BOUNTY

a premium offered by government to induce men to enlist in the public service, especially, the sum of money given in some states to recruits in the army and navy. This system is, of course, only practised in those countries where military or naval service is voluntary, such as our own country or America. The amount of the boimty offered varies with the difficulty of procuring volunteers, and Ib naturally at its lowest in time of peace. The highest bounty offered in our own country was during the time of the wars with Napoleon, when it rose to about £24. During the late civil war in America the bounty was at one time so high as $500 (£100). The policy of giving bounties is by many thought to be a very questionable one. In our own army it had the tendency of inducing men to desert, in order to enlist again in other regiments, and thus receive new bounties. In the navy, too, as it tends to increase the wages of seamen in the mercantile marine, its operation is considered injurious. The bounty given to army recruits in Great Britain was abolished by the Anny Enlistment Act of 1870. BOTTQUETIN. See Ibex. BOURBON. The founder of this family, which has governed France, Spain, the Two Sicilies, Lucca, and Farma (which see), was Robert the Strong, who, in 861, became Duke of Neustria, and in 866 lost his 'life in a battle against the Normans. Some trace his descent from Pepin I'Heristal, others from natural son of Charlemagne, and others from the kings of Lombardy. It is certain that the two sons 6S5 of this Robert were longs of France. The elder, named Eudes, ascended the throne in 888, and died in 898; the younger, Robert, in 922, and died in 923. The eldest son of this Robert was Hugh the 6reat» duke of the Isle of France, and count of Paris and Orleans. Hugh Capet, son of Hugh the Great (great grandson of Robert the Strong), founded the third French dynasty in 987. (See Capet.) One of his descendants, named Robert^ was the root of the elder line of the dukes of Burgundy, which became extinct in 1361. A descendant of tins Robert, Henry of Burgundy, was first regent of Portugal in 1095, where his legitimate descendants became extinct in 1383. Pierre de Courtenay, a descendant of Hugh Capet, in the fifth generation, was father and ancestor of many emperors of Constantinople. The house of Anjou, which was descended from Hugh Capet, in the eighth generation, po e ed the throne of Naples for two centuries, and for some time that of Hungary. Another descendant of Hugh Capet, in the tenth degree, founded the house of Navarre, which continued from 1328 to 1425. A second family of Anjou, descended from Hugh Capet, in the thirteenth degree, gave some distinguished princes to Provence. In the same degree, the younger line of the powerful dukes of Buigimdy derived its origin from him. This line became extinct with the death of Charles the Bold, in 1477, whose succe or, Maria, married Maximilian, archduke of Austria, and became grandmother of Charles V. Robert, earl of Clermont, second son of St. Louis, married Be at rice, duche of Bourbon. In this way the city of Bourbon T Archambault, or Bourbon les Bains, in the department of AUier (formerly Bourhownai»\ became the birthplace of the house of Bourbon, and Louis I., duke of Bourbon, son of Robert and Be at rice, its founder. Two branches took their origin from the two sons of this Louis, duke of Bourbon, who died in 1341. The elder line was that of the dukes of Bourbon, which became extinct at the death of the Constable of Bourbon in 1527, in the a ault of the dty of Rome. The younger was that of the counts of La Marche, afterwards counts and dukes of VendAme. Of these, Charles, duke of Venddme, who died in 1537, and who had been the head of the house of Bourbon since the death of the Constable, had two sons, Anthony and Louis, founders respectively of the royal line of Bourbon, and of the line of Cond^. Henry, the son of Anthony, obtained the throne of France as Henry IV. (see Henbt IV. of France), when the house of Valois became extinct in 1589 by the murder of Henry III. His father had obtaineid the kingdom of Navarre through his wife, who inherited it, and Henry now added it to the French dominions. Anthony's younger brother, Louis, prince of Cond^, was tiie founder of the Une of Cond^. There were, therefore, two chief branches of the Bourbons — ^the royal, and that of Cond^. The royal branch was divided by the two sons of Louis XIIL, the elder of whom, Louis XIV., continued the chief branch, which, through his son Louis (the dauphin) and grandson Philip v., was separated into the elder or royal French branch, and the younger or royal Spanish branch; whilst Philip, younger son of Louis XIII., founded the house of Orleans, when he received the duchy of Orleans from Louis XIV. The kings of the elder or French line of the house of Bourbon run in this way:— Henry IV. Louis XIII. XIV. XV. XVL XVII.