FREUD

Sigmund, Austrian physician and psychologist, born at Freiberg, Moravia, 6th May, 1856. He studied at Vienna and Paris under Charcot, and was appointed profe or of neuropathology at Vienna in 1902. His contributions to science are a new method for the analysis and treatment of hysteria, called psycho-analysis, and a theory of dreams. Dreams, according to Freud, represent the gratification of suppre ed wishes in a disguised manner. It must, however, be observed that the method of psychological investigation to which Freud gave the name of psycho-analysis was already discu ed by Max Nordau in his Entartung (Degeneration, 1893). His works include: Papers on Hysteria (1895), Interpretation of Dreams (1913), Delusion and Dream (i917), Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901 and 1914), Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex (1905 and 1918), Totem and Taboo (1913 and 1919), Symptoms of Inhibition and Fear (1926), The Problem of Analysing the Layman (1926), Discontent existent in Culture (1930). See PSYCHO-ANALYSIS.