Berlichingen, Getz

VON, surnamed the "Irou Hand," a brave and turbulent German noble, B. at Jaxthausen in Würtemberg, 1480; D. 1562. He was almost constantly at war, was put under the ban of the empire by Maximilian, and was killed during the siege of a fortre in which he had taken refuge. His story was dramatized by Göthe. Berlin, the capital of the kingdom of Pru ia, and of the German Empire, in the province of Branden burg; Lat. 52° 30′ 16" N.; Lon. 13° 23′ 58′′ E. Its streets are broad and straight, some of them orun mented with rows of trees; squares regular and spacious; houses all of brick, and mostly stuccoed over; public buildings and monuments, numerous and mag nificent; so that, notwithstanding its samene . the want of bustle and liveline , and the poverty of its environs, B. is one of the finest cities in Europe. It was founded in the 12th century. Up to a very recent date, B. was a walled city; and some of its 19 gates still remain, the principal of which is the Brandenburg Gate, surmounted by a gigantic car of Victory. Among the principal structures are, the Nether land Palace and the palace of the Emperor, museum, opera house, arsenal (one of the finest in Europe), university, and the palace of Monbijou, occupied by Peter the Great when he visited this city. An equestrian statue, by Rauch, erected in honor of Frederick the Great, stands in the street Unter den Linden, and is one of the grandest monuments of its kind in Europe. The Spree, intersecting the city, is cro ed by about 40 bridges. The street Unter den Linden is the finest in B .; it is nearly a mile in length, and the favorite promenade of the wealthy and the fashionable. The Schlo Platz , or square of the palace, ranks as the noblest of the squares that adorn this city. B. po e es many celebrated literary institutions, hospitals, and asylums. It may be regarded as the political and literary metropolis of N. Germany, and is distinguished alike for the number and celebrity of her statesmen, philosophers, scholars, and artists. Its pre is very active, and about 3,000 persons are engaged in literature, and the various trades connected therewith. B. is one of the principal manufacturing cities of Germany. Among other branches are included the fabrication of steam-engines, woollens, cottons, ribbons, porcelain, hardware, paper, carriages, watches and jewelry, tobacco, sugar, . All the great railway lines of the kingdom centre in B. , which has, besides, a large command of inland navigation extending to Hamburg and the Elbe on the W., to Stettin and Swinemünde on the N., and to the Vistula on the E. Owing to the flatne of the ground on which it is built, the drainage of the city was formerly very imperfect; but this defect has been remedied of late years, by the establishment of a thorough system of drainage. There are numerous places of amusement in and near B. The theatres and opera-house are well attended, and there is no city, Vienna excepted, where music is more universally patronized, or where the opera is better performed or more heartily appreciated, than in B. The city is the seat of an extensive commerce, and the centre of the financial transactions of the kingdom. Berlin was taken by the Austrians and Ru ians in 1760 and was occupied by the French from 1806 to 1812. In 1565 B. had a pop. of 12,000, which had risen to 90,000 in 1740; yet, for many years afterwards it was still described as a large tract enclosed with walls and built over in such a way as to cover the greatest amount of space po ible with brick structures, in accordance with the wishes of its autocratic founder. Its becoming the capital of the new German Empire in 1871, however, opened for B. an unexpected era of prosperity and importance. By 1880, its pop . had reached 1,122,360; at the present date, 1897, it is estimated that the city contains very nearly, if not quite, 1,700,000 inhabitants. Berlin, Treaty of. ( Euro . Pol.) The treaty made in 1878 at San Stephano (see SAN STEPHANO) proving unsatisfactory to some of the European powers, notably so to Great Britain, a Congre was called at Berlin represented by Germany, England, Ru ia, Austria, France, Italy, and Turkey and presided over by Prince Bismarck, in this same year, when the following partial partition and rectification of the boundaries of Turkey were decided upon, viz.: BULGARIA "is constituted an autonomic tributary principality, under the Suzerainty of the Sultan, with a Christian government and a national