Lydia to the western

About 700 B. C. a revolution over threw the Semitic reign, and brought the native dynasty of the Mermnade to the throne, with Gyges as first king. Under them Lydia rose to the position of a mighty kingdom extending from the coast to the river Halys, with Sardes as capital. The prosperous Greek cities were brought either to subjection or alliance. But under the fifth and best known of the dynasty, Cræsus, the Lydian empire was brought to a sudden end by the Persian conqueror Cyrus, who in 546 B. c. captured Sardes and the king himself. From the Persians Lydia pa ed over, through Alexander the Great, to Syria, and later to Eumenes of Pergamum. During the Roman period Lydia formed a separate province, with Sardes as capital. Sardes was a prominent episcopal see (compare Rev. iii. 1), but was destroyed by Timur in 1402 A. D. Lydia is now a Turkish province, with the cities Smyrna, Mani a (the cla ical Magnesia), and Aidin. To the Lydians is ascribed the invention of coins, and the oldest coins thus far found are those of Lydia. Lye (li), Edward. Born at Totnes, Devons hire, 1694: died at Yardley-Hastings, North amp tons hire, Aug. 19, 1767. An English philologist, author of an Anglo-Saxon and Gothic dictionary (1772). Lyell (li'el), Sir Charles. Born at Kinnordy, For far shire, Scotland, Nov. 14, 1797: died at IMG:content-0637.png:[blocks in formation] Confederates used base supplies the Civil War. Population (1890), 19,709. tion in 1864. He is especially famous as an opponent of the glaciers. lethings includin, Lynmouth (lin'muth). A village of Devon- Lygdamis (lig'da-mis). Lived in the 6th cen- tury B. C. A Greek tyrant of Naxos. Lying Lover, The, or the Ladies' Friendship. A A comedy by Steele, produced in 1703. It was taken from P. Corneille's "Le menteur." Lying Valet, The. A play by David Garrick, shire, England, near Barn staple: noted for its picturesque situation. Lynn (lin). A city in E ex County, Ma achu- setts, situated on Lynn harbor 10 miles north- east of Boston. It is noted for its extensive manufac- ture of shoes, and for leather manufacture. It was settled in 1629, became a city in 1850, and was devastated by fire in 1889. Population (1890), 55,727. Lynn, Ethel. The pseudonym of Mrs. Beers (Ethe linda Eliot). Lynn Regis (lin re'jis), or King's Lynn. A seaport in Norfolk, England, situated on the Great Ouse, near the Wash, in lat. 52° 45′ Ν., long. 0° 24' E. It has important commerce. It was a famous port in old times, and was visited by various monarchs. Population (1891), 18,265. Lynton (lint on). A village of Devons hire, England, near Barn staple: noted for its pic- turesque situation. Lynx (lingks), The. A small northern cons tell a- tion, introduced by Hevelius in 1690, the name being chosen because the sharp-sighted ne of a lynx is required to distinguish any of its stars. It is placed between the Great Bear and Auriga, north of the Twins. Its ten brightest stars are of the fifth magni- see), which brought into prominence the affected style named from it "Euphuism." In the Marprelate contro- Lyon (li'on), Mary. Born at Buck land, Ma ., Feb. 28, 1797: died at South Hadley, Ma ., March 5, 1849. An American teacher, founder of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (South Hadley), of which she was principal 1837-49. Lyon, Matthew. Born in Wicklow County, Ireland, 1746: died at Spadra Bluff, Ark., Aug. 1, 1822. An American politician, member of Congre from Vermont 1797-1801, and from Kentucky 1803-11. Lyon, Nathaniel. Born at Ashford, Conn., July 14, 1818: killed at Wilson's Creek, Mo., Aug. 10, 1861. An American general. He served in the Mexican war, and at the beginning of the Civil War ren- of the United States arsenal at St. Louis. He captured a dered efficient service to the Union cause as commander force of Sece ionists at Camp Jackson, Mi ouri, in May, 1861; was appointed commander of the Department of Mis- sour i in June, 1861; defeated the Sece ionists at Boone- ville, June 17, 1861; and was defeated and killed at Wil- son's Creek, Mi ouri, Aug. 10, 1861. Lyone e (li-o-nes'), or Leonnoys. A mythi- cal region near Cornwall, in the Arthur i an cycle of romance. It was the land from which Arthur came, and of which Meliadus was king. Tristram, the son of the latter, was also born there. It is said to be more than 40 fathoms under water between the Land's End and the isles of Scilly, the sea having gradually encroached upon the land. Lyonnais (lē-ō-nā'). An ancient government of France. It was bounded by Burgundy on the north, the Saône and Rhone on the east, Langue doc on the south, and Auvergne and Bourbonnais on the west. It com- prised Lyonnais proper, Forez, and Beaujolais, and formed e entially the departments of Rhône and Loire. Lyon- Lyons (li'onz), F. Lyon (lê-ôn'). The capital of the department of Rhône, France, situated at the junction of the Saône with the Rhone, in lat. 45° 46′ N., long. 4° 49′ E.: the ancient Lug- dunum. It is the second city in France, a fortre , and a great railway, commercial, and manufacturing center. It has the largest silk manufactures in the world. The ca- thedral, chiefly of the 12th and 13th centuries, has an ex- ceedingly impre ive interior. There are double aisles, and fine roses in both transepts and in the west front. The medieval gla is magnificent, and the tracery illustrates the entire development of medieval architecture. The exterior is much masked by abutting buildings, but is admirable where visible. The churches of Notre Dame de Fourvières (modern), of Ainay (chiefly Romanesque), and of St.