BURGOYNE, JOHN

(1722-92), Bri The general, politician, and playwrigh’ caused general outcry by surrender in 1898 to Amer. forces at Saratoga, 1777. promiBURGOYNE, SIR JOHN FOX (178: _Wil1871), Brit. general; illegitimate s. His s. above; distinguished in Peninsular an Ireland, Crime an Wars. earl BURG UND I ANS. See France (Hi: of TORY.) III, BURGUNDY, BOURGOGNE (c. 47 divided 20’ N., 5° E.), ancient province, Francs whom named after Burgundii, who founde of kingdom in 8.E. Gaul in V. cent.; ove earls of come by Franks, 534. On break-up c Charlemagne’s empire, two kingdom 1243), of B. were established; these were unite imas kingdom of Arles in 933; annexe received to Ger. empire, 1932. Duchy was four he ded in 887; on death of Duke Phili being in 1361 it was attached to Fr. crow1 invasion, King John granted it to s., Philip, 136: of engaged in struggle for supremacy wit merFrance and England. On death ¢ minister. Charles the Bold (q.v.) it reverted to F: WILcrown, 1477. Soil is fertile, famovu wines and agricultural products; chi¢ for town, Dijon. Pinkie BURIAL.—Like modern nations ¢ sec. of Europe, many primitive and Orient: peoples have practiced imhumation (th prominent pb. of corpses in the earth), and with | Sec. of many interesting customs are a oci who ted: the Australian aborigines take o have the nails of the corpse and tie its hanc corrupted so that it may not be able to wor you its way out again; with the Norse warric speech were buried his horse and armor, read character; for his ride to Valhalla; the Laplande the places beside the corpse steel, flint, an wards tinder for the dark journey, and near! every primitive people gives evidence of thoughtfulne for the needs of the next life; the cla ic instance is the coin placed by the Greeks on the tongue of the deceased to pay Charon for ferrying him over the Styx, and the honey-cake provided for Cerberus. The Parsees are almost alone in exposing the corpse. Cremation (Lat. crematio, burning by fire), burning of dead human bodies to ashes was practiced by the later Greeks, Romans, Danes, ete., evidence being found in barrows of all countries of Europe. Christian inhumation was universal, probably owing to doctrine of resurrection of body, but Cremation Societies were formed in XIX. cent., and c. is urged on sanitary grounds, Burial Acts (see below) have made reforms in system of inhumation, but c. remains preferable from health standpoint; sole object of e., as described by pioneer, Sir Henry Thompson, is to resolve dead body into its final constituents of carbonic acid, water, and ammonia ‘rapidly, safely, and not unleasantly.’ Apparatus invented by rof. Brunetti, was exhibited at Vienna Exhibition, 1873, for completely consuming body in 6 hours. The first Ger. crematorium was established at Gotha (1878). An Eng. Cremation Society was established, 1874, under presidency of Sir Henry Thompson; one acre of land at Woking purchased, 1878, and Prof. Gorini of Lodi invited to build furnace.