Caprylic Ether

This name is generally given to the Caprytate of ethyl, which may lead to confusion with true caprylic ether, which would be oxide of capryl. Caprytate of ethyl is a colorle liquid, with an agreeable odor of pine-apples. Caprylic acid forms ethers with methyl and amyl, which have been investigated by Wills and others. Cap's ali, a sea-port town of the Ionian Islands, cap. of Cerigo, or Cythera, built upon a narrow ridge, terminating in a precipitous rock near the S. end of the island; pop . 5,600. Cap Santé, in L. Canada, a post-village of Port Neuf co., on the river St. Lawrence. Cap St. Ignace, in L. Canada, a post-village of L'Islet co., on the river St. Lawrence, 39 m. S. of Quebec. Cap sell a, n. [Dim. of Lat. caps a , a chest or box; alluding to the fruit.) ( Bot .) A genus of plants, order Bra i caseæ. The Shepherd's purse, C. bursa - pastor is , is a well-known, troublesome weed, found everywhere in fields, pastures, and roadsides; stem 6-12 inches high, striate, branching; root-leaves rosulate or wanting: stem-leaves very narrow, with two small, acute auricles at base; white flowers, small in racemes, blo oming from April to September. Cap'-sheaf, n. The top or crowning sheaf of a stack of grain. Cap's icine, n. [From CAPSICUM.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in the capsules of the various species of capsicum used in the manufacture of Cayenne pepper. It has a burning taste; is insoluble in water and ether, but soluble in alcohol, and may, when quite pure, be crystallized. It forms salts with nitric, sulphuric, and acetic acids. Its composition is unknown. Cap's icum, n. [Lat, from Gr. kapto , to bite; - from the acridity of the fruit.] ( Bot . ) A genus of plants, ord. Solanaceæ, consisting of numerous species, chiefly natives of India or S. America, all remarkable for the presence of an acrid resin called Capsicine in their fruits, which are hot, pungent, and stimulating. The Red-pepper, or Cayenne pepper, C. annuum of Linnæus, or C. fastigia tum of Blume, has oblong cylindrical fruits, commonly sold as Chilies , and used to make a hot pickle, and the liquid known as Chili vinegar. There are in gardens several varieties in respect to the fruit which varies in length from 1 to 3 inches: 1, the long, or Cayenne; 2, the depre ed globose or Squash pepper, best for pickling; 3, the Cherry pepper, used for pepper-sauce, and in seasoning meat; and 4, the sweet Spanish pepper, used as a salad. They are sown in March in hot-beds, and transplanted in May. The fruit of the C. minimum, Bird-pepper, is most biting of all the species. Cayenne pepper consists of the powdered fruits of several species of Capsicum, found in the West Indies and South America. In medicine, the fruit of the capsicum is used as a counter-irri Fig . 510.-RED-PEPPER. (Capsicum annuum .) tant; with saltasa stimulant, in scarlatina; as a gargle in relaxed sore-throat; and in the form of Cayenne lozenges. Cap-sill, n. The upper horizontal beam in the timber framing of viaducts and bridges. Cap's ize, v. a. [Probably from Swed. guppa , guppa up , to strike up, to tilt.] Literally, to tilt up; in a more general sense, to upset or overturn; as, to capsize a boat. -n. An upset or overturn. Cap'-square, n. (Gunnery.) The metal fastening which keeps the trunnion of a gun in its proper place on the carriage. Cap's tan, n. [Probably a corruption of cable-stand; Fr. cabestan.] ( Naut .) A strong, ma ive, wooden machine, in form resembling a truncated cone, around which a rope is coiled, and being turned by means of bars, or levers, it affords an advantageous mode of applying manual power to overcome an obstacle. The C. is chiefly employed on shipboard, where it is used for weighing anchor, hoisting sail, . Menof-war have commonly two capstans, the largest of which, called the main capstan, is placed behind the main-mast, standing upon the first deck, and reaching four or five feet above the second: this is also called the double capstan , because it has two drum-heads, and serves two decks for drawing up anchors, and because its force may be greatly accelerated by applying hands on each deck. The other is the gear , or little capstan : this stands on the second deck, between the main and mizzen masts. There are several improved forms in use on ships, generally acted by steam. Cap'-stone, n. (Pal.) A name given to the fo il encrinite, from its resemblance to a cap. Cap's ula, n. [Lat.] ( Antiq . ) A box used by the ancient Romans for holding books; these boxes were usually made of beech wood, and were cylindrical in form. Cap's ular, Cap's ulary, a. [Fr. capsulaire , from Lat. capsula .] Pertaining to a capsule; hollow like a chest. (Anat.) A C. ligament is one of the membranous, fibrous, and elastic bags or capsules, of a whitish consistence, thick and resistant, which surround joints. Cap's ulate, Cap's ulated, a. Enclosed in a capsule, or as in a box. "The heart lies immured or capsulated ."