shale, shal

[Ger. schale a shell, peel, rind, or scale. Shale and scale are doublets.] *1. Ord . Lang .: A shell, a husk. "Leaving them but the shales and husks of men." Shakesp.: Henry V., iv. 2. 2. Petrol.: A more or le laminated rock of varying hardne and mineral composition, consisting of exceedingly fine comminuted materials; sometimes resembling slates, but of more recent geolog ical age. 3. Geol .: Shale, having been originally mud, may occur wherever in any bygone age silt has been deposited, and metamorphic action has not subsequently taken place. One of the best-known shales is the Carbonaceous Shale, blackened and otherwise modified, by carbonaceous matter. It has often finely-preserved impre ions of fo il ferns, . [BITUMINOUS-SHALE, CARBONIFEROUS-FORMATION.] The Bituminous Shales yield oil by distillation. [TORBANITE.] shāle, v . t . [SHALE, 8.] To peel, to shell. shalk-ite, s. [After Shalka, India, where it fell (Nov. 30, 1850); suff. ite ( Min .).] Min.: An extra-terrestrial rock, of which the meteorite of Shalka is the type. It consists principally of olivine and bronzite, with a little chro mite. shall, *schal, *shal (pa. t. * shoide , scholde , *shulde, should ), aux . v . [A. S. sceal , an old pa. t., used as a present, and thus conjugated: ic sceal , thú scealt, hé sceal ; pl. scut on , sculun, sceolun. Hence was formed a pa. t. scolde , sceolde, pl. sceoldon. The infinitive form is scul an to owe, to be under an obligation to do a thing, the verb following being put in the infinitive mood, as ic sceal gán I must go; hence, the modern use of the word as an auxiliary verb. Cogn. with Dut. ik zal =I shall, ik zoude =I should, inf in.zullen; Icel. skal , pl. skulum , pa. t. skyldi , skyldu , inf in. skulu ; Sw. skall , pa. t. skulle , inf in. skol a ; Dan. skal , pa. t. skulde , inf in. skulle ; Ger. soll , pa. t. sollte , inf in. sollen ; Goth. skal , pl. skulum , pa. t. skulda , inf in. skulan . All from the same base as A. S. scyld guilt, i. e., desert of punishment; Ger. schuld=guilt, fault, debt. ( Skeat .)] 3649 *I. Originally as an independent transitive verb: To owe; to be under an obligation of or for. (Chaucer: Troilus and Cre ida , 1,600.) II. As an auxiliary verb : *1. To be under the obligation; to be bound. "Al drery was his chere and his loking When that he sholde out of the chambre go." Chaucer. (Todd.) (1) Forming the first persons singular and plural of the future tense, shall is used to denote simple futurity, and simply foretelling or declaring something which is to take place, and thus equivalent to am to , are to ; as, I shall go to town to-morrow, i. e., I am to, or I intend to go to town. Shall in this case expre es mere futurity, without any idea of determination or decision, to denote which in the first persons singular and plural will is used [WILL (1), v.]; that is, the simple future in full is, I shall, indirect narration, however, shall is used in the thou wilt, he will; we shall, you will, they will. In second and third persons to denote simple futurity; as, He thinks he shall go. (2) In the second and third persons shall is used: (a) To denote control or authority on the part of the speaker, as when a promise, command, or determination is applied; as, You shall go, i. e., You must go, Thou shalt not kill, . (b) To denote nece ity or inevitability in the mind of the speaker; futurity thought inevitable and answered for by the speaker. "Beasts shall tremble at thy din." Shakesp.: Tempest , i. 2. (3) When used interrogatively, in the first and third persons, shall asks for direction or refers the question to the decision of the person asked; as, Shall I go? Shall they go? But in the second person shall, used interrogatively, merely asks for information as to the future; as, Shall you come? (4) After conditionals, as if or whether , and in dependent clauses generally, shall , in all the per sons, denotes simple futurity. "If we shall shake off our slavish yoke." Shakesp.: Richard II., ii. 2, *2. Shall and should are used elliptically with adverbs, for shall (or should ) go , as: 3. Should , though in form the past of shall , is not used to expre simple past futurity, except in indirect speech; as, I said I should go. It is used: (1) To expre present duty or obligation; as, We (they, .) should practice virtue; or (2) Past duty or obligation; as, I (thou, he, .) should have gone, i. e., 1 (thou, he, .) ought to have gone, It was the duty of ne (you, him, .) to have gone. (3) To expre a simple hypothetical case or a contingent future event, standing in the same relation to would that shall does to will ; as, I shall be pleased if you will come, and I should be pleased if you would come. So also in conditional and dependent clauses should is, like shall , used to denote simple futurity; as, If it should rain to-morrow, he will not come. "He had expected that he should be able to push forward without a moment's pause, that should find French army in a state of wild disorder, and that his victory would be easy and complete." -Macaulay: Hist. Eng., ch. xix. (4) It is used to soften or modify a statement; as, I should not like to say so. (5) It should seem was formerly used for "it seems," where we now say, It would seem . 4. Shall was sometimes colloquially or provincially abbreviated into 's; as, "Thou's hear our counsel." Shakesp.: Romeo and Juliet, i. 3. shăl'-11, s. [SHAWL.] Fabric: A twilled cloth made from the hair of the Angora goat. Written also challis , chally (q. v.). shăl-lồn, s . [Etym. doubtful.] Bot.: Gaultheria shallon , a small, shrubby, evergreen heath wort, with white flowers, growing in pine forests in North America. The berries are used for tarts, and the Indians make them into bread. Called also Salal. shal-loôn', 8. [Fr. chal on =a woolen stuff, said to have been made at Chalons, in France.] Fabric : A kind of worsted stuff. 'In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad, And Scipio trail an Irish purple plaid." Swift . shăl-lốp, s. [Fr. chaloupe, from Sp. chalupa =a sloop (q. v.).] Nautical: 1. A light fishing-ve el with two masts and car rying lug or fore-and-aft sails. 2. A sloop (q. v.). 3. A boat for one or two rowers. "The maid alarmed, with hasty oar, Pushed her light shallop from the shore." Scott: Lady of the Lake, i. 20. IMG:content-1304.png:[blocks in formation] shalt shal-lot, s. [ESCHALOT.] Bot.: The common name of Allium as cal on i cum . shal-lōw, *schal-owe, a . & 8. [The same word as shoal (q. v.); cf. Icel. skjálgr =oblique, wry; Sw. dial. skjalg ; Ger. schel.] A. As adjective : 1. Not deep; not having much depth; having the bottom at a little distance from the surface or edge; as, shallow water, a shallow dish, . *2. Not penetrating deeply. "A shallow scratch."- Shakesp .: Henry IV., Pt. I., v. 4. 3. Not intellectually deep, not profound; not penetrating deeply into abstruse matters; superficial, empty, silly. "Some shallow story of deep love." Shakesp.: Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. 1. sound. *4. Not deep or full of sound; thin and weak in all the length of the virginal, and the other the end "If a virginal were made with a double concave, the one the strings, as the harp hath, it must make the sound perfecter, and not so shallow and jarring."- Bacon. IMG:content-1305.png:[blocks in formation] "Shallows are extensive and level depre ions of the luminous solar clouds, generally surrounding the openings to a considerable distance."-Sir W. Herschel, in Philosoph. Transactions , xci. 267. Shallow - water deposits : Geol.: Deposits which afford evidence that they were originally laid down in shallow water. Examples: Conglomerates, grits, sandstones, especially when they have ripple marks and false bedding. Among the molluscous genera characteristic of shallow water are Purpura, Patella, Cardium, Haliotis, Trochus, Pecten, Mytilus, Pholas, Conus, Mitra, Cypræa, Pinna, Arca, . ( Seeley .) shallow-brained, a. Having no depth of intellect; empty-headed. "A company of lewd, shallow - brained huffs making South . atheism, and contempt of religion, the sole badge of wit." shallow-hearted, a . Superficial, trifling. "Ye sanguine shallow - hearted boys." Shakesp.: Titus Andronicus , iv. 2. shallow-pated, adj . The same as SHALLOW BRAINED (q. v.). shallow-rooted, adj. Not having deeply-penetrating roots. "Now, 'tis the spring, and weeds are shallow-rooted." Shakesp.: Henry VI ., Pt . II . , iii. 1. *shallow-searching, adj . Not penetrating deeply into abstruse matters.