Cin'na, Lucius

CORNEL I US, a Roman patrician, an a ociate of Marius, and the leader of the popular party during the absence of Sulla in the E. In 86 B.C. he was elected consul along with Cn. Octavius, and in violation of his oath to Sylla, C. attempted to overpower the senate, and to procure the recall of Marius and his party from banishment. In the contest which ensued, he was Cin'nabarine, a. [Fr. cinabarin .] Containing cin- nabar, or relating to the same; consisting of cinnabar. Cinnam'ic Acid, n. ( Chem .) When the e ential oil of cinnamon is exposed to air, it gradually absorbs oxy- gen, and deposits crystals of cinnamic acid - C18H802. It much resembles benzoic acid , into which it is converted when mixed with bichromate of potash and sulphuric acid. This acid is found, together with benzoic acid, in Peruvian and in Tulu balsam, from the latter of which it is readily obtained. Cin'naminson, in New Jersey, a post-township of Burlington co., abt. 5 m. above Camden, on the Dela- IMG:content-0199.png:[blocks in formation] court by Cardinal de Richelieu, and soon obtained the favor of Louis XIII., to whom he became Master of the Horse. Chafing at the restraint under which Richelieu held him, and ambitious of political power, C. framed a conspiracy to overthrow the cardinal, of which the king himself, and his brother Gaston, duke d'Orleans, were members. But Louis was weak and fickle, Gaston per- fidious, and Richelieu not the man to be put down by a youth just turned of 20. C. was delivered up to the cardinal, and beheaded at Lyons, along with his friend, the councillor De Thou, Sept. 12, 1642. C. is the hero of a splendid historical novel by Alfred de Vigny. Cinquecento, ( chingk'we -chen'to,) n. [It., five hun- dred; an abbreviation for mille cinquecento , or fifteen hundred.] (Fine Arts .) A term applied to designate the art styles of the 16th century, or such as were developed about, or after, 1500. In like manner the terms trecento and quatrocento denote art of the 14th and 15th centu- ries. The C. is the period of the highest perfection of the arts of the Revival or Renai ance. Cinque'-foil, n. [ Cinque , and Lat. folium, It. fog- lia , Fr. feuille , a leaf.] ( Bot .) The name of a species of the genus Po- TENTILLA, q . v ., which have fingered leaves. ( Arch .) An ornamental foliation or feathering, used in the arches of the lights and tracery of windows, panelling, etc. Cinque-pace, n . [Fr. cinq , five, and pas , a step.] ( Dancing .) A kind of grave, stately dance, in which the steps were regulated by the number 5. Cinque' Ports, ("Five Ports.") (Eng. Hist.) The sea-port towns of Dover, Sandwich, Hastings, Hythe, and Romney; to which three others were afterwards added, viz., Win chelsea, Rye, and Seaford. These towns are incorporated, with peculiar privileges; are under the government of a lord warden, to whom writs for the return of members to parliament from them are directed; and the members so returned are termed Barons of the Cinque Ports. Cinque'-spotted, a. Showing five spots. "On her left breast a mole, cinque - spotted ."-Shaks. Cintra, ( sin'tra ,) a small town of Portugal, prov. of Es- tremadura, picturesquely situated on the declivity of the Sierra da Cintra, 15 m. W.N.W. of Lisbon; pop . 4,500. Here was concluded, between the French and English, Aug. 22d, 1808, the convention by which the former agreed to evacuate Portugal. Cintre, (sin'ter,) n. ( Arch .) The timber framing erect- ed in apertures between piers, to support vou oirs, or materials of an arch while building. See CENTRING. Ci'on. See SCION. Ciotat, (La,) ( se'o - ta ,) a town of France, dep. Bouches- du-Rhone, on a bay in the Mediterranean, 15 m. S.E. of Marseilles, in the midst of a district clad with olive, orange, and pomegranate plantations. Pop . 