univalent (univalent)

[ univalid (u-niv'a-lid), a. Same as univalent. uni valvate (u-ni-val'vāt), a. [As univalve + -atel.] Same as univalve. univalve (ū ́ni-valv), a. and n. [L. unus, one, + valva, valve: see valve.] I. a. 1. Having one valve only, as a mollusk; not bivalve or multi valve; univalved or univalvular. See II. -2. Having the carapace single, or not hinged in the middle line: specifying the cladocerous or daphnia ceo us crustaceans. [Now rare.] 3. In bot., consisting of one valve or piece. II. n. In conch., a univalve mollusk or its shell; a shell consisting of a single piece; formerly, a member of one of three Linnean divisions of Testacea , as distinguished from bi valves and multi valves . The great group of gastropods are univalves. The single valve is sometimes very small, slight, rudimentary, or hidden beneath the mantle; but in most cases it is large and stout, nearly or completely inclosing the soft parts; and in such cases it usually acquires a twist or spiral coil, either in one plane, or, oftener, rising in a conical spire endle ly varied in de IMG:content-1422.png:[graphic][ocr errors][subsumed][subsumed][merged small][subsumed] A Univalve Shell, in long i section, showing spiral whorls and other formations. tails of size, shape, etc. Such coiled univalve shells are familiar objects, as those of the snail, whelk, periwinkle, etc. Sometimes the coils are quite flat, as in the plan orb is; or the spire is so slight, and the first whorl so large, that the resulting figure is ear-like or saucer-shaped, as in the ormer. Some univalves are simple caps or cones, as the limpets. Some are tubular, as the tooth-shells; or tubular and variously contorted, as the worm-shells or vermetids. Some have an egg-shaped or fusiform figure. Many univalves have actually a second shell or valve, the operculum or lid of the aperture; this, however, does not count against their being univalvular. Many forms of ordinary univalves have special names, as helicoid, conoid, discoid, ovoid, trochoid, turbinate, turreted. The direction of the coiling, whether right or left, is dextrorse or sinistrorse; a coiling in the opposite from the usual direction is reversed. The first whorl of a spiral univalve is the body-whorl; its opening is the aperture; the lips of the aperture are the outer or labrum, and the inner or colu mellar, the labium; the lips may be variously produced, winged or alate, canaliculate, etc. (See holostomatous, siphonostomatous.) The central pillar around which the whorls are coiled is the columella; the whorls above the univalve body-whorl or aperture are collectively the spire, ending at the tip, point, or apex. The opposite end of the shell is the base, which often presents a depre ion, the um bilicus; the circumference, a completely lipped aperture, is the peristome. The spiral line between the succe ive whorls or volutions is the suture. See words italicized above with various cuts there, or there cited. univalved (ū'ni-valvd), a. [As univalve + -ed2.] Same as univalve. univalvular univalvular (u-ni-valvular), (u-ni-val'vū-lär), a. [As univalve + -ul - ar .] universal (u-ni-ver's al), a. and n. [ race collectively. Sole monarch of the universal earth. Shak., R. and J., iii. 2. 94. All partial evil, universal good. Pope , E ay on Man, i. 292. 2. Pertaining to all things or to all mankind distributively. This is the original and most proper signification. Those men which have no written law of God to shew what is good or evil carry written in their hearts the universal law of mankind, the Law of Reason, whereby they judge, as by a rule which God hath given unto all men for that purpose. Hooker, Eccles. Polity, i. 16. Nothing can be to us Catholic or universal in Religion but what the Scripture teaches. Milton , Eikon ok las tes, xiii. Which had the universal sanction of their own and all former ages. Story , Speech, Salem, Sept. 18, 1828. 3. Belonging to or predicated of all the members of a cla considered without exception: as, a universal rule. This meaning arose in logic, where it is called the complex sense of universal, and has been common in Latin since the second century. Hearing applause and universal shout. Shak., M. of V., iii. 2. 144. We say that every argument which tells in favour of the universal suffrage of the males tells equally in favour of female suffrage. Macaulay, West. Rev. Def. of Mill. 4. In logic, capable of being predicated of many individuals or single cases; general. This, called the simple sense of universal, in which the word is precisely equivalent to general, is quite opposed to its etymology, and perpetuates a confusion of thought due to Aristotle, whose καθόλον it translates. (See II., 1 (b).) In Latin it is nearly as old, perhaps older, than def. 3.- Universal agent, in law, an agent with unqualified power in his all things which the latter can delegate, as distinguished from a general agent, who has unrestricted power in respect to a particular kind of busine or at a particular place. - Universal arithmetic, algebra.- Universal chuck, a form of chuck having a face-plate with dogs which can move radially and simultaneously, to hold objects of different sizes. Universal church, in theol., the church of God throughout the world. - Universal cognition. See cognition. Universal compa , a compa with extension legs adapted for striking circles of either large or small size. Universal conception, a general concept. - Universal conversion. See conversion, 2. - Universal coupling, a coupling so made that the parts united may meet at various angles, as a gimbal joint.