), "Ciceroni an us, sive Oratio post Reditum habit a Cant a brig iæ ad suos audit ores," etc. (1577), "The Story of Mercy Harvey" (1574-75), "Letters to and from Edmund Spenser" (1579-80), "A Letter of Notable Contents" (1593). Harvey, Sir George. Born at St. Ninian's, near Stirling, Feb., 1806: died at Edinburgh, Jan. 22, 1876. A Scottish painter, chiefly of landscapes and scenes from Scottish history and life. Harvey, William. Born at Folk est one, Kent, April 1, 1578: died at London, June 3, 1657. A celebrated English physician, physiologist, and anatomist: the discoverer of the circulation of the blood. He was educated at Canterbury and Cambridge (Gonville and Caius College), where he graduated in 1597; studied at Padua; took the degree of doctor of medicine at Cambridge in 1602; became physician of St. Bartholomew's Hospital in 1609; was Lumleian lecturer at the College of Physicians 1615-56; and became physician extraordinary to James I. in 1618. During the civil war he sided with the Royalists, was at the battle of Edge hill, and went to Oxford with the king. His chief works are "Exercitatio de motu cord is et sanguinis" ("E ay on the Motion of the Heart and the Blood," 1628), "Exercitationes de gene rat i one animalium" (1651). Hasdrubal ony in Pru ia: the ancient Silva Hercynia. It is divided into the Upper Harz in the northwest and the Lower Harz in the southeast, and is noted for mineral wealth and picturesque scenery. Among the chief minerals are lead, silver, iron, and copper. The highest summit is the Brocken (3,745 feet). Length of the chain, 60 miles. Harzburg (härts'börg). A small town in Brunswick, in the Harz 26 miles south of Brunswick. It consists of the villages Neustadt, Bündheim, and Schle wecke, and is a noted summer resort. Near it is the Burgberg, with the ruined castle of Harzburg. Hasan, or Ha an, and Husein (Arabic pron. hä'sen, hö-sān'). Sons of Ali and Fatima, daughter of Mohammed. Ali was Mohammed's cou sin, and the first person, after his wife, who believed in him, and was declared by Mohammed his brother, delegate, and vicar. He married Fatima, the prophet's daughter, and his sons Hasan and Husein were favorites with Mohammed, who had no sons, and was expected to name Ali as his succe or. At Mohammed's death in 632 Ali was pa ed over, and Abu-Bekr, Omar, and Othman became succe ively califs. On Othman's a a ination (655) Ali accepted the califate, but was resisted by Moawiyah, who had set himself up as calif, and with whom he fought a bloody but indecisive battle in Me so pot am i a. Shortly after Ali was fatally stabbed by an enthusiast in the mosque of Kufa. The Mohammedan world is divided into the two great sects of Shiahs and Sunis. The Shiahs reject the first three califs as usurpers, and begin with Ali as the first lawful succe or of Mohammed; the Sunis recognize AbuBekr, Omar, and Othman as well as Ali, and regard the Shiahs as impious heretics. Husein, one of Ali's sons, married the daughter of Yezdigerd, the last Sa an i an king of Persia, whence Persia became specially connected with the house of Ali. Moawiyah died in 680. His son Yezid succeeded him as calif at Damascus. During Moawiyah's reign, Ali's sons, the imams Hasan and Husein, lived in retirement at Medina; but when Moawiyah died the people of Kufa sent offers to Husein to make him calif. He set out for Kufa with his family and relatives to the number of 80. Then ensued the tragedy of Kerbela, familiar to every Mohammedan. In a battle on the plain of Kerbela, Husein and his men were slain. The women and children were afterward taken in chains to Damascus. The sufferings of the "Family of the Tent," as the imam Husein and his companions at Kerbela are called, and the death of Hasan, who was poisoned by his wife, form the subject of a Persian tazya (see Tazya ), or religious drama, resembling the Obe rammer gau "Pa ion Play." This drama, which has sprung up within the present century, plays a great part in the religious life of the Persia of to- day. See "A Persian Pa ion Play" in Matthew Arnold's "E ays in Criticism." Hasbeiya (häs-bā' -bā'yä). A town of the Druses in Syria, Asiatic Turkey, 36 miles west by south of Damascus: perhaps the biblical Baal-Hermon. Hasdrubal (has' drö-bal), or Asdrubal (as'- dru-bal). A Cart hag in i an officer of high rank in the army of Hannibal in Italy. He contributed greatly to the victory of Cannæ in 216 B. c. by a cavalry charge on the rear of the Roman infantry after having put the Roman horse to rout. Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal. Died in Spain, 221 B. C. A Cart hag in i an general and politician. He rose to prominence as a leader of the democratic party at Carthage in the interval between the first and second Punic wars, and married a daughter of Hamilcar Barca, whom he accompanied to Spain in 238. He subsequently returned to Africa to a ume command in a war against the Numidians, whom he reduced to submi ion. In 229 he succeeded his father-in-law as commander in Spain, where he founded the city of New Carthage, and largely extended the Cart hag in i an power. He was a a inated by a slave whose master he had put to death. Hasdrubal, or Asdrubal. Died 203 в. с. А Cart hag in i an general, son of Hamilcar Barca and brother of Hannibal. He was left in charge of the Cart hag in i an forces in Spain when Hannibal set out on his expedition to Italy in 218. He maintained the war against the Romans under the brothers Cneius and Pub- lius Scipio with varied succe until 212, when, having been reinforced by two armies under Mago and Hasdrubal son of Gisco, he was enabled to inflict a decisive defeat upon Cneius, who fell in the battle, Publius having been killed a short time previously in a cavalry engagement. He was defeated by Scipio African us at Bæcula in 209, and probably in the same year cro ed the Pyrenees on his way to join his brother in Italy. He cro ed the Alps in 207, but was attacked and defeated by the Romans under C. Nero and M. Livius on the Metaurus in the same year be- fore he could effect a junction with Hannibal. He fell in the engagement, and, according to Livy, his severed head was thrown into the camp of Hannibal by the victorious Romans.