-Derham. [Lat. capsula , from caps a , a Captivate, v. a. [Lat. captivo , captivatus , from capti vus , a captive.] To take, as a captive or prisoner; to subdue. (R.) "He deserves to be a slave, that is content to have... the liberty of his will so captivated ." - King Charles I. -To subdue by the influence of attraction or beauty; to enthrall; to overpower; to enslave with fascination; to charm; as, her beauty captivated all hearts. "Wisdom so captivates him with her appearance that he gives himself up to her." - Add is on. -a. Taken captive. (R.) "Women have been captivate ere now." - Shaks. Captivating, a . Having power to charm, or engage the affections; as, a captivating woman. Captiva'tion, n. Act of taking one captive; as, his captivation was complete. Capsule, ( kap'sül ,) n. chest, a case.] ( Bot . ) A superior, one or more celled, many-seeded, dry, dehiscent fruit. It is syncarpous , that is, formed of several carpels united together. The dehiscence, or opening, of the capsule may either take place by valves, as in the fox-glove, primrose, and rhododendron, or by pores near the summit, as in the poppy and snapdragon. The distinctive name of Pyxis or Pyzidium has been given to a beautiful kind of capsule, which -One subdued or charmed by beauty or excellence; one opens as if cut around near the summit, and presents the appearance of a cup with a lid. Examples of the latter may be seen in the pimpernel and henbane. The capsule is one-celled in the mignonette, heart's-ease, and gentian; two or more celled in the scrophularia, colchi Captive, ( kap'tiv ,) n . [Fr. captif ; Lat. captivus , from capio , captus . One who is taken prisoner in war, or by any force or stratagem. "Our bread was such as captive's tears Have moistened many a you sand years." - Byron. ensnared by love, flattery, or woman's wiles. "Whose words all ears took captive." - Shaks. -a. Made prisoner; kept in bondage or confinement. "My woman's heart Gro ly grew captive to his honey words." Shaks. cum, iris, and datura. It is a very common form of fruit, Relating to captivity, durance, or confinement; as, cap lonia. Locke. tive chains. "The Stygian floods oppose, And with circling streams the captive souls inclose." - Dryden. Captiv'ity, n. [Fr. captivité ; Lat. captivitas .] State or condition of being a captive or prisoner, or of being in the power of an enemy. -Subjection; bondage; slavery; servitude. "For men to be tied, as it were with a kind of captivity of judg. ment." Hooker . ( Scrip .) A term employed in Scripture to denote the punishment inflicted by God on the Jews for their idolatry and wickedne , by allowing them to be removed out of their own land. This was one of the means frequently adopted by eastern monarchs in order to establish their power over vanquished nations; viz., to transport an important part of the population of those nations into their own dominions; and sometimes, also, they established in the vacated territory a portion of their own subjects. To a people like the Hebrews, whose religion was connected with particular places, such a proceeding must have been particularly severe. When personally removed from Jerusalem, they could no longer obey their sacred law in many of its most vital points, and many others they were forced to modify by reason of their changed circumstances. Their first captivity was that of Egypt, from which they were rescued by Moses; but this is to be regarded rather as a providential dispensation than as a penal evil. We read of six captivities that took place during the government of the judges; but the two most signal captivities of this people were those of Israel and Judah after they had been formed into separate kingdoms, and are known as those of As syria and Babylon. That which is called the First Captivity was not brought about by a single re moval of the population; on the contrary, the kingdom of Israel was invaded on several occasions by the kings of As syria. About в. с. 740, Tiglath-Pileser carried off the more distant trans-Jordanic tribes to As syria. His succe or, Shalmanezer, twice invaded the kingdom which remained to Hosea. He attacked and reduced Samaria after a siege of three years, B. c. 721, and carried off into As syria and Media the king and the remainder of the ten tribes, and their place was supplied by colonies from Babylon and Susas. This was the end of Israel as a kingdom. More than a century elapsed before the second Babylonish captivity, which overtook the kingdom of Judah. Two distinct deportations are mentioned in the second book of Kings, three in Jeremiah, and one in Daniel. The two principal deportations, however, were-1. That which took place B. c. 598, when Johoiakin, with all the nobles, soldiers, and artificers, were carried away; and, 2. that which followed the destruction of the Temple and the capture of Zedekiah, B. c. 588. The seventy years of captivity predicted by Jere miah are dated by Prideaux from B. c. 606. The Jews in