Irkalla

See Urugal. Irkutsk (ir-kötsk'). 1. A government of Sibe- ria, bounded by Yakutsk on the north and east, Trans-Baikal on the southeast, the Chinese em- pire on the south, and Yeniseisk on the west. Area, 287,061 square miles. Population, 421,- 187.-2. The capital of the government of Ir- kutsk, situated at the junction of the Irkut with the Angara, in lat. 52° 17′ N., long. 104° 12′ E. It was founded in 1652, and is the chief commercial city of Siberia and the seat of the general government, and is noted for its tea trade. It was nearly destroyed by fire in 1879. Population, 50,274. Irmin (ér'min), or Irmino (ér'mi-no). In Ger- manic mythology, a god, eponymic ancestor of the Herm in ones. Irminones. See Hermiones . Irminsul (er'min-söl). A Saxon idol cast down heresies, which is extant in a Latin translation entitled Contra hereticos" (ed. by Stieren 1851-53, and by Harvey 1857). Irene (i-re'nē). [Gr. Εἰρήνη, peace.] Born at Athens about 752: died in Lesbos, Aug. 15, 803. A Byzantine empre . She became the wife of the emperor Leo IV. in 769, and from 780 to 790 was regent for her son Const an tine VI., whom she dethroned and blinded in 797. She was deposed and banished by Nicephorus in 802. mann, or Arm in i us, the hero of Teutonic independence, was the object of the Saxons' admiration, and they called this idol Irmensäule (Hermann Saule, 'Hermann's Pillar'), from a fancied resemblance of the word. No real connection of the idol with Hermann existed. The colonizations of Ireland by Firbolgs, Miles i ans, and other races are legendary. The following are the leading events and incidents of Irish history: Christianity introduced by St. Patrick, 5th century; settlements on the eastern coasts by the North men, 9th and 10th centuries; Danish invasions, ended in 1014 by the victory at Clontarf of the Irish chieftain Brian Boru; conquest of the English Pale made in the reign of Henry II. by Strong bow, beginning in 1169; expedition of Poynings sent by Henry VII., leading to Poynings's Act, 1494; revolt of the Irish under the Geraldines suppre ed by Henry VIII., who took the title of King of Ireland; rebellions during the reign of Elizabeth, under the leadership of Shane O'Neill, later of Desmond, and later of Hugh O'Neill (earl of Tyrone), who was defeated by Mount joy in 1601; English and Scottish settlement made in Ulster by James I.; the lieutenancy of Str afford, followed by the "ma acre of 1641"; rising put down (1649-50) by Cromwell, who made additional settlements of English and Scots; adherence of Ireland to James II., 1689; battle of the Boyne July 1, 1690; the Irish Parliament declared independent, 1782; unsucce ful re rick's management, Feb. 6, 1749. Garrick played Demetrius. Irène (e-rān'). A tragedy by Voltaire, produced March 16, 1778. He was crowned with laurel in his box for this play on the first occasion on which he was able to attend. Ireton (ir'ton), Henry. Born in Nottingham, England, 1611: died near Limerick, Ireland, Nov. 26, 1651. An English Parliamentary general, son-in-law of Cromwell. In 1626 he became a gentle man commoner of Trinity College, Oxford, graduating B. A. in 1629. At the beginning of the civil war he was the chief supporter of the Parliamentary interest in Nottingham shire, and June 30, 1642, was made captain of the Nottingham horse. He attached himself very intimately to Cromwell, with whom he had great influence; was made commi ary-general of the horse at Naseby; and married Cromwell's daughter Bridget, June 15, 1646. On Oct. 30, 1645, he was returned to Parliament for Apple by. He took The Irmin-Sui, or Column of Hermann, near Eresburg, the modern Stadtberg, was the chosen object of worship to the descendants of the Cherusci, the Old Saxons, in defence of which they fought desperately against Charlemagne and his Christian i zed Franks. "Irmin," says Sir Francis Palgrave, "in the cloudy Olympus of Teutonic beIrmin-Sul, bearing the statue, and considered as the symbol of the deity, was the Palladium of the Saxon nation until the temple of Eresburg was destroyed by Charlemagne, and the column itself transferred to the monastery of Corbey, where perhaps a portion of the rude rock-idol yet remains, covered by the ornaments of the Gothic era." Philip Smith , Hist. World, III. 368. Irnerius (ér-nē'ri-us), or Warner i us (wär-ne'ri-us). Lived first part of the 12th century. A noted Italian jurist. See the extract. Irnerius, by universal testimony, was the founder of all learned investigation into the laws of Just in i an. Hegave lectures upon them at Bologna, his