Celle, Hannover, etc

There were various divisions and reunions, and finally two main lines, Lüneburg and Wolfenbüttel. In 1692 the principality of Lüneburg became the electorate of Hanover. The second elector, George Louis, succeeded to the British throne as George I. in 1714 (founder of the British line of Hanover, Brunswick, or the Guelfs: see George I.). The duchies of Bremen and Verden were acquired in 1719. Hannover was occupied by the French in 1803; was ceded to Pru ia in 1805; and was taken from Pru ia in 1807. Part of it was allotted to the kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, and another portion in 1810. It was liberated in 1813. By the Congre of Vienna (1814-15) it was raised to a kingdom, and received acce ions (East Fries land, Hildesheim, etc.). It entered the Germanic Confederation in 1815. A constitution was given to it in 1833, which was suspended in 1837. Hannover was separated from Great Britain in 1837, Ernest August us, duke of Cumber land, succeeding King William of England. An alliance between Pru ia, Hannover, and Saxony was formed in 1849. Hannover sided with Austria against Pru ia in 1866. It was annexed to Pru ia in 1866. The Duke of Cumber land (representative of the house of the Guelfs) resigned his claims on Hannover in 1892, receiving in exchange from Pru ia the "Guelf fund." (See Brunswick.) Area, 14,853 square miles. Population (1890), 2,278,361. Hannover, Eng. Hanover. The capital of the province of Hannover, Pru ia, situated on the Leine in lat. 52° 23′ N., long. 9° 43′ E. It has recently become an important railway, commercial, and manufacturing center. It manufactures iron, machinery, etc. Among the objects of interest are the Waterloo column, war monument, Kestner museum, palace, Marktkirche, museum, picture-gallery, Rathaus, and theater. Near the city are the Her ren hausen castle and the polytechnic school (former Welfen -Schlo ). It was an ancient Hanseatic town and a former ducal and royal capital. Population (1890), 163,593; with suburbs, 194,878. Hanoi (hä-no'i), or Kesho (kesh'o). The capital of Tongking, situated about lat. 21° 10′ Ñ., long. 105° 40′ E., on the river Sangkoi or Songka. It was occupied by the French in 1882. Hanotaux (han-o-to'), Albert Auguste Gabriel. Born at Beaurevoir, Aisne, France, Nov. 19, 1853. A French author and statesman, minister of foreign affairs 1894-95 and 1896-. Hanover. See Hannover . Hanover. A town in Grafton County, New Hampshire, situated on the Connecticut River. It is the seat of Dart mouth College (which see). Population (1890), 1,817. IMG:content-0495.png:[blocks in formation] Hanover, House of. The present reigning Hantiwi (hän-tē ́wē), or Hantewa (hän-tā'wä). family of the United Kingdom of Great Britain An almost extinct tribe of North American In and Ireland. See George I. dians. See Palaihnihan . Hanover, Treaty of. An alliance for mutual Hants. See Hampshire . aid concluded between England, France, and Pru ia, Sept., 1725. It was directed against the union between Austria and Spain. Hanover Court House. The capital of Hanover County, Virginia, 17 miles north of Richmond. Here, May 27, 1862, the Union general Fitz-John Porter defeated a force of 13,000 Confederates. The Union lo was 397; that of the Confederates, between 200 and 300 killed, and 730 captured. Hanover Square. A square in the West End of London, south of Oxford street and west of Regent street. It received its name in the days of the early popularity of George I. St. George's, Hanover Square, is the most fashionable church for marriages in London: it gives name to one of the parliamentary boroughs. The square was built about 1731, when the place for executions was removed from Tyburn, lest the inhabitants of the "new square" should be annoyed by them. The bronze statue of William Pitt in the square is by Chantrey (1831). Hare, London, II. 138. Hansa, The. See Hanseatic League . Hansard (han'särd), Luke. Born at Norwich, England, July 5, 1752: died at London, Oct. 29, 1828. An English printer, best known from his publication of parliamentary reports. He printed the "Journal of the House of Com- mons from 1774." Hanseatic_League (han-se-at'ik -se-at'ik leg), or the German Hanse or Hansa. federation of cities of northern Germany and adjacent countries, called the Hanse towns, at one time numbering about 90, with affiliated cities in nearly all parts of Europe, for the pro- motion of commerce by sea and land, and for its protection against pirates, robbers, and hos- tile governments. At the height of its prosperity it exercised sovereign powers, made treaties, and often enforced its claims by arms in Scand in a via, England, Portugal, and elsewhere. Its origin is commonly dated from a compact between Hamburg and Lübeck in 1241, al. though commercial unions of German towns had existed previously. The league held triennial general a emblies (usually at Lübeck, its chief seat); and, after a long period of decline and attempts at resuscitation, the last general a embly, representing 6 cities, was held in 1669. The name was retained, however, by the union of the free cities of Lübeck, Hamburg, and Bremen, which are now members of the German Empire. Hanuman (ha'nö-män). [Skt., lit. 'having (large) jaws.'] In Hindu mythology, a monkey chief who is a conspicuous figure in the Ramayana. He and the other monkeys who a isted Rama in his war against Ravana were of divine origin and superhuman powers. Hanuman jumped from India to Ceylon in one bound, tore up trees, carried away the Him a lay as, and performed other wonderful exploits. Accompanying Rama on his return to Ayodhya, he received from him the reward of perpetual life and youth. His exploits are favorite topics among Hindus from childhood to old age, paintings of them are common, and there are temples for his worship. Hanuman nat aka (han"ö-man-nat'a-ka). In Sanskrit literature, a drama, by various hands, on the subject of the adventures of the monkey chief Hanuman, written in the 10th or 11th century. Hanway (han'wā), Jonas. Born at Portsmouth, England, Aug. 12, 1712: died at London, Sept. 5,1786. An E English traveler and philanthropist. He became the partner of an English merchant in St. Petersburg in 1748; and 1743-44 made a mercantile jour ney to Persia, in which he suffered many misfortunes. He published an account of it in 1753. His later years were occupied with various philanthropic schemes, especially in behalf of poor children. He advocated the establishment of Sunday-schools. He is said to have been the first habitually to carry an umbrella in the streets of London. Hanyang (hän-yäng'). A large city in China, Haparanda (hä-pä-rän'dä), properly Haaparanta (ha-pä-rän'tä). A small town in in the laen of Norrbotten, Sweden, situated at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia, opposite Torneå, on the boundary of Sweden and Finland, in lat. 65° 51′ N., long. 24° 2′ E. Hapi (hä'pe). In Egyptian mythology, the Nile as a deity; the god Nilus. We can more easily understand the worship of the god Hapi, the Nile. We can readily realise that the Egyptians paid divine honours to the river that brought them all ble ings. It is true no special temples seem to have been erected to this god, but we find that gifts were presented to him everywhere, and he was worshipped as a god in hymns and was identified with other gods. La Sau aye , Science of Religion (trans.), p. 411. Hapitu. See Tusayan . Happy Valley, The. In Johnson's "Ra elas," a garden of peace where the Prince of Aby in i a lived. It was almost impo ible to get into or out of it. See Ra elas . Hansen (hän's en), He in rich. Born at Haders-arden leben, Schleswig, No Nov. 23, 1821: died at Copenhagen, July 11, 1890. A Danish architectural painter. Hansen, Peter Andreas. Born at Tondern, Schleswig, Dec. 8, 1795: died at Gotha, Germany, March 28, 1874. A noted German astronomer (originally a watchmaker), director of the observatory at Gotha from 1825. He wrote "Methode zur Berechnung der absoluten Störungen der kleinen Plane ten" (1856-59), "Tables de la lune" (1857), "Tables du soleil" (with Olafsen, 1854-57), etc. Hansi (hän'sē). A town in the Panjab, India, 80 miles northwest of Delhi. Population, about 12,000. Hansom (han's om), Joseph Aloysius. Born at York, England, Oct. 26, 1803: died at London, June 29, 1882. An English architect, inventor of a patent safety cab which was named from him the "Hansom." The principal feature of the original vehicle was the "suspended" axle. It had no outside seat. Hans teen (hän'stān), Christopher. Born at Christiania, Norway, Sept. 26, 1784: died at Christiania, April 15, 1873. A Norwegian astronomer and physicist, noted especially for his researches in terrestrial magnetism. He published "Untersuchungen über den Magnetism us der Erde" (1819), "Result ate magnet is cher, etc., Beobachtungen" (1863), etc. Hans wurst (häns'vörst). [G., 'Jack Sausage.'] A conventional buffoon in old German comedy. See Gottsched . He was servant, me enger, spy, intrigant, and conjuror, and was dre ed in motley and provided with a cracking whip, like the old gleeman. He was obscene and vulgar, a great eater and drinker, a braggart and a coward. He was the hero of farce and the jester of tragedy, and he even forced his way into Hamburg Opera.. He went under different names at different periods, Pickelhering, Harlequin, and Hans wurst being the most frequent. As early as 1708 a German theatre was established in the imperial capital, and its founder, Joseph Stranitzky, a Silesian, made extensive use of the characters and plots of Italian farce: he himself acted Harlequin, to whom