Gould, John

F.R.S., an eminent English naturalist, born 1804. He is author of The Birds of Australia, (a magnificent work in 7 vols., fol., containing descriptions of 600 species;) Mammals of Australia; A Century of Birds from the Him a lay as and The Birds of Great Britain, . Died in 1881. Goulds'borough, in Maine , a post-town of Hancock co., 110 m. E. of August a. Pop . (1890) 1,709. Gouldsborough, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Wayne co., on D., L. & W. R.R. Gounod ( goo - no ), CHARLES FRANÇOIS, a popular musical composer, and, after Auber, regarded as the head of the French lyric school, was born at Paris, 1818. He first became known by his pastoral of Beaucis and Philemon . Other musical works followed, which attained no very distinctive succe , till his opera of Faust appeared, and took all the lovers of operatic music by surprise. What rendered its succe more remarkable was the fact that, although Gæthe's masterpiece had been previously set to music a score of times, not one of these efforts was considered worthy of the theme. G. was also the composer of a comic opera founded on Molières "Medecin malgré lui," produced in London under the title of The Mock Doctor; of La Reine de Saba ; Mirelle , 1864; Romeo and Juliet, produced at Paris and London in 1867, and Polyeucte , produced at Paris in 1878. In 1881 his great sacred trilogy, The Redemption , was produced, and in 1885 his last important work, Mors et Vita. Died in 1893. Goura, (godra,) n. ( Mus .) The characteristic musical instrument of the black tribes of S. Africa, shaped like the bow of a Hottentot, (see Fig. 396,) and the string, made of intestines, is retained at one end by a knot in the barrel of a quill flattened and cleft. The quill, when opened, forms a long isosceles triangle, at the base of which is the hole which keeps the string fast; the other, when drawn back, being fastened to the end of the bow by a thin leathern thong. The tension may be increased or diminished at the pleasure of the performer, who holds his instrument, while playing, in the manner of a huntsman's horn, the quill being applied to his mouth, and by alternate expiration and inspiration, many players are able to draw from the G. melodious notes. Gourd, ( görd ,) n. [Fr. courge, and gourde ; Belg. kau woorde; It. cucuzza ; Lat. cucurbit a , probably, according to Varro, from curvus , crooked, bent.] ( Bot . ) The common name for a large cucurbitaceous fruit. (See PEPO.) The plant named Cucurbit a Pepo yields the white G.; C. mazima , the red G., or pumpkin; Lagenaria vul garis , the bottle-G., often used as a receptacle for fluid; Luffa fætid a , the sponge-G.; and Trichosanthes an guinea, the snake- G . The wild G. of the Old Testament (2 Kings iv. 39) is supposed to have been the bitter cucumber or colocynth. -A false die. - Shaks . joint of the great toe. It returns at longer or shorter intervals, when it may attack various other parts; but generally the great toe is the chief seat of the disease. Sometimes the attack comes on without any previous warning; but usually, for some days or weeks before, the patient has been suffering from indigestion, with diminished appetite, flatulence, costivene , and a general feeling of la itude and depre ion of spirits. He goes to bed, perhaps, in tolerable health, and after a few hours is awakened by the severity of the pain in the great toe, or sometimes the ankle, heel, or calf of the leg. The pain resembles that of a dislocated bone, and is attended with the sensation as if cold water was poured over the part; and this is succeeded by chilline , shivering, and other febrile symptoms. These gradually abate as the pain increases, and it continues usually to the following night, with sometimes, however, a period of intermi ion during the day. The pain is of a burning or gnawing character. The next night, after some time of to ing and restle ne , the patient succeeds in falling asleep; a gentle perspiration breaks out, and he awakes to find himself refreshed, and the part comparatively free from pain. On examining the limb next morning, it is found to be considerably swollen, the toe red and shining, and the veins of the foot much distended. There are usually a number of subsequent attacks, becoming le and le severe, before what is known as "a fit of the gout" is over; so that it commonly extends over a period of several weeks, or even months. When the fit is over, the system is relieved, and the person feels, both in mind and body, much better than before the attack. At first, a fit of gout occurs only once perhaps in two or three years; but it becomes by degrees more and more frequent, more severe, and of longer duration every succeeding fit. In its progre , various parts of the body become affected, and translations take place from one joint or limb to another; and after frequent attacks, the joints lose their strength and flexibility, and become so stiff as to be deprived of all motion. Concretions of a chalky appearance are likewise formed about the joints; and affections of the kidneys arise from a deposit of the same kind of matter in them. This matter is a compound of uric acid and soda. The fits are more apt to occur in spring or autumn than at other seasons of the year; probably owing to the variablene of the weather at these times. As the fits become more frequent and severe, so the constitutional derangements become more marked and constant. The appetite fails, indigestion is more constant, there is a tendency to costivene , the mind becomes restle and irritable, calcareous deposits are formed in the arteries, calculi form in the bladder, and frequently the heart becomes diseased. Such are the general features of what is termed the regular gout ; but there are certain other kinds which differ widely from it in their general character. In atonic gout , the disease, instead of manifesting itself in the joints, attacks some of the internal organs, as the stomach, when the patient suffers from indigestion, nausea, vomiting, and severe pains; or the thoracic viscera, when palpitations, fainting, and asthma arise. Retrocedent gout (Lat. podagra retro grad a) is when, after the inflammation has occupied a joint, it suddenly disappears, and is transferred to some internal part, as the stomach, heart, lungs, or brain, when it may give rise to various fatal disorders. Misplaced gout is when, instead of attacking the joints, the disease proceeds inward, and causes an inflammatory affection of some of the internal parts, with the same symptoms that attend inflammation of these parts from other causes. The cause of gout is the exce of uric acid in the blood, resulting either from an exce ive formation or a checked excretion, for there is reason to believe that this substance exists in very minute quantities in the blood even in perfect health. Topical remedies are of little use in gout. If the patient is plethoric, the inflammation is to be reduced by bleeding, purging, a low diet, and sudorifics. The use of colchicum is very beneficial during a fit of gout, but it requires to be used with caution. The most efficient cure of this disease, however, is strict attention to diet and plenty of active exercise. -A clot, or coagulated ma . "I see on the blade of the dudgeon gouts of blood."- Shaks. Goût, (gōō,) n. [Fr., from Lat. gust us ; Sansk. gas , to eat, whence Gr. geuō , to taste.] Taste; relish; gusto; nice appreciation or fancy; as, "chacun a son goût " (every one to his taste). Gout'ily, adv. In a gouty manner. Gourde, n. (Sp. gor do .] A name given to the colonial Gout'ine , n. State of being subject to the gout; dollar in Cuba, Hayti, St. Domingo, ., and in Louisiana to the American dollar.