- Universal deluge, See deluge , 1. - Universal dial. See dial . - Universal ferment. See ferment. - Universal Friends, an American sect of the eighteenth century, followers of Jemima 6623 for all men. This is a phrase used by certain writers who misapprehend the doctrine of Kant. - Universal whole, a cla with respect to the subjects included under it. Syn. 3. General, etc. See common. II. n. 1. In logic : (a) One of the five predicables of the Aristo tel i ans, or logical varieties of predicates, which are said to be genus, species, difference, property, and accident. ( b ) A general term or predicate, or the general nature which such a term signifies. In order to understand the great dispute concerning universals it is neces sary to remark that the word in this sense entirely departs from its etymology. The universe is incapable of general description, and consists of objects connected by dynamical relations and recognized by a ociations of contigu ity; while a universal is an idea connected with experi ence by a ociations of resemblance merely. But though universal is, in its universality, thus not contracted to actual existence, it does not nece arily follow that things real have in their real existence no universal predicates, The common belief is that the mutual actions of things are subjected to laws that are really general-that the laws of mechanics, for instance, are not mere accidental uniformities, but have a real virtue. These laws may be subject to exceptions and interference; such has always been the vulgar belief, and in most ages that of philosophers; it may be they are never precisely followed. But any tendency in the things themselves toward generalizations of their characters constitutes what is termed a uni versal in re. Before the laws of physics were established it was particularly the uniformities of heredity, and consequent commonne of organic forms, which specially attracted attention; so that man and horse are the traditional examples of universals in re. The dispute concerning universals chiefly concerns the universals in re, and arises from the different degrees of importance attributed by different minds to the dynamical and to the intelligible relations of things. Those who follow the common opinion are called realists. The other party, looking at the blind dynamical character of the connections of things, denies that there is any real operation of law or intelligible guidance. These are the nominalists, who may take one of three main positions. First, there are those who hold that the uniformities of nature are due to the interference on every single occasion of general creative ideas, called universals ante rem. Second, there are those who, ad mitting that intelligible relations do govern one great department of creation-namely, the world of thought, so that there are general conceptions, called universals post rem -insist that the notion of a law of nature, properly speaking, is purely illusory. Things as they are are therefore entirely incomprehensible, and all that is intelligible is mere seeming. Yet this seeming has so consistent a character that it is for all intents and purposes the real world; and this seemingly real world is seemingly governed by law, which, indeed, is the only feature in it which makes it seem like real. This is substantially Kantianism. Third, there are those who deny universals in re, ante rem, and post rem, holding that a ociation by resemblance is reducible to a ociation by contiguity, that generalization takes place only upon paper or in talk, and that every fact is at bottom unintelligible. In the middle ages, if not at all times, the realistic opinion has often been carried too far, the mere resemblances of things, which are nothing but the native tendency of the mind to a ociate them, being supposed to indicate more intimate dynamical relations than can justly be inferred on such a ground alone. 2t. The whole; the system of the universe. To what end had the angel been set to keep the entrance into Paradise after Adam's expulsion if the uni versal had been paradise? Raleigh , Hist. World. See poste Posterior is tic and prior is tic universals. rioristic. Universal i an (ū"ni-ver-sā'li-an), a. versal +-ian.] Same as Universalist. universal is at i on, universalise, etc. versal i zati on, etc. [ [Rare.] See uni lous powers. - Universal galvanometer, a galvanom eter capable of measuring either currents or electromo tive forces or resistances. It usually consists of an ordinary galvanometer, which may have any suitable form, combined with a set of resistance-coils and a slide-bridge all mounted on one base. - Universal gravitation. See gravitation.- Universal instrument, in astron., a species of altitude and azimuth instrument constructed so as to combine portability with great power. The telescope of the instrument, instead of being a straight tube, is usually broken into two arms at right angles to each other in the middle of its length, and at the break a totally reflecting prism turns the rays entering the object-gla along the eye-end of the telescope which forms part of the horizontal axis of the circle, so that the telescope becomes free to move through all altitudes. - Universal joint. See joint. - Universal legatee, in Scots law, a legatee to whom a testator gives his whole estate, subject only to the burden of other legacies and debts. - Universal lever, logic, method, partnership. See the nouns. - Universal mood, a mood of syllogism concluding a universal proposition.