militia. The principality is limited on the S. by the Balkins. The Prince to be elected by the population, confirmed by the Porte and the European powers. The plan to be prepared by an A embly of Nobles, convoked at Tirnova." Full religious liberty is to be enjoyed, and Bulgaria to bear a part of the public debt of the empire. "South of the Balkins there shall be formed the province of EASTERN ROUMELIA, under the direct political authority of the Sultan, having administrative autonomy and a Christian governor general" appointed by the Porte, with the a ent of the powers. Full religious liberty is to be enjoyed. "BOSNIA and HERZEGOVINA to be occupied and administered by Austro-Hungary, with the exception of the Sandjak of Novi-Bazar." Spizza is incorporated with Dalmatia. "The independence of MONTE NEGRO is recognized, and Antivari to be annexed thereto," but to be closed to war-ships of all nations. M. is to have no flag or ships of war, the Consuls of Austria to protect her merchant flag. Monte negro shall bear a portion of the Turkish national debt. "The independence of SERVIA is recognized," full religious liberty enjoyed, and she to bear a share of the public debt of Turkey. ROUMANIA "is recognized as independent," and full religious liberty enjoyed; R. to give back to Ru ia that part of BESSARABIA, containing abt. 2,500 sq. m., taken under the treaty of Paris (Crime an War), and receives the Dobrudscha and also the territory south, as far as a line starting east of Silistria and joining the Black Sea, south of Mangal i a; exact lines of boundary to be fixed by a European commi ion. The fortifications on the Danube from the Iron Gates to its mouth to be razed, and no ships of war shall navigate the Danube down wards from the Iron Gates. In all parts of Turkey full religious liberty is to be enjoyed; and in no part of the empire shall differences of religion be motive for unfitne in anything pertaining to civil and political rights. ARDAHAN, KARS, and BATOUM are ceded to Ru ia, the latter to be a commercial port only. The island of CYPRUS is ceded to Great Britain, and for which she agrees to pay to Turkey a stipulated sum annually, and Great Britain, under treaty made with Turkey, June 4th, 1878, engages to defend the Asiatic dominions of the Sultan against any further attack; while the Sultan is to introduce nece ary reforms, to be agreed upon between the two powers. In accordance with a protocol to the Berlin treaty, a rectification of the frontier is to be made between Turkey and Greece. Upon the authority of Lord Beacons field, Turkey, excluding Bosnia and Bulgaria, retains in Europe 60,000 sq. m. of territory, which is le than she would have lost by the treaty of San Stephano. The latter provided for a territorial extension of Bulgaria nearly three times greater than the Berlin treaty, with other territorial lo es in both Europe and Asia. The total area lost to Turkey by the treaty of Berlin, amounts to about 71,000 miles of territory. See Le Traité de B. , annote et commenté, par B. Brunswik. Paris, 1879. Berlioz, (bair'le-oz,) HECTOR, a French musical composer, B. at La Côte St. André, Isère, 1803. He has produced many symphonies and operas, respecting the merits of which there has been much difference of opinion. Some have thought them extravagant in character, while Liszt was of opinion that they po e ed high merit, and Pagan in i testified his sense of B.'s genius by presenting him with an order on his banker for $4,000, declaring him equal to Beethoven. His literary works, principally Les Soirées de l'Orchestre, evince a thorough knowledge of the vast range of musical topics. D. 1869. Berm, ( burm ,) n. ( Fort .) A ledge or pathway, from 3 to 8 feet in width, at the bottom of the outside of a rampart, where it joins the scarp or inner side of the ditch. It is almost on a level with the natural surface of the ground; and serves in part as a pa age-way for the troops of the garrison, and in part as a means of preventing the ditch from being filled with earth and rubbish, when the rampart is battered by the besiegers. Ber'meo, a sea-port of Spain, on its N. coast, prov. of Biscay, 16 m. N.E. of Bilbao; pop . abt. 4,304. Bermondsey, a suburb of London, England, included in the borough of South wark. Bermu'da Hundred, in Virginia , Chesterfield co., 2 m. N. by W. of City Point, near the mouth of the Appomattox River. Pop . 