-Ni- zier, the hôtel de ville, the palais des arts (containing pic- ture-galleries, sculpture, antiquities, natural-history col- lections, marbles), the bourse, and the Académie Universi- taire (with 5 faculties) are noteworthy. Lyons was founded by Greeks in 560 B. C.; was developed especially by the Roman consul Plancus 41 B. C.; was the capital of Lugdu- nensis; was made by Claudius a Roman colony; was the capital of the first Burgundian kingdom, and afterward pa ed to the Franks; was plundered by the Saracens in the 8th century; came under the power of the Archbishop of Lyons; and was united to France at the beginning of to the Swi Confederation 1849-51, and then to Sweden. In 1853 he was appointed (then a rear-admiral) second in command in the Mediterranean. He played an important part in the Crime an war, becoming naval commander-in- chief in Jan., 1855. He was created Baron Lyons in 1856. Lyons, Gulf of. See Lion , Golfe du . Lyons, Richard Bicker ton Pemell, first Earl Lyons. Born at Lymington, England, April 26, 1817: died at London, Dec. 5, 1887. An Eng- lish diplomatist, son of the first Baron Lyons. He was minister to the United States 1858-65, and ambas- sad or to Turkey 1865-67, and to France 1867-87. He suc- ceeded his father as the second Baron Lyons in 1858, and was created Viscount Lyons in 1881 and Earl Lyons in 1887. Lyra (lī'rä). [L., 'the lyre.'] An ancient north- ern constellation, representing the lyre of Her- mes or of Orpheus. Also called The Harp . The brightest star of this constellation is Vega (a Lyre). It is the seventh in order of brightne in the heavens, and the third brightest in the northern hemisphere, being half a magnitude brighter than a standard star of the first mag- nitude. It forms, with two small stars near it, an equilat- eral triangle, one of the most striking configurations of the summer sky. Vega, Arcturus, and Polar is form a large triangle, nearly right-angled at Vega. Lyrical Ballads. A collection of poems by Words worth and Cole ridge, including the lat- ter's "Ancient Mariner," published in 1798. Lys (lēs), or Leye (li'e). A river in northeast- ern France and western Belgium, which joins the Schelde at Ghent. Length, 127 miles; nav i- gable 98 miles. tium in 407, and that of Ægo spot am i in 405, and took Athens and destroyed its walls in 404. Lysander. In Shakspere's "Midsummer Night's Dream," a young A then i an in love with Hermia. Lys dans la Vallée, Le. A novel by Balzac, written in 1835-36. Lysefjord (lü'se-fyôrd). A fiord on the south- western coast of Norway, near Stavanger. It is inclosed by high mountains, and the scenery is of remark- able grandeur. Length, 23 miles. Lysicrates (li-sik'ra-tēz), Choragic Monument of. The finest surviving example of this cla of Greek monuments. It consists, above a cubical base, of a cylindrical structure 9 feet in diameter with 6 engaged Corinthian columns. The roof is cut from a sin- gle block of marble, and is crowned by a rich anthemion- acroterium. The graceful reliefs of the frieze represent the chastisement of the Tyrrhenian pirates by Bacchus. Lysimachus (li-sim'a-kus). [Gr. Λυσίμαχος .] Born at Pella (1), in Macedonia (of The alian parentage), about 361 в. с.: killed at the battle on the plain of Corus, Asia Minor, 281 в. с. А general of Alexander the Great. After the latter's death, he received the kingdom of Thrace. He joined the league against An tigon us in 315; a umed the title of king in 306; was one of the victors at Ipsus in 301; re- ceived a large part of Asia Minor, obtained Macedonia 287-286; and was finally defeated by Seleucus Nicator. (1245 and 1274). Its silk industry suffered from the revo- the 11th century. Two important councils were held there cation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Revolting against the Convention, it was besieged in 1793 and partly de- stroyed by Collot d'Herbois. Since then it has been the scene of several insurrections, especially in 1834. A great inundation visited it in 1856. It was the birthplace of Claudius, Marcus Aurelius, Irenæus, Car a call a, Ambrose, which was discovered in 1849, and is a very perfect copy and Ampère. Population (1891), 416,029. Lysippus (lī-sip'us). [Gr. Λύσιππος .] Flourished about 372-316 в. с. A