ENTOMOLOGY

members for terrestrial progre ion, for leaping or climbing, swimming or diving, are endowed with wings, and are capable of rapid and extensive flight. The power of traversing space is given in greater fulne and perfection to.the cla of insects than to any other created beings on our planet. A peculiar condition of the breathing organs, and a peculiar animal ti ue (chitine), which combines great strength, elasticity, and levity, coexist in insects, and in insects only. If, therefore, the highest of living created animals contain the characteristic structures of all lower forms, as some transcendental anatomists a ume, then man is not the acme or apotheosis of animal organization; for neither anastomosing trachere nor a particle of chitine is present in his system; nor does he po e a thousandth part of tiie locomotive energies of certain insects. Those insects which have more than six articulated legs, and have the segments of the trunk free, without distinction of thorax and abdomen, which undergo no other metamorphosis than acquiring an increased number of segments after exclusion from the egg, and which lastly po e neither compound eyes nor wings, are separated by some zoologists as a distinct cla , under the name Myriapod a, which see. In the Hexapod insects, the body is divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen; the head supports a pair of antennae, and contains apair of compound, and often also simple eyes; the mouth is provided witli a labium, labrum, mandibulae, and maxilla; the labium and maxillae also support peculiar feeling organs, called palpi. Sometimes these parts of the mouth, which are termed collectively trophi, or oral organs, are distinct, and adapted to mastication: the insects thus characterized constitute an extensive primary division of the cla termed Mandibulata. Those insects m which the trophi are so modified as to form an instrument of suction are included in the primary division called Ilaustellata. The Hexapod insects were divided by Linnaeus into the following orders: — 1. Coleoptera. Wings four, the upper pair hard, with a straight suture. Ex.: Beetles and earwigs. 2. Hemipter a. Wings four, the upper pair moderately hard and incumbent. Ex.: Bugs, locusts, tree-hoppers, plant-lice, . 3. Lepidoptera. Wings four, covered with scales. Ex.: Motlis and butterflies. 4. Ncuroptcra. Wings four, membranaceous; anus unarmed. Ex.: Dragon-flies, May-flies, . •5. Hymcnoptera. Wings four, membranaceous; anus aculeate. Ex.: Bees, ants, saw-flies, . 6. Diptera. Wings two; halteres two, in place of the posterior wings. Ex.: Fljes. 7. Aptera. Wings none. In this order Linnaeus included not only true Apterous insects, as fleas, but also centipedes, spiders, crabs, lobsters, .; or the articulate animals now forming the cla es Myriapod a, Arachnid a, and Crustacea. There is not, perhaps, any cla of the animal kingdom which has been the subject of more numerous and various attempts at cla ification than that of insects. We have just seen that Linnaeus adopted the locomotive system as the basis of his method. Fabric i us, his pupil, proposed a system founded on modifications of the structure of the mouth. Latreille endeavoured to form a natural cla ification of those most numerous animals from a consideration of their entire organization. His latest system is as follows: — yub-cla I. Aptera. No wings; simple ej'es in most. A. No metamorphosis, but simple moultmg, without a season of torpidity; mouth in some a simple sucker, in others mandibulate. Order 1. Thysanura. 2. An on lour a (or Paras it a'). B. A complete meta morphos i,-, larvae apodal; pupae torpid; mouth haustellate, composed of an articulate sheath containing three setae, with two scales at their base; body much compre ed; the species saltatory and parasitic. 3. Aphaniptera (or Siphon apter a). Sub-cla II. Ptilota. Wings, but sometimes not developed as such; two compound eyes, to which in many are added simple eyes. A. Two wings covered by two elytra, either crustaceous or coriaceous. a. Mandibles and maxillae; elytra of the same consistence. 4. Coleoptera. 5. Derm apter a. 6. Orthoptera. b. No mandibles nor maxillae; mouth haustellate, composed of an articulate sheath, including four setae; elytra membranous at their extremity in most. 7. Hemipter a. B. Wings four, or two; not covered by elytra. a. Mandibulate; wings four, membranous, and generally transparent; a small scale (tegulum) at the base of the two anterior wings. EOCENE. 8. Neuroptera. 9. Hymenoptera.. b. Haustellate; wings scaly; tegula large, and thrown back. 10. Lepidoptera. c. Two wings; haustellate. 