877. This place was fortified during the civil war, in May 1864, by General Butler, who purposed offensive measures against Petersburg; but being deprived of two-thirds of his effective force, to reinforce the army operating against General Lee, he reported that "the nece ities of the army of the Potomac had bottled him up at Bermuda Hundred." Bermudas, (The,) or SOMER'S ISLANDS, a group of small islands, about 300 in number, in the N. Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Great Britain, stretching N.E. by E. and S.W. by W., abt. 20 m., the light-house on Gibb's Hill being situate in Lat. 32° 14' 54" N., Lon. 64° 53′ W., 580 m. S.E. of Cape Hatter as. Area , about 30 sq. m. When viewed from the sea, the elevation of these islands is trifling, the highest land scarcely attaining to a height of 200 ft. Their general aspect is similar to the W. India Islands, and they are almost everywhere surrounded by extensive coral reefs, the channels through which are extremely intricate, and can only be safely navigated by native pilots. The principal islands are those of Bermuda, St. George, Ireland, and Somerset. The protection afforded to shipping by their numerous bays, and their position in the track of the homeward bound W. India ve els, have led to the conversion of the B. into a maritime rendezvous, and as, likewise, the British naval station in W. Indian waters. The harbor of St. George's Island has been greatly improved, is fortified, protected by a breakwater, and has water and space enough to float the entire U. States navy. - Prod . Principally, fruits, vegetables, maize, and tobacco. Pineapples are very abundant and largely exported. - Clim . Mild and salubrious; almost realizing the idea of a perpetual spring. Fish abounds, and forms a profitable source of industry to the inhabitants. Breadstuffs, . are imported from the U. States, and manufactured goods from England.-Hamilton, on Bermuda Island, is the seat of the colonial government. Pop . 15,884. These islands were discovered by Bermudez, a Spaniard, in 1522, and settled by the English in 1607, and are supposed to be the "still vexed Bermoothes ," mentioned in Shakspeare's Tempest . - Pulmonary invalids are occasionally sent to Bermuda from the U. States. It affords a good winter retreat, provided due care be taken in selecting a locality sheltered from the strong winter winds. Hamilton has been recommended with this view. Bermudian, in Pennsylvania , a post-village of Adams co., 19 m. S. by W. of Harris burg. Bern, in Switzerland. See BERNE. Ber'nacle, or Barnacle Goose, n. (Zool.) A bird which inhabits the Arctic regions, and in its autumnal migrations visits the more temperate countries of our Northern States. The length of the B. goose, Barnicla leucopsis , is rather more than two feet. The bill is black; the forehead, sides of the head, and the throat are pure white; the rest of the head, neck, and shoulders, black; the upper part of the plumage is marked with blue, gray, black, and white; and the legs are black. The history of this bird has been rendered singularly remarkable by the marvellous counts which were related in ac Fig . 344. Bernalillo, a W. central county of New Mexico Territory, traversed by the Rio Grande and Rio Puerco, and also watered by the Zuni and Rio San José. Surface, gone rally mountainous. Soil, fertile and grain-producing. Cap. Albuquerque. -A post-office of the above co.; pop . 745. Bernard, PIERRE JOSEPH, (or Gentil Bernard, as he is commonly called after Voltaire,) a French poet; 3. at Grenoble, 1710. He showed, at an early age, a great taste for poesy, and was at first only an attorney's clerk, but afterwards became secretary to Marshal de Coigny, who had command of the army of Italy. After the mar shal's death, he obtained a lucrative appointment, and was now able to indulge his poetic faculties. He wrote an opera, Castor and Polluz , which met with great succe ; the Art of Loving , and a number of odes, songs, . Ilis works were collected and reprinted in 1803. D. 1775. Bernard, (Great St.,) (anc. Mont Jovis ,) the name of a famous pa of the Pennine Alps, in Switzerland, leading over the mountains from Martigny to Aosta, Savoy. In its highest part it attains to an elevation of 8,150 feet, being almost impa able in winter, and very dangerous in spring, owing to the avalanches. Very near the summit of the pa , and on the edge of a small lake, is the celebrated hospice founded by Bernard de Menthon, and occupied by brethren of the order of St. Augustine, whose especial duty it is to a ist and relieve travellers cro ing the mountain. In searching for travellers who have lost their way, or been buried in the snow, they avail Fig . 