type, tipe

[Fr., from Lat. typum; acc us. of typus a figure, an image, a type, from Gr. typos =a blow, a mark, a figure, a type, a character of a disease, from typto =to strike, to beat; Sp. & Ital. tipo.] I. Ordinary Language: 1. Distinguishing mark or stamp; sign, emblem, characteristic. "Thy father bears the type of king of Naples." Shakesp.: Henry VI., Pt. III., 1. 4. 2. An allegorical or symbolical representation of some object (called the antitype); a symbol, a sign, an emblem. [II. 6.] "Informing them by types And shadows of that destined seed to bruise The serpent, by what means he shall achieve Mankind's deliverance." Milton: P. L., xii. 232. 3. An example or specimen of any cla which is considered as eminently po e ing or exhibiting the properties or character of the cla ; the ideal representation of a group combining its e ential characteristics; a general form or structure pervading a number of individuals. (Used especially in natural science.) 4. In the same sense as II. 5. "He who wishes to trace the art in its gradual progre , from the wooden and immoveable letter to the moveable and metal type , and to the completion of the whole contrivance, will receive satisfactory information from the annals of the elaborate Mattaire." -Knox: E ay 135. II. Technically : 1. Art : (1) The original conception in art which becomes the subject of a copy. (2) The design on the face of a medal or coin. 2. Biology: (1) A common plan to which certain groups of animals conform; hence, often used as equivalent to sub-kingdom, or the first great division of a subkingdom. To Lamarck is due the credit of a great advance in general morphology, by pointing out that mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes po e one e ential in common-a spinal column interposed between a cerebro-spinal and a visceral cavity, which is absent in all other animals. Hence, he cla ed the former as Vertebrata and the latter as Invertebrata. The labors of other naturalists soon established the fact that the Invertebrata did not conform to one common plan or type; and in 1795 Cuvier showed that at fewest three morphological types, as distinct from each other as they are from the Vertebrata, existed among the Invertebrata: Mollusca, Articulata, and Radiata. Von Baer, some years later, came to the same conclusion on embryological grounds. [ZOOLOGY.] "Even the hiatus between the Vertebrata and the In vertebrata, is partly, if not wholly, bridged over; and though among the Invertebrata there is no difficulty in distinguishing the mo more completely differentiated representatives of such types or common plans as those of the Arthropod a, the Annelid a, the Mollusca, the Tunic at a, the Echinoderm at a, the Cœlen terata, and the Porifer a, yet every year brings forth fresh evidence to the effect that just as the plan of the plant is not absolutely distinct from that of the animal, so that of the Vertebrate has its points of community with certain of the Invertebrates; that the Arthropod, the Mollusk, and the Echinoderm plans are united by that of the lower worms, and that the plan of the latter is separated by no very great differ. ences from that of the Cælenterate and that of the Sponge."- Huxley : Anat . Invert. Anim., pp. 49, 50. (2) A typical representative. (Applied to an individual, a species, a genus, a sub-family, or a family having the characteristics of the group under which it is immediately comprised.) "The type of a genus should be the species which best exhibits the characters of the group, but it is not always. easy to follow out this rule, and consequently the first on Mollusca (ed. Tate), p. 49. IMG:content-1631.png:[blocks in formation] type - block 3. Chem .: The type-theory a igns the constitution of compounds to certain simple bodies such as hydrogen, water, ammonia, and marsh gas, CH4. and proceeds on the a umption that the hydrogen of the type substance is replaced by the element or compound radical entering into combination with it. In this view the alcohols may be regarded and to be HO by the as belonging to the water type, HO. formed by the substitution of Hin HO alcohol radical-e. g., ethylic alcohol is represented as C2H HO. In like mann } manner the whole series of amines and amides may be referred to the ammonia type, in which one or more atoms of H are replaced by radicals. Triethyl amine may thus be regarded as being ammonia, in which all the hydrogen is C2H5) replaced by ethyl=CH; N. Oxamide again is C2H5) shown with a divalent radical replacing two atoms of hydrogen in a double molecule of ammonia oxamide=C202 } N2. The type-theory was systematized by Gerhardt some years ago, but it is now largely superseded by the use of formulæ representing a more accurate acquaintance with the internal constitution of chemical compounds. 4. Pathol.: The order in which the symptoms of a disease succeed each other. The type may be continued, intermittent, or remittent. 5. Printing : (1) A parallelopiped on, or square prism, with a raised letter on the upper end, used in printing. [PRINTING.] (2) Types collectively; the quantity of types used in printing. Types must be of a uniform height, and perfectly true in their angles, otherwise they could not be locked up in a form (q. v.). The parts of a type are known as body, face, shoulder, nick, groove, and feet. The fine lines at the top and bottom of a letter are called serifs; the parts of the face of some letters, such asjand k, which project over the body, are called kerns. Type is dis tinguished by names indicating the size of the body and the consequent number which will go in a given space; by the different sizes or styles of face on a given body; by the case, as upper or lower, caps or small letter; by peculiar style or ornamental characteristic. (a) As to size: Semi-nonpareil ( Eng . ), brilliant, gem ( Eng . ), diamond, pearl, ruby, nonpareil, emer ald, minion, brevier, bourgeoise, long primer, small pica, pica, English, great primer, canon, . [See these words.] (b) As to face: Full, heavy or fat, light, con densed, elongated, compre ed. (c) As to case: Caps or upper case; small letters, or lower case. (d) As to style: Roman, Italic, black letter, script, German text, Gothic, antique, sans serif, old style, hair line, and innumerable fancy styles of job-type made by different type-founders. A fount or font is a complete a ortment of any given kind of type, the number of each letter being in proportion to the frequence of its occurrence in printed matter, thus: IMG:content-1632.png:[blocks in formation] A complete font of type, including Roman and Italic, with capitals, figures, points, and signs, consists of 226 different characters. 16. Theology : An object, office, institution, individual, or action by which Christ. His life, death, atoning sacrifice, was prefigured. ['TYPOLOGY.] For the difference between type and figure , see FIGURE. In type : Set up, ready for printing; having all the types duly arranged so that an impre ion can be taken when desired.