- Universal part, a part of a universal whole. Sir W. Hamilton. - Universal Postal Union, See pos tal.-Universal proposition. See proposition. - Universal succe or, in Scots law, an heir who succeeds tate Universal suffrage Seerah Universal to the whole of the heritage of a person who dies intes switch, an apparatus used in telegraph and telephone offices for facilitating the connecting of one line to another. It usually consists of a large board or slab of insulating material, on the face of which are mounted two sets of parallel conducting-rods placed acro one another. Each rod forms the terminal of one line, and hence any two lines can be connected together by a plug where their terminal rods cro each other. - Universal syllogism, theorem, time, etc. See the nouns. - Universal umbel. See umbel. - Universal unity, the ca sal +-ism.] The doctrine or belief of Univer salists. Universalist (ū-ni-vėr's al-ist), a. and n. [ II. n. 1. One who, profe ing the Christian faith, believes that all mankind will eventually be redeemed from sin and suffering, and brought back to holine and God. The name is properly applicable to all those who hold to the final salvation of all men; but it is specifically applied to a body of Christians with a distinct church organization, who, like the Unitarians, have no authoritative symbol of doctrine, and on other points than the salvation of the race differ among themselves. 2. [l.c.] One who affects to understand everything. [Rare.] A modern freethinker is an universalist in speculation; any proposition whatsoever he is ready to decide; self a urance supplies all want of abilities. Bentley , Phileleutherus Lip siens is, § 3. universalistic (ū-ni-vér-sa-lis'tik), a. [ uni 1. Of, relating to, or affecting the whole; universal. Distinguishing hedonism into the two kinds, egoistic and universalistic, according as the happine sought is that of the actor himself or is that of all. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, p. 151. 2. [ cap .] Of or pertaining to Universalism; Universalist. identity. This is the unity of a general character belonging to many objects. - Universal validity, cogency sal ité = Sp. universal i dad = Pg. univ ers alidade = It. universal ità, university universal is, universal: see universal.] 1. The state or character of being universal; unlimited application or extent. Set before your faith the freene and the universality of the promise. Consider of God's offer, and urging it upon all; and that he hath excepted from the conditional covenant no man in the world. Baxter , Saints' Rest, iv. 4. Another objection to all this remedy is, its want of uni Sterne , Tristram Shandy, ix. 14. versality. 2. Unlimited adaptability; boundle versatility. It was soon manifested that Garrick's universality , by reason of his natural endowments and acquired accomplishments, would no longer admit of any competitor for theatrical fame. Life of Quin (reprint 1887), p. 37. 3t. The universe. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, iii. universalization (ū-ni-versal-i-za's hon), n. [ Reflexion, by separating the e ence or species from the subsistence, obtains the full specific idea ( univ ers a liz a tion ). Encyc. Brit., XX. 853. universalize (u-ni-ver's al-iz), v. t. and i.; pret. and pp. universalized, ppr. universalizing. [= F. universal i ser; as universal + -ize.] To make universal; generalize. Berkeley. Also spelled universalise. To find out what is morally right, we have only to ask what actions may be universalised . Caird , Hegel, p. 121. The former Realism and Nominalism were lifted into a higher phase by the principle of the universalising action Encyc. Brit ., II. 269. of intellect. universally (u-ni-ver's al-i), adv. In a universal manner; as a universal; with extension to the whole; in a manner to comprehend all; without exception. universalne (u-ni-ver's al-nes), n. sality. Univer univ ers an i mous (ū"ni-vér-san'i-mus), a. [L. uni versus , general, + animus , mind.] Of one mind or opinion; unanimous. Lowell , Biglow Papers, 2d ser., p. 36. [Rare.] universe (ū'ni-vers), n. [F. univers = Sp. Pg. It. universo, uni versus , OL. oino- vors us , also contr. oinvorsus , later unvorsus , all together, whole, entire, collective, general, lit. turned or combined into one, unus , one, + vertere , pp. versus , turn.] 1. The totality of existing things; all that is in dynamical con- nection with general experience taken collec- tively embracing (a) the Creator and crea- tion; or ( b ) psychical and material objects, but excluding the Creator; or (c) material ob- jects only. For nothing in this wide universe I call, Save thou, my rose; in it thou art my all. Shak ., Sonnets, cix. For this beauty of the universe is an emblem and revelation of the Divinity. Channing, Perfect Life, p. 13. 2. The whole world; all mankind; all that meets us in experience, in a loose sense.