1 1. Strepsiptera (or Rhipiptera). 12. Diptera. For the characters of the above orders see the articles. under their respective denominations, ENTOMO'PHAGA. (Gr. ivTo/jM, insects, and (^a.ya,, I eat.) A tribe of Marsupial quadrupeds, characterized by having three kinds of teeth — viz. incisors, canines, and molares — in both jaws, and the intestinal canal provided with a moderate-sized ccecum. The Opo ums (Dedelphys). Bandicoots (Per a me les), and the genera Myrmecooius and Cliceropus are a ociated to form this group; and feed principally, though not exclusively, on insects. E'NTOMO'STRACANS. (Gr. evw^of, incised, and oTreotxoy, a shell.) A division of the cla Crustacea, including those species which are covered with a thin horny tegument in the form of a shell, and consisting of one or two pieces. ENTOZO'A. (Gr. svrof, and Xucv, an animal.) A name given to an extensive series of low-organized invertebrate and generally vermiform animals, of whieh the greater part are parasitic on the internal, organs of other animals. They have colourle blood, circulated in the higher organized species in a closed system of ve els, without an auricle or ventricle; they have no respiratory organs, no articulated members for locomotion, no organs of sense. The digestive system consists either of tubes or cavities excavated in the parenchymatous texture of the body, and without an anal outlet; or of a tube with both oral and anal orifices freely suspended in an abdominal cavity. A filamentary nervous system has been recognized in the higher organized En., tozoa, occasionally complicated with a ganglion near the mouth; the generative system is unisexual, hermaphrodite, or dioecious. (For the cla ification of the Entozoa, see Intestinal i a.) The species of Entozoa known to infest the human body are the following: — Ascaris vermicular is, Ascaris lumbricoides, Tricocephaius dis.par, Bothriocephalus lat us. Taenia solium, in the alimentary canal; Distotna hepalicum, in the gall-bladder; A cep halo cyst is endogen a, Echinococcus hominis, in the substance of the liver, in the omentum and cavity of the abdomen; Filaria bronchial is, in the bronchial glands; Strongyl us gigas, in the kidney; Spiroptera hominis and Strongyl us spiniger, in the urinary bladder; Poly stoma pinguicola, in the ovarium; Trichina spiral is, in the voluntary muscles; Cysticercus celluloses, Filaria medincw5«s and Filaria oculi, in the cellular ti ue. ENTREPOT. In Commerce, the name given in France and some other countries to a warehouse or other place where goods brought from abroad may be deposited, and from whence they may be withdrawn for export to another country, without payment of any tax or duty. An entrepot is, therefore, synonymous with what is called a free port on the Continent, and in this country with a bonded umrehouse; that is, a warehouse in which foreign products are stored under the joint locks of the king and the importer: if such products be entered for home consumption, they are free of duty till their entry; and if they be re-exporfed to a foreign country, they are exempted from all duty, and merely pay a small sum as warehouse rent. In popular language, however, the word entrepot is frequently employed to designate a sea-port or commercial town which exports the produce of a considerable adjacent territory, and imports the foreign articles required for its supply. But its correct signification is that given above. E'NTRESOL. (Fr.) In Architecture. 5fe Mezzanine. ENTRO'PIUM. {Gr.iv, in, sxiAr^irtuv, to turn.) A turning in of the eyelashes and eyelid, S9 as to irritate the ball of the eye. E'NTRY, in Law, signifies the taking po e ion of lands and tenements where a man has title of entry. It is also used for a writ of po e ion. Entry is either actual, made by the party or his attorney; or an entry in law, by continual claim. Remedy by entry takes place in cases of abatement, intrusion, and di eisin; not on discontinuance or deforcement. E'NVELOPE. In Fortification, a mound of earth, raised to cover some weak part of the works. Envelopes are sometimes raised in the ditch of the place, sometimes beyond it; and are in the form of a single parapet, or a small parapet bordered by another. E'NVOYS, ORDINARY and EXTRAORDINARY, belong to the second order of diplomatic ministers. They are inferior in rank to amba adors, properly so called; the chief difference between them being that the latter are held to represent the interests of their sovereign as agents, the former his person. See Amba ador. E'OCE'NE. (Gr. vjUi, the morning, and xaiva^, recent.) In Geology. " This period we shall call Eocene, because D d 2 Page 417