10,017. Ci'pers, n. [From Cyprus .] A kind of fine gauze, origi- nally from Cyprus. Ci'per-tun'nel, n. ( Arch .) A false chimney placed on a house by way of ornament. Cipher, (formerly written CYPHER,) ( si'fer ,) n. [L. Lat. ciphræ; zipheræ, numeral marks or characters; Fr. chiffre; It. cifra; Heb. saphar , to number.] ( Arith .) Any arithmetical character or mark; any mark used in numbering; an arithmetic a! character, thus (0), which, standing by itself, expre es nothing ; but which, placed on the right hand of other figures, increases their value in a tenfold degree; and when placed on the left, in decimal arithmetic, diminishes the value of other figures in the same proportion. -An intertexture of letters as the initials of a name; a device; a monogram; as, an engraver's cipher . modic agent, and as an adjunct to other medicines. -A secret or disguised method of writing; a secret char- It owes its properties to the presence of a volatile oil and tannin. The volatile oil is imported from Ceylon, where it is obtained from the rejected bark by distill a- tion. It is known by the name of oil of cinnamon, and used medicinally as a stimulant, and by cooks and confec- tioners for flavoring. From the leaves of the tree another -v. i. To compute by figures; to practise arithmetic. "His notes he cipher'd with Greek characters."-Hayward. Ci'pher-key, n. A key to guide the reader of a letter in cipher. Cip'olin, Cipollino, ( chip -ol-lē'no,) n. [It.] A name given by the Italians to an impure marble, containing veins of schistose, which decomposes and falls off in flakes like the coats of an onion. Cir'cæ, n . [From CIRCE, 9. v., who was supposed to have used these plants in her enchantments.) ( Bot . ) A genus of plants, ord. Onagracer. The species C. Lutetiana, Large Enchanter's Nightshade, found from Carolina W. to Illinois, in damp shades and thickets, has a stem 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly branched, tumid at the nodes; leaves dark-green. smooth, and small; rose-colored flowers, in long, terminal, and axillary racemes: fruit obcordate, with conspicuous hooks. C. Alpina , Alpine Enchanter's Nightshade, is a common plant in rocky woodlands, from Canada W. to Oregon. Cir'car, n . [Hind. sarkar .] In India, a province or ter- ritory. Cir'cars, in Hindostan. See NORTHERN CIRCARS. Circas's ia, (or TCHERKESSIA,) a country of Asia, ocсиру- ing a great part of the territory between the Black and Caspian seas. It comprises the northern, and part of the southern declivity of the Caucasus, and is now em- braced within the limits of the Ru ian empire. Desc. Mountainous, intersected by extensive fertile valleys, IMG:content-0200.png:[graphic] -n. A native or inhabitant of Cir ca ia. Cip'pus, n .; pl . CIPPI. [Lat.] ( Antiq .) A name applied to Roman sepulchral monuments which consisted of a low column, whether round or rectangular. Cippi, with distances engraved upon them, served also as milestones. Cir'cinus, n. [Lat.; from Gr. kirkinos , a circle.] (Astron.) The Compa es; a constellation of four stars near the S. Pole. Cir'cium, n. ( Bot . ) A name of the gen. CARDUUS, q. v. Circle, (sir'kl,) n. [Fr. cercle; Lat. circulus , from circa , or circum , around: Gr. krikos , kirkos , a ring, a circle; Heb. kikkar , a ring, a circle, from karar , to go or move in a circle.] ( Geom .) A circle is, according to Locke's definition, a "line continued till it ends where it began, having all its parts equidistant from a common centre," ( Fig . 606.) The bounding line is called the circumfer- ence or periphery. Any straight line, as A B, DC, drawn through the centre and terminating in the circumfer- ence, is called a diameter . The C. is one of the elements of plane geometry, the right line being the oth- er; and those construc- tions only are regarded as geometrical which can be made by the aid of these two elements. In modern B geometry, however, a C. is cla ed with the conical sections among quadrics or curves of the 2d order, which have the property of cutting every line in two real or imaginary . at table. Circleville, in Illinois , a post-village of Tazewell co. Circleville, in Indiana , a village of Ca co., opposite Lewis burg, and 8 m. E. of Logan sport, on Wabash River. Circleville, in New York , a post-office of Orange co. Circleville, in Ohio , an important manuf. city, cap. of Pick away co., 25 m. S. of Columbus and 20 N. of Chilli- cot he, on the Scioto river. Here are remarkable remains of the Mound Builders ( q . v . ). Pop . (1897) about 7,500. Circleville, in West Va ., a post-office of Pend let on co. Circuit, ( ser'kūt , ) n. [Fr. circuit; Lat. circuit us circa, circum, and co, itum , to go.] Act of going, mov- ing, or pa ing round; as, "his periodical circuit round the sun." Watts . the vertices of angles as centres, the arcs of the cir- Circlet, n. A little circle; a circle; an orb, as of gold, cles intercepted between the sides are always prop or- tional to the angles. It is for this reason that the C. is almost always employed to compare angles with each other. For this purpose the circumference of the C. is divided into four equal parts, each of which is called a quadrant; each quadrant is divided into 90 equal parts, called degrees; each degree is divided into 60 equal parts, called minutes; each minute into 60 equal parts, called seconds. - The rectification of the C., or the de- termination of the ratio of the circumference to the diameter, is a problem which has exercised the ingenuity of mathematicians in all ages. It cannot be expre ed in finite numbers; but numerous series have been in- vented from which it may be computed to any required degree of precision. Arch i me des, in his treatise De Di- mens i one Circuli , proved that if the diameter is expre ed by 7, the circumference is very nearly 22. A nearer ratio, which is generally used in ordinary measurements, is 113 to 355; and it has the advantage of being easily -The space enclosed in a circle, or within certain limits. remembered, the numbers being formed of the first 3 odd -Space or extent measured by travelling round. numbers, each repeated. Circle of Contact , or Oscula- tory Circle. The circle which fits closest to any given curve at a given point. A circle being determined by 3 points, we can only demand from it that it shall have 3 consecutive points in common with the curve; the con- tact, therefore, will be three- pointic , or of the second order. In general, the circle of contact will cut the curve.-Circle of Curvature . The circle whose curva- ture, or amount of bending, is the same as that of a given curve at any given point. (Astron.) Instruments used to measure angles. - See MURAL CIRCLE, MERIDIAN, QUADRANT, TRANSIT INSTRU MENT. (Logic.) A kind of false reasoning, in which the principle is supposed which it is intended to prove, and afterwards the principle is proved by the thing which it seemed to have proved. The same fault takes place in definitions, when an idea is defined by others which suppose the knowledge of the first. -Circuit; enclosure; compa ; as, a Druidical circle. "Obscured in the circle of the forest." - Shaks. -A cla , company, or society; a coterie; a clique; a set. "Ever since that time Lysander visits in every circle."-Tatler. -A province; a territorial division; as a Circle, or Kreis, in Germany. (Law.) A division of a country, appointed for a par- ticular judge to visit for the trial of causes, or for the administration of justice. The U. States are divided into nine circuits. The term is more generally applied to the periodical journeys of the judges through their various circuits. Circuit Courts. The term is applied distinctively to a cla of the Federal courts of the U. States, of which terms are held in two or more places succe ively, in the various circuits into which the whole country is divided for the purpose; - and, in some of the States, to courts of general jurisdiction, of which terms are held in the various counties or districts of the State. Such courts sit in some instances as courts of nisi prius; in others, either as nisi prius or in banco. They may have an equity as well as a common-law jurisdiction, and may be both civil and criminal courts. The systems of the various States are very different in these respects. Circuit, v. a. To move round in. Circuiteer', n. One who travels a circuit; - a travel- ling advocate. direct; as, a circuitous road. Circuitously, adv. In a circuitous manner. Circu'ity, n. An indirect course; a motion in, or round, a circle.