345. CONVENT OF THE GREAT ST. BERNARD. themselves of a peculiar breed of dogs of extraordinary size and sagacity. The brethren have faithfully discharged the arduous duties imposed upon them, and have rescued hundreds of travellers from a premature death. The hospice is a ma ive stone building; it po e es some, but not much, independent property, and is principally dependent on collections made in the Swi cantons and other States, and on donations from the richer cla of travellers. In 1800, when the road was not nearly so good as it has since been made, Napoleon led an army of 30,000 men, with its artillery and cavalry, into Italy by this pa . The railway at present extends to Martigny, at the foot of the Great St. Bernard, and on the Italian side to Biella, so that the mountain is easily cro ed. Bernard, (Little St.,) a mountain of Switzerland, one of the range called the Graian (or Grecian) Alps, lying between Savoy and Piedmont, and 10 m. S. of Mont Blanc. This mountain is 7,076 feet above sea-level, and has an establishment conducted on the same principles as the one on the Great St. Bernard, only much smaller in its details. Bernard, St., ( bair'nar ,) Abbot of Clairvaux, was born of a noble family in Burgundy, in 1091. He was carefully trained by pious parents, and sent to study at the university of Paris. At the age of 23 he entered the recently founded monastery of Citeaux, accompanied by his brothers and above twenty of his companions. He observed the strictest rules of the order, and so distinguished himself by his ability and acquirements that he was chosen to lead the colony to Clairvaux, and was made abbot of the new house; an office which he filled till his death. His fame attracted a great number of novices, many of whom became eminent men. Among them was Pope Eugenius III., six cardinals, and many bishops. In 1128 he prepared the status for the order of Knights Templars. Popes and princes desired his support, and submitted their differences to his arbitration. By his influence Innocent II. was recognized as lawful Pope; he had a public debate with Abelard on some doctrines of his philosophy, and procured his condemnation; courageously opposed the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin and the festival instituted in its honor: was founder of 160 monasteries; and was the chief promoter of the second crusade. At the Council of Vezelai, in 1146, he spoke as if inspired before the king and the nobles of France, and with his own hand gave them their cro es. He then preached the crusade in Germany, persuaded the Emperor Conrad to join it, and refused the command which was offered him. His prediction of succe was falsified. St. Bernard was the vehement adversary of Arnold of Brescia, and procured his banishment from Rome and from Zurich. He succe fully attacked the doctrines of several so-called heretics. He steadily refused the offers of several archbishoprics and other dignities, preferring to remain abbot only. His character and his writings have earned him the title of "Last of the Fathers." The power, tenderne , and simplicity of his sermons and other works have secured the admiration of Protestants and Catholics alike. Dante introduces him in the last cantos of the" Paradise" with profound reverence and admiring love; and Luther studied his writings with the same feelings. St. Bernard died at Clairvaux in 1153, and was canonized in 1174. The best recent biographies of St. Bernard are, the German by Neander, and an English one by J. C. Morison. Bernard in de St. Pierre. See ST. PIERRE. Bernardines, ( ber'nardins ,) n . pl . ( Eccl . Hist .) An order of monks named after St. Bernard, a celebrated Francis can friar of the 14th century, by whom the order was reformed, but not founded. Their origin dates from the 12th century, and they differ little from the CISTERCIANS, q. v. Bernard in, St., an Italian monk, B. at Ma a-Carrara, 1380, whose courage and charity were conspicuous during the plague which ravaged Siena in 1400. In 1404 he entered the order of Francis cans, and was sent to the Holy Land. On his return to Italy he founded above 300 monasteries. He was much respected by the Emperor Sigismund, and his eloquence had the most beneficial effect on all cla es in Italy. D. at Aquila, 1444. He was canonized in 1450, his festival being on the 20th of May. Bernard's, in New Jersey, a township of Somerset county. Ber'nardston, in Ma achusetts , a post-township of Franklin co., 100 m. W.N.W. of Boston. Bernardsville, in New Jersey, a post-village of Somerset co., 35 miles N.E. of Trenton. Bernau, ( ber'now ,) a town of Pru ia, prov. Brandenburg, on the Panko, 15 m. N.E. of Berlin. Manf . Silk, velvets, linen, and calicoes. Ber'nay, a town of France, dep. Eure, on the Charentonne, 26 m. W.N.W. of Evreux. Manf . Woollens, linens, yarns, paper, . Pop . 