IMG:content-0058.png:[graphic] IMG:content-0059.png:[blocks in formation] made to discover them living as a distinct community in some distant part of the interior of Asia. The most probable opinion, however, seems to be that the great ma of them became absorbed in the nations among whom they were planted; but that many of them returned with the children of Judah, after the Babylonish captivity, to their own land, by which means they became one people. The sufferings entailed upon the Jewish people under the Romans far exceeded that of any other captivity which they underwent; for they were then reduced to a real state of bondage. According to Joseph us, 1,100,000 men fell in the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, and 97,000 were captured during the war. Of the latter, many were cast to wild beasts or butchered in the amphitheatres; others were doomed to work as public slaves in Egypt, and only those under 17 years of age were sold into private bondage. An equally dreadful destruction fell upon the remains of the nation, which had once more a embled in Judæa, under the reign of Hadrian (A. D. 133), as related by Dion Ca ius. By these two savage wars the Jewish population must have been effectually extirpated from the Holy Land itself, a result which did not follow from the Babylonian captivity. Cap'tor, n. [Lat., from capio .] One who takes as a prisoner or prize. Cap'ture, n. [Fr. capture ; Lat. captura , from capio , captus.] Act of taking or seizing by force; seizure; arrest; as, the capture of an enemy's ship. -The thing taken; a prize. w. a. To take or seize by force, surprise, authority, or stratagem; as, to capture an outlying picket. Capua, (anc. Capoa or Capua , ) a strongly fortified city of 8. Italy, prov. Caserta, Terra di Lavoro, on the left bank of the Volturno, in a fine plain 18 m. N. of Naples. The town has a citadel, the work of Vauban, and is reckoned one of the keys of the kingdom. It is a finely built city, and contains many handsome public edifices. Its trade is unimportant. The ancient C. was situated about 24 m. from the modern city. The remains of its amphitheatre, said to have been capable of containing 100,000 spectators, and of some of its tombs, attest its former splendor and magnificence. The amazing fertility of its territory, and the commercial spirit of its inhabitants, rendered C. one of the largest and richest cities of ancient Italy. It was destroyed by the Saracens, A. D. 840. Pop . 12,548. Capuchin', Cap'ucine, n. (Zool.) An American monkey, of the genus Cebus . See WEEPER. Capuchin', n. [Fr. capucine , a nun of the order of St. Francis.) A garment for females, consisting of a cloak and hood, after the manner of the Capuchin friars. -A pigeon whose head is hooded with feathers. Capuchins, ( ka - pū'shēnz ,) n. pl . [ Fr.capucin , from ca puce , a cowl.) ( Eccl . Hist .) A body of friars, of a reformed order of St. Francis, which was established by Matthew de Baschi in 1525. In 1528 they obtained a bull from Clement VII., and in 1529 the order was fully established. This branch of the Francis cans derived their name from the cowl ( caputium ), which they wore, but were at first called Friars Hermits Minor . Paul III. confirmed the order in 1536, and gave them the name of Capuchins of the order of Friars Minor. The right of preaching, taken from them in 1543, was restored two years later. They were introduced into France in 1573, and into Spain in 1606, but had no houses in England. Cap'ulet, n. See CAPELLET. Cap'ulin, n. [Sp.] The Mexican cherry. Ca'put, n. [Lat., the head.] ( Anat .) The head, skull, or cranium; the entire bones and muscles of the head and face, with the brain, and organs; the integument and hair of the several parts. - The term caput is also applied to, -1. the upper extremity of a long bone, as the humerus; 2. the origin of a muscle; 3, a protuberance resembling a head, as the caput gall in agin is , a small eminence in the urethra; 4. the beginning of a part; as caput col i , the head of the colon. -In the English universities, the word caput is applied to the great council, or Senatus Consultum , consisting of the Vice-Chancellor, a doctor of each of the several faculties of divinity, law, and medicine, and two Masters of Arts, chosen by the senate annually. This body must approve every grace before it can be submitted to the senate. Capybara, n. (Zool.) See HYDRO CHER US. Car, n. [W.car; Lat. carr us; from curro , to run; It. carro; Fr. char .) A small vehicle that runs or moves on wheels. This term is of various application. In England, it is frequently applied to a hackney - coach , or four wheeled vehicle for public hire; also, to that two-wheel conveyance now more generally designated cab . The Irish car is a one-horse cart, with very low, broad wheels, used for carting out manure, and carrying home grain in the case of soft, peaty soils. Again, the Irish jaunting - car is a kind of low, one-horse chaise, commonly without springs, in which the people sit back to back, and with their faces looking sideways; sometimes called a low - backed car. "When first I saw sweet Peggy, 'twas on a market day, In a low - back'd car she sat, sir, upon a tru of hay." S. Lover. -In the United States, the term car is commonly applied to a pa enger vehicle running upon rails, which, in England, is called a carriage . -A chariot of war or triumph; as, a triumphal car . "Like captives bound to a triumphant car." Shaks. (Astron.) The constellation Ursa Major , sometimes called "Charles' Wain," or "Charles' Car." Carabid'æ, n. pl. ( Zool .) A very numerous family of Coleopterous insects, containing some of the largest of the carnivorous beetles, many of which are adorned with brilliant metallic colors. The body of these insects is of a very firm consistence, whereby they are enabled to creep about under stones, ., as well as prevented from falling beneath the power of the insects they attack; most of the species of this family being eminently insectivorous; prowling about in search of their prey, on the surface of the ground, under stones, ., or beneath the bark of trees, or in the mo growing at their roots. They are accordingly of e ential service in keeping down the numbers of noxious insects with which our gardens and pastures might otherwise be overrun. They are not at all, however, exclusively carnivorous. Some of the species exhale a fetid odor, discharging at the same time from the abdomen to a considerable distance, a caustic and acrid fluid. The family C. corresponds with the genus Carabus of Lin næus. Carabine, n . ( Mil .) See CARBINE. Carabine-à-tige, n. [Fr.] ( Mil .) A rifle used in the French service, which has an iron pin fixed at the end of the breech in the line of the axis; on this, the bullet, which is elongated, is forced down by a hard blow of the ram-rod, and so expanded into the grooves. Carabineer', Carbineer', n. ( Mil .) A heavy dra- goon; a horse-soldier who is armed with a carbine. Car'aboid, a. ( Zool .) Relating to the Carabus or CARA- BIDE, q. v. Car'abus, n. (Zool.) See CAR ABIDE. Car'ac, n. ( Naut .) Same as CARACK, q. v. Caracal, n. (Zool.) See LYNX. Car a call a, MARCUS AURELIUS ANT ON IN US, ( kar - a - kal'la ,) a Roman emperor, the son of Severus, whose real name was Ba i an us, but nicknamed C. by the soldiers, in consequence of his wearing a short ca ock, of a fashion peculiar to the Gauls. This execrable monster, whose short career was tracked out by rapine and murder, was, upon the death of the Emperor Severus, in 211 A. D., with his younger brother Geta, at once declared his cosucce ors, and together being invested with the purple, they immediately set out for Rome to be acknowledged by the senate; but the mutual fears and jealousies entertained by each of the other broke out in many disputes before they reached the imperial city, when C. being resolved to reign alone, adopted a plan to rid himself of his rival, congenial to his savage and impetuous nature, and followed by a few ruffians, he burst into his mother's chamber, where Geta, fearing his vengeance, had taken refuge; and though the empre mother covered him with her person, C. plunged his sword in his brother's body while in the arms of his mother, and leaving his ruffians to dispatch him, left the apartment; and afterwards, with a mockery of religion and fraternal love, gave orders that the murdered Geta should be worshipped as a god. Once freed from all restraint, and sole master of the Roman world, C. started on his career of blood, spreading death and terror throughout the land, for not even the crimes of Domitian, or the cruelties of Nero, could match the atrocities of this barbarous monster. Having taken umbrage at the conduct of some of the officials of Alexandria, who had lampooned him, he was resolved to wreak his vengeance on the entire city, and therefore commanded the whole of the inhabitants to be put to the sword, -an order that was executed with frightful exactitude, without respect to age, sex, or condition, the whole people being swept off by a horrible butchery, every house filled with carca es, and the streets blocked up with heaps of slaughtered men and women. His enormities at length becoming greater than even the debased Romans could bear, Macrinus, one of his generals, took the opportunity of the emperor being with the army in Me so pot am i a to excite one of his officers, Martial, a centurion of the body-guard, to murder him. Martial, watching his opportunity, as C. accidentally alighted from his horse in a narrow lane near the town of Cannæ, rushed upon him from behind, and plunging his falchion through his back, left him dead on the spot, A. D. 217, exactly six years after his a umption of the purple. Caraca'ra, n . ( Zool .) A South-American bird, genus Polyborus , fam. Falcon ide . It is of the size of the common kite, and has a tail nine inches long. The beak is black and hooked; the plumage tawny, with white and