Greek sculptor, a native of Sicyon. According to Pliny he revised the canon of Poly clit us, making the head smaller, the legs longer, and adjusting details to a greater elongation. This new canon has been preserved in the A poxy omen us of the Vatican, of the great bronze original placed by Agrippa before his Lysippus baths in Rome. Lysippus also developed and fixed the extreme athletic type in Hercules, whom he repeatedly represented. A small table figure of Hercules in bronze was made for Alexander, and carried about with him in his campaigns. It was afterward owned by Hannibal and Sulla. The Torso Belvedere is supposed to have been copied from this figure by A poll on i us of Athens. Through Chares of Lindus his characteristics were transmitted to the great Rhodian school which produced the Laocoon. Lysippus was the favorite sculptor of Alexander the Great, and author of most of his portraits in sculpture. Lysis (lī'sis). A dialogue of Plato: the narration by So crates of a conversation on friendship which took place place in a palæstr a outside the walls of Athens, between himself, the boyish friends Lysis and Menexenus, Hip pot hales, and Ctesippus. Lysis trat a (li-sis'tra-tä). A comedy of Aris toph anes, exhibited in 411 в. с. Lyskamm (lēs'käm). A peak of the Valais Alps, immediately west of Monte Rosa. Height, 14,890 feet. Lysterfjord (lüs'ter-fyôrd). A northeastern arm of the Sogne Bogner ogne Fjord, on the western coast of Norway. Length, 25 miles. Lystra (lis'tra). [Gr. Λύστρα . ] In ancient geography, a city in Lycaonia, Asia Minor: position undetermined. Lyte (lit), Henry Francis. Born at Kelso, Scotland, June 1, 1793: died at Nice, France, Νοv. 20, 1847. A British hymn-writer, author of "Abide with me," etc. Lyttelton (lit'el-ton), George, first Baron Lyttelton. Born at Hagley, Worcesters hire, England, Jan. 17, 1709: died there, Aug. 22, 1773. An English author and politician. He was chancellor of the exchequer 1755-56. His chief works are "Ob. servations on the Conversion and Apostleship of St. Paul" (1747), "Dialogues of the Dead" (1760), "History of Henry II." (1767-71), and poems. Lytton (lit'on), Edward George Earle I Lytton Bulwer, first Baron Lytton. Born at London, May 25, 1803: died at Torquay, Jan. 18, 1873. A noted English novelist, poet, dramatist, politician, and orator. He graduated at Cambridge (B. A. 1826); was a member of Parliament 1831-41 and 1852-66; was colonial secretary 1858-59; and was raised to the peer IMG:content-0638.jpg:[ocr errors] age in 1866. He wrote "Falkland" (1827), "Pelham, or the Adventures of a Gentleman" (1828), "The Disowned" (1829), "Devereux" (1829), "Paul Clifford" (1830), "Eugene Aram (1832), "Go dolphin" (1833), "England and the English (1833), "Pilgrims of the Rhine" (1834), "Last Days of Pompeii" (1834), "Rienzi" (1835), "The Student" and "The Crisis" (1835), "Ernest Malt ravers" (1837), "Alice, or the Mysteries (1338)"Athens, its Rise and Fall" (1837) Leila (1838), "Night and Morning" (1841), "Zanoni" (1842), "Last of the Barons" (1843), "Lucretia, or the Children of the Lytton Night" (1846), "Harold" (1848), "The Caxtons" (1850), "My Novel, or Varieties of English Life" (1853), "What will He do with It?" (1858), "A Strange Story" (1861), "Caxtoniana" (1863), "Kenelm Chillingly" (1873), "The Parisians "(1873), "The Coming Race" (1871), "Pausanias," an unfinished romance, edited by his son (1876). Among his poems are "Poems and Ballads of Schiller" (translation, 1844), "The New Timon "(1847), "King Arthur" (1849), "St. Stephens" (1860), "Lost Tales of Miletus" (1866), translation of Horace's "Odes' (1869). Among his dramas are "The Lady of Lyons" (1838), “Richelieu" (1839), "Cromwell" (1842), "Money" (1840), "Not so Bad as we Seem" (1852), "The Rightful Heir" (1869). Lytton, Edward Robert Lytton Bulwer, first Earl of Lytton: pseudonym Owen Meredith. Born at London, Nov. 8, 1831: died at Paris, Nov. 24, 1891. An English diplomatist, politician, and poet: son of the first Baron Lytton. He succeeded his father as the second Baron Lytton in 1873, and was created earl of Lytton in 1880. He was minister to Portugal 1874-76; governor-general of India 1878 1880; amba ador to France 1887-9185 He wrote Clytem nestra" (1855), "The Wanderer" (1859), "Lucile" (1860), "Serbski Pesme: National Songs of Servia" (1861), "The Ring of Amasis" (1863), "Chronicles and Characters" and "Poems" (1867), “Orval" (1869), "Julian Fane" (1871), "Fables in Song" (1874), "Poems" (1877), "The Life, Letters, and Literary Remains of Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton," Vols. I and II (1883), “Glenaveril, or the Metamorphoses" (1885), "After Paradise" (1887), etc. "King Poppy" was published posthumously in 1892. IMG:content-0639.png:[graphic] The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names aartens, Maarten. The nom de plume of J. M.H. van der Poorten-Schwarz, a modern novelist.