-3. In logic, the collection of all the objects to which any discourse refers: as, the universe of things. The things belonging to a universe cannot be defined or discriminated by any general characters; for every universal proposition excludes some general description of objects from the universe which had been supposed to be found in it. It is only in their dynamical connections that the objects of the universe can be distinguished from all others; and therefore no general term in a proposition can show what universe is meant; but an index is nece ary. See index, π., 2. Everything in the universe (whatever that universe may embrace) is either A or not A. De Morgan, Formal Logic (1847), ii. We must be supposed to know the nature and limits of the universe of discourse with which we are concerned, whether we state it or not. If we are talking of ordinary phenomena we must know whether we refer to them without limit of time and space; and if not, within what limits, broadly speaking. If we include the realms of fiction and imagination we must know what boundaries we mean to put upon them. Venn, Symbolic Logic, vi. Egg of the universe. See egg1 . The hub of the universe. See hub . - Tree of the universe. See Yggdrasil . - Universe of discourse, a universe in sense 3, above. university (u-ni-vers i-ti), n.; pl. universities (-tiz). [ME. uni ver site , uni ver site , F. université = Sp. universidad = Pg. universidade = It. università = D. uni ver site it = G. universi Ru . universitetű , univ ers it a (t-) s , the whole, the universe, LL. a society, company, corporation, gild, ML. a university, uni versus , all together, whole, entire, collective, general: see universe .] 14. The whole; the universe. tät Dan. Sw. universitet IMG:content-1423.png:[blocks in formation] university 21. A corporation; a gild. Some of them are worthy to be expulsed both thence and out of the university. Bp. Ridley , in Bradford's Works (Parker Soc.), II. 372. 3. An a ociation of men for the purpose of study, which confers degrees which are ledged as valid throughout Christen dom, is endowed, and is privileged by the state in order that the people may receive intellectual guidance, and that the theoretical problems which present themselves in the development of civilization may be resolved. The earliest university was the med ical school of Salerno, which was closed in 1817, after a life of about a you sand years. The two models of all the other old universities were those of Bologna and Paris, the former a law school, the latter making theology its chief concern, both founded in the second half of the twelfth century-an epoch at which the advantages that were to accrue to the world from certain studies were strongly felt. The university of Paris had from the outset four faculties, or branches of study (a word also applied to the a ociate body of teachers in each branch) - theology, canon law, medicine, and arts. But the study of arts - including logic and rhetoric from the trivium, and the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy) - was regarded as merely preliminary to the others, which alone, as attacking vital problems, entitled the university to its high privileges. Hence, upon inception as a master of arts a man did not cease to be called a "scholar"- a word which has consequently come to imply sound learning outside the three profe ions. It was the elucidation of the ology which was above all desired and expected from the university; and the faculty of theology organized more like a learned academy than as a seminary. The constitutions of universities are various and for the most part complicated. In Paris there were in each faculty three degrees, those of bachelor, licentiate, and master or doctor. Three years' study were required for a master in arts, and he must be twenty-one years of age. Five years' study more were required for the first degree in theology. The instruction was entirely by lectures, and the only exercises were disputations. Each faculty was presided over by a dean, and had two bedels and other servants. The four faculties met in congregation, and were presided over by the vice-chancellor. The position of chancellor was merely formal. For the purposes of administration, all the scholars, including the masters of arts, were divided into four nations, of Gaul, Picardy, Normandy, and England. This was an arrangement not going back to the origin of the university, though students from the same country had from the first clubbed together. Each nation was governed by a proctor, and po e ed a seal. The students were mostly gathered into different colleges, hostels, and IMG:content-1424.png:[blocks in formation] II. n. A word having only only one signification fication unkempt xempt (un-kemt'), a . [A later form of un or meaning; a generic word, or a word predicable of many different species, as fish, tree. Imp. Dict. univocally (u-niv'ō-kal-i), adv. In a univocal manner; in one sense or tenor; not equivocally; unmistakably. The same word may be employed either univocally , equivocally, or analogously. Whately. uni vocation (u-niv-o-ka's hon), n. [= F. uni vocation = Sp. univocacion = Pg. univocação = It. univocazione ; univocus , having but one meaning: see univocal .] Agreement of name and meaning. Whiston . - Limited univocationt, uni vocation of a genus, species, difference, property, or accident: opposed to transcendent uni vocation , such uni vocation as is po e ed by ens, good, true, relation, unjaundiced (un-jän'dist), a . Not jaundiced; hence, not affected by envy, jealousy, etc. An unjaundiced eye. absolute, etc. Cowper , To Dr. Darwin. unjealous (un-jel'us), a. Not jealous; not suspicious or mistrustful. Clarendon. unjoin (un-join'), v. t. [ME. unjoynen; Tigris and Eufrates unjoynen and departen hir watres. Chaucer, Boëthius, v. meter 1.