8.322. Bern'burg, a town of North Germany, in the duchy of Anhalt, on the Saale, 23 m. S. of Magdeburg. It is well built and has some manufactories and trade. Pop . in 1895, 28,326. Berne, or BERN, ( bern ,) the largest, geographically speaking, of the 19 cantons of Switzerland, and ranking as the second in political importance, is bounded on the N. by the cantons Aargau and Solothurn or Soleure, S. by the Valais, E. by Uri, Lucerne, and Unterwalden, and W. by Freiburg, Vaud, and the Jura; length, N.W. to S.E., 82 m.; greatest breadth, 62 m. Area , 2,562 sq. m. Its surface is generally mountainous, intersected, however, by fine and fertile valleys, as those of the Aar, Hasli, Grin del wald, and Simmenthal. It is watered by the rivers Emmen, Simmen, Kander, and Thiel, the tributaries of the Aar and Rhine. Its lakes, Neufchâtel, Bienne, Thun, and Brienz, are formed by the expansion of the rivers Thiel and Aar. Prod Grain, hemp, dairy produce, .; agriculture prevailing only to a partial extent. Manf . Linens, woollens, wire, wooden toys, and watches. Cap . Berne. Pop . (1895) 537,000.-B. is one of the Protestant cantons, and joined the Swi Confederation, being the eighth canton, in 1352. BERNE, the chief city of the above canton, was, by the decision of the Council of the Confederation, in 1848, declared to be the political capital of the commonwealth. It is a fine, clean, well-built town, on the Aar, 23 m. S. of Basle, and po e es many fine public edifices, more notably, the Cathedral, erected 1421-1502. The most remarkable feature in the town are the arcades, running in front of the houses down both sides of the two chief streets. The inhabitants are serious and reserved, and proud of the ancient glory of their city. The aristocracy, or "patricians," as the old families were called, lived secluded from the other cla es. The town has bears for its arms; and some of these animals are maintained in a place called Bärengraben ("bear's ditch"), on funds appropriated to that special purpose. Manf . Watches, wooden clocks, and toys, linen, woollen, and silk fabrics. Pop . (1895) 47,270.- B . was founded by Duke Berth old V. of Zähringen, in 1191, and was made a free and imperial city by a charter from the Emperor Frederick II. dated May, 1218. Bern, in Minnesota , a post-office of Dodge co. Bern, in New York , a post-township of Albany co., 22 m. N. of the latter city. Bern, in Ohio, a township of Athens co. -A post-township of Fairfield co. -A post-office of Noble co, Bern, in Pennsylvania, a flourishing township of Berks co. IMG:content-0598.png:[blocks in formation] -a. Belonging, or relating, to Berne, or its people. Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, one of the greatest generals of his age, was born in 1604. He entered the army, and early distinguished himself. After being engaged in several affairs of minor importance, he joined the army of Gustavus Adolphus, in 1631, in the war against the House of Austria. He took part in the siege of Würzburg, a isted at the pa age of Oppenheim, took Mannheim, and drove the enemy from the Palatinate. He commenced the conquest of Bavaria, completed the victory of Lützen after the fall of Gustavus, and drove the Austrians from Saxony. He afterwards had a com- Ber'rie, in Ohio , a thriving township of Athens co. mand subordinate to Marshal Horn, and was hara ed Berried (ber'id), a. ( Bot .) Furnished with or hav by intrigues. He took Ratisbon, which was soon lost, ing, berries. and, with Horn, was defeated at Nordlingen, in Septem- Ber'rien, in Georgia, a S. co. Area , about 750 sq. m. ber, 1634. Soon after he accepted a subsidy from the king The Allapaha bounds it on the E., and the Little river of France, and concerted operations with Richelieu. In on the W. Cap . Nashville. Pop . (1898) 11,200. 1638 he won the battle of Rheinfeld, and took Alt-Brei--A village of Heard co., 8 miles W.S.W. of Franklin. sach. D. 1639. Bern'hard's Bay, in New York, a post-office of Oswego co.