native city, not long, in Savigny's opinion, after the commencement of the century. And, besides this oral instruction, he began the practice of making glo es, or short marginal explanations, on the law-books, with the whole of which he was acquainted. We owe also to him, according to ancient opinion, though much controverted in later times, an epitome, called the Authentic a, of what Gravina calls the prolix and difficult (sale bros is atque garrulis) Novels of Just in i an, arranged according to the titles of the Code. Hallam , Lit., p. 53. Iron Iron (i'ern), Ralph. The nom de plume of Olive Schreiner. Iron Arm, F. Bras de Fer (brä dè fãr). A surname given to the Huguenot leader De Lanoue. Iron Chest, The. A play by George Colman the younger, with music by Storace. It was taken from Godwin's "Caleb Williams," and was produced at Drury Lane March 12, 1796. Iron City, The. A name given to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, on account of its iron manufac tures. Iron Duke. A British war-ship, launched in 1871. Her chief dimensions are: length, 280 feet; breadth, 54 feet; draught, 22.7 feet; displacement, 6,010 tons; thickne of armor, 8 to 6 inches. The armored region consists of a belt at the water-line 10 feet wide, and a double-decked central citadel. The lower battery has only broadside fire from 6 12-ton guns. The upper battery has 1 12-ton gun and an indented port at each angle for fore-and-aft as well as broadside fire. The Iron Duke ran into and sank her sister ship the Vanguard off the coast of Ireland Sept., 1875. Iron Duke, The. A popular surname of the Duke of Wellington. Iron Gates, The. A celebrated defile in the Danube, at the confines of Hungary, Servia, and Rumania. Length, 14 miles. Iron Man, Man, The. See Talus . Iron Mask, Man with the. See Man , etc. Ironmaster, The. A play translated from Ohnet's "Maître de Forges" (1882) by Pinero, and produced in 1884. Iron Mountain. A hill, 1,075 feet in height, in St. François County, eastern Mi ouri, 67 miles south-southwest of St. Louis, noted for its deposit of iron ore. Ironside. A surname of Edmund II., king of England. Ironside, Nestor. A pseudonym of Sir Richard Steele in "The Guardian." Ironsides, Old. See Old Ironsides . Ironsides, The. The famous regiment led by Cromwell in the English civil war. The name was afterward applied to the entire army un der his control. Ironton (i'ern-ton). A city and the capital of Lawrence County, Ohio, situated on the Ohio in lat. 38° 33′ N., long. 82° 30′ W. It is the center of an iron district. Population (1890), 10,939. Iroquoian (ir-ō-kwoi'an). A linguistic stock of North American Indians, historically of great importance though numerically inferior to several others. The conduct of a part of these tribes, which are collectively called Iroquois, in the colonial period markedly shaped the history of America north of Mexico, as at the first collisions they became the allies of the English against the French, and by their early procurement of firearms, perhaps more than by the preeminent valor and sagacity imputed to them by most writers, they mastered and drove off from immense districts all the tribes before occupying them which would not submit to their rule. The St. Lawrence River valley was their earliest known habitat, whence they gradually moved southwest along the shores of the great lakes. Cartier in 1535 found between Quebec and Montreal a people the recorded fragments of whose language indicate that they were Wyandots. (See Iroquois.) The Iroquoian tribes were notably sedentary and to a considerable extent agricultural, depending comparatively little upon hunting, and were remarkable for their skill in house-building and fortification. The remaining Indians of this stock, both in the United States and in Canada, are distinguished for their advance into civilization. As a rule they are prosperous and increasing in numbers. Their whole population now is about 43,000, of whom over 34,000 are in the United States and nearly 9,000 in Can a daily They are divided both linguistically and geographically into 4 groups, as follows: northern group-Wyandot, Tion on tat i, Tohotaenrat, Wenrorono, Neuter, Hochelaga; central group-Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Erie, Conestoga; southern group- Tuscarora, Not to way, Meherrin, Chowanoc, Coree; Cherokee group - Elati or Lower Cherokee, Middle Cherokee, and Atali or Upper Cherokee. The name of the linguistic stock is taken from the form Iroquois , which has been applied specifically to the confederacy or league also called the Five Nations," and later the "Six Nations." Iroquois (ir-o-kwoi'). [The name, given by the French, was derived from an exclamation used by the speakers of the confederacy.] A well-known confederacy of the North American Indians. They called themselves by a name meaning ' we of the long house,' also by another, meaning 'real men.' The Dela ware name for them was Mengwe , corrupted into Mingo . The English knew them as the Confederates or Five Nations, and, after the admi ion of the Tuscarora, as the Six Nations. The confederacy was, about 1540, composed of five tribes, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, extending acro New York State, in the order named, from Hudson River to Lake Erie. According to tradition they had before lived on the St. Lawrence River, whence they had been driven by Algonquian tribes. After procuring firearms from the Dutch, they made war upon all the surrounding tribes, driving off some, incorporating some, and making others tributary, until their rule was acknowledged from the Ottawa River to the Tenne ee, and from the Kennebec to the Illinois and Lake Michigan. During the Revolution these tribes sided with the English, with whom they had before been allied against the French; and afterward the Mohawks and Cayugas followed Brant in a body to Canada, They, with some individuals of other tribes of the confed. eracy, settled and still remain at a reservation on Grand River, Ontario, and at other points in that province. Those in the United States are on reservations in New York, except the Oneidas, who are chiefly at Green Bay, Wisconsin. The so-called Senecas of the Indian Territory are really "Mingos" collected from all the Iroquois tribes, and the Catholic Iroquois at Caughnawaga, St. Regis, and Oka have no connection with the confederacy. The numbers of the latter are now about 15,000, including mixed blood. See Iroquoian. Irrawaddy. See Irawadi . Irredentists (ir-e-dentists). An Italian political party, formed in 1878 for bringing about the "redemption” or the in corporation in to the kingdom of Italy of all regions situated near Italy where an important part of the population was Italian, but which were still subject to other governments, and hence called Italia irredenta ('un redeemed Italy'). Irrefragable Doctor, L. Doctor Irrefragabilis (dok'tori-ref-ra-gab'i-lis). A surname given to the scholastic philosopher Alexander of Hales. Irtysh, or Irtish (ir'tish; Ru . pron. ir-tish'). A river in Sungar i a and western Siberia, which joins the Obi about 190 miles north of Tobolsk. It traverses Lake Zaisan. Its chief affluents are the Ishim, Tobol, Bukhtarma and Om. Length, over 1,600 miles; navigable to Lake Zaisan. Irun, or Yrun (e-rön'). A town in the province Isabella "Salmagundi." In 1809 he published his History of New York, by Died rich Knickerbocker." Its succe established his literary position. In 1810 he became a partner in a commercial house established by two of his brothers. In 1815, however, he went abroad again, and lived there till 1832. In 1826 he was attaché of the United States legation at Madrid, and in 1829 was made secretary of legation at London. He lived principally at Sunny side (Wolfert's Roost) from 1832 till 1842, when he was appointed minister to Spain. He returned in 1846 to Sunny side, where he lived till his death. Besides the works above mentioned, he wrote "The Sketch-Book" (which came out in parts in 1819, and collected in 1820), "Brace bridge Hall, or the Humourists" (1822), "Tales of a Traveler" (1824), "Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus" (1828), "Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada" (1829), "Voyages of the Companions of Columbus" (1831), "The Alhambra" (1832). "Crayon Miscellany" (including "Tour on the Prairies, 1835), "Astoria, etc." (with Pierre M. Irving, 1836), "Adventures of Captain Bonneville, etc." (1837)," "Oliver Goldsmith" (1849), "Mahomet and his Succe ors" (1850), "Wolfert's Roost" (1855), "Life of George Washington (1855-59). Works in the "Geoffrey Crayon' edition (26 vols., 1880); "Life and Letters" edited by Pierre Irving (1861-67). Irvingites (er'ving-īts). A religious denomination named from Edward Irving (1792-1834). Irving was not the founder of the sect popularly called after him, but accepted and promoted the spread of the principles upon which, after his death, the sect was formed. Its proper name is the Catholic Apostolic Church, and it has an elaborate organization derived from its twelve "apostles," the first body of whom was completed in 1835. It recognizes the orders of apostles, prophets, evangelists, stre on the early creeds, the eucharist, prophecies, and gift of tongues. It has an extremely ritualistic service and an elaborate liturgy. The adherents are not numerous, and are found chiefly in Great Britain. There are some on the continent of Europe and in the United States. Irwin (er'win), Sir John. Born at Dublin, 1728: died at Parma, May, 1788. A British general, the son of Alexander Irwin. As lieutenant in his father's regiment he was granted a year's furlough for continental travel in 1748, when he commenced a regular cor respondence with Lord Chesterfield, which continued for twenty years. He is supposed to have suggested to Chesterfield his paper on "Good Breeding," which appeared in the "World," Oct. 30, 1755. Irwin afterward became governor of Gibraltar (1766-68), and commander-in-chief and privy councilor in Ireland 1775. situated on the river Irvine 23 miles southwest of Glasgow. Population (1891), 4,554. Irving(er'ving), Edward. Bornat Annan, Dumfrie hire, Scotland, Aug. 4, 1792: died at Glasgow, Dec. 7,1834. A Scottish preacher and divine. As a boy he was much influenced by the services of the extreme Presbyterians, seceders from the Church of Scotland. In 1812 he obtained the mastership of the academy at Kirk caldy, where he formed a warm friendship for Thomas Carlyle. In 1818 he went to Edinburgh to prepare himself for the ministry, and Oct., 1819, became a istant to Dr. Chalmers in Glasgow. He removed to the little chapel in Hatton Garden, London, July, 1822, when he immediately won extraordinary popularity. At this time begin the peculiar mental and religious aberrations which are a ociated with his career. In May, 1828, he made a tour of Scotland with the object of proclaiming the imminence of the second advent. Another expedition to Scotland followed, and in 1830 his tract on "The Orthodoxy and Catholic Doctrine of Our Lord's Human Nature" exposed him to direct charges of heresy. The "unknown tongues," a pentecostal phenomenon, were first heard in March, 1830, from the mouth of Mary Campbell. They were at first heard only in private a emblies, but Oct. 16, 1831, the services of his new Regent Square church were disturbed by a woman who gave utterance to an outbreak of unintelligible discourse. An attempted prosecution for heresy failed in Dec., 1830; but on April 23, 1832, he was removed from his church. On March 13, 1833, he was condemned by the Presbytery of Annan ona charge of heresy concerning the sinle ne of Christ. This practically terminated his career. The "Irvingite" or "Catholic Apostolic Church" still survives. Dict . Nat . Biog . Irving, Sir Henry (real name was John Henry Brodribb). Born at Keinton, near Glastonbury, England, Feb. 6, 1838. A noted English actor. He made his first appearance at the Sunder land Theatre in 1856. After playing at Edinburgh for some time he made his first London appearance at the Prince 's Theatre in 1859. He made no distinet mark till 1870, when he played Digby Grant in Albery's "Two Roses." He played with succe till 1874, when his performance of Hamlet created genuine interest. In 1878 he undertook the management of the Lyceum Theatre, where his succe been great. He has produced large number plays and Shaksperian revivals. In 1883, 184, 1886, 1893, and 1805 he came to the United States with his company, including Mi Ellen Terry. He is especially distinguished in Hamlet," "Othello," "Merchant of Venice," "Richard III, "Richelieu," "The Bells," "Louis XI.," "Henry VIII," "Becket." etc. Knighted in 1895. Irving, Theodore. Born at New York, May 1809: died at New York, Dec. 20, 1880. An American clergyman and author, nephew of 9, Washington Irving. Irving, Washington. Born at New York, April3, 1783: died at Sunny side, near Tarry town, N.Y., Nov. 28, 1859. An American historian, e ayist, and novelist. He was the son of an English man, William Irving, who came from the Orkneys. He entered a law office when quite young, and wrote literary squibs for the "Morning Chronicle," under the pseudonym "Jonathan Oldstyle." His health obliged him to travel, and in 1801 he was sent abroad for two years. On his return he undertook the publication, with James K. Paulding, of below.] A Hebrew patriarch, son of Abraham and Sarah, and father of Jacob and Esau. The name of his father Isaak is probably also an abbreviation for "Isaakel," 'He upon whom God smiles.' It may be that the holy tribe was so designated at a certain epoch; or the Isaakel may perhaps have been a Puritan